Push system for Aluminium tube by using a stepper motor with the Arduino

Step motors are widely used in motion control systems. The step motor controller must perform high-precision positioning and smooth movement operation. In motion systems applying velocity profile control, the velocity of the motor gradually increases or decreases, to avoid the negative effect caused by the sudden change in velocity. Previous research proposes several step motor controller designs, that contain several modules, including a velocity profile generator, step motor driver, and feedback counter. These controllers are able to perform precise positioning and provide smooth motion operation. However, because these controllers operate in an open-loop control so the synchronous condition can be lost when disturbances in load torque exist. This paper presents the application of closed-loop control in the step motor controller. The control algorithm is based on two mode operations: open-loop and closed-loop. The controller operates in open-loop mode when it remains synchronized, and switches to closed-loop mode when it loses synchronization. This paper presents an algorithm for generating various velocity profiles and closed-loop control algorithms. The experiment is performed on a 16-b DSP, to verify the performance of the design. The experimental results show a velocity profile of unsymmetrical shape and demonstrate effective closed-loop control in an actual step motor system

An inverted microscope is designed to have a stage in which the specimens can be placed for microscopy. Most of the biological microscope is built in with static or manual adjustable stage which cannot provide consistent and precise adjustment to move the specimen during microscopy. As an add-on to the microscope stage, the existing motorized 2-axis linear stage in the market is bulky and heavy. Therefore, a lightweight and joystick controllable bipolar stepper motor X-Y translational stage was proposed to solve the problem. In our design, the joystick functions to provide input signals to the Arduino Mega microcontroller in order to control the position of the X-Y translational stage. For the X-Y translational stage, the stepper motors of a pair of the linear slides were driven by a micro stepping motor driver with full scale drive signal to provide controllable stepping movement. It was found that full scale drive signals could support higher resolution of movement at 99 + 13 µm. The overall X-Y translational stage weighted approximately 700 g. As a conclusion, the light weight stepper motor based X-Y translational stage allows the user to move the specimen in a small stepping size during microscopy.

Most times in engineering and other fields, engines need to be transformed from one form to another, in circuits and most components we are familiar with, electrical engines, impulses, digital information, etc need to be changed from one level to another, a motor does this, be it in any kind, pending on the desired function. This literature review examines various research studies that have been done using the PIC 16F84 microcontroller to control stepper motors. The PIC 16F84 is a popular choice for stepper motor control applications due to its simplicity, low cost, and ease of programmability. This review highlights several key control techniques implemented using the PIC 16F84, including full-step mode, half-step mode, closed-loop control with position feedback, and speed control. The peripheral interfacing aspects are also discussed, covering the integration of stepper motor driver circuits, rotary encoders, and user interface components. The firmware development approaches for the PIC 16F84 are explored, demonstrating how researchers have programmed the microcontroller’s digital I/O, timers, and interrupts to precisely control the stepper motor windings and respond to feedback signals. While the PIC 16F84 has proven to be a capable platform for stepper motor control, the review also identifies some limitations, such as the microcontroller’s restricted resources and potential scalability challenges as the complexity of the control system increases. Suggestions for future research include exploring more advanced microcontrollers, integrating the PIC 16F84 with additional hardware, and developing more sophisticated control algorithms to enhance the performance and robustness of the stepper motor control systems. The CMOS circuit stands as the drive circuit between the PIC IC and the stepper motor which provides precision in advanced control methods of design and production. Keywords: Stepper motor, Controlled, PIC 116F84, Microcontroller

Design and Investigation of a low-cost elbow rehabilitation tool

Microwave imaging technique allows obtaining images of hidden objects in structures and media using microwaves. This technique has various applications such as: nondestructive testing, medical imaging, concealed weapon detection, through-the-wall imaging, etc. Obtaining radar images in these applications is based on processing phase and amplitude of the reflected signal recorded over an aperture (a microwave hologram). Recently, systems began to appear in which the radar part is supplemented by an RGB-D sensor, which allows to obtain new capabilities. For example, there is the a microwave screening system architecture in which inverse synthetic aperture is formed by the natural motion of the subject in the vicinity of a stationary linear antenna array. The microwave system is complemented with an synchronous RGB-D video sensor which captures the trajectory of the moving subject in 3D and allows coherent processing of the radar signal. Another system detects objects buried under irregular surface and uses RGB-D sensor for capturing the surface relief for suppressing reflection of the sounding signal from the surface. Calibration between a radar and an RGB-D sensor is an essential process for microwave and optical data fusion. This article presents a novel approach for calibration, using a planar calibration target which is made of radiotransparent material (such a foam plastic sheet) with square marker and six small metal balls embedded in target surface and representing point objects. The proposed method exploits 3D-3D correspondences between coordinates of point objects in two coordinate systems associated to the sensor and to the radar. One points set is extracted from optical data, using marked corners of the target as a base points. Second points set is obtained from microwave data as local maxima of 3D volume of data reconstructed from one-frequency microwave hologram. Computer modeling were performed using Autodesk 3ds Max software by which models of all components of the system were built and the optical image from the sensor was modeled. Test experiments were carried out using a measurement system composed of the following components: a compact vector network analyzer (VNA), two mechanical scanners with stepper motors, one transmitting and one receiving horn antennas, mounted on the VNA, an RGB-D sensor, a microcontroller board, and a computer. The high accuracy of the method is confirmed both by computer modeling and physical experiment. The accuracy of determination of relative position between the radar and the sensor is about one fifth of the signal wavelength used.

The design and realization of a PC-based continuous passive motion device (CPM) for shoulder joint recovery was done. This machine can be used after performing an operation, or for patients suffering from joint motion limitation due to early stage of frozen shoulder. The system consists of a PC, a 8255, a motor driver and stepper motor, an application software, a mechanical module and a forearm orthotic. The experimental results showed that pulse signals are able to control the motor driver which in turn controls the stepper motor according to the predetermined parameters. The stepper motor is also able to provide bi-directional motions at the predetermined durations and velocities (low, medium, and high). By adjusting the delay time in the software, the PC-Based CPM can produce smooth motion.

The aim of this project was to create a Pan/Tilt Ground Station that would provide a robust frame capable of accommodating the future needs of the BOREALIS program. This goal was accomplished through the incorporation of: stepper motors, increased rigidity, increased accuracy, increased torque, built in solar sight, 3600 rotation capability, and an ability to easily swap out components. The implementation of a gear system into the design increased both the torque from the motor and the overall resolution provided to the system. Robust metal fabrication and bearings provided a significant increase in rigidity as compared to the previous design. A permanently mounted solar sight reduced set-up time and eliminated possible human error involved in the set-up process. Stepper motors were chosen due to their high degree of accuracy when using a tic 36v4 motor driver. Through the use of stepper motor’s, motor drivers, and an 8:1 gear ratio, this ground station has a resolution of 0.001°. These drivers were run by an arduino through I2C sending position data to control the motors as well as running a GPS. This arduino was connected to a laptop and controlled by a C# program using sun tables and GPS coordinates to track the balloons position throughout the duration of the flight.

The article describes investigation of electrohydraulic valve with the stepper motor. In proposed here valve, the spool was connected directly to the shaft of the motor by the coupling bellows and the thread. Authors collected basics characteristics like: static flow characteristics and step response. Author prepared dedicated test stand equipped with the flow meter. The system work under PLC with input/output cards and motor driver. Author built also an simulation model of the stepper motor and valve. The experimental data was compare to the simulation experiment. The collected information like dynamic characteristics can be used to estimate the position of the actuator or supervise his work.

A Study of Development of a Dedicated Control IC for a Five Phase Stepper Motor Driver

Examination are conducted through online processes. The job recruitment process and degree entrance examination like JEE, GATE, NEET, etc. will be conducted via online center through a third-party company. So, this chapter, per the authors, proposes a system that uses transducer for getting input as a voice. Later, the voice is converted into text then linked with the benbox software and the chosen file is taken as a command for the writing machine. Arduino Uno R3 is connected with stepper motor driver, metal gear servo, expansion board A4988 driver for writing. The machine uses a gantry to move the writing tip along the X and Y axes. The flexible-nib pen is mounted on a servo motor, which rotates the tip onto the third axis. This machine provides comfortability for blind people to write their exam by using voice command.

Reliable, accurate, and affordable linear motion control systems for precision agriculture applications are currently not easily accessible due to their elevated cost. Most systems available to the public have price tags in the thousands of dollars and their dimensions cannot be easily customized. Current systems have a maximum length of about ten meters, and for a typical greenhouse application that length may not be sufficient. The price of the system increases with an increase in length, and with a base price in the thousands of dollars it becomes impractical to buy a system for such application. Our HyperRail is a modular linear motion system with a repeatability of 2 mm and current top speed of 200 mm/s. This is possible through a stepper motor driver that allows for 1/16th microstepping giving an average of 6180 steps per revolution. An advantage that this system has is its ability to increase or decrease the length of system with minimum effort and only nominal increase in price. The HyperRail can be mounted on a set of tripods or directly on the structure of a building such as a greenhouse. The base price for a three-meter system, on tripods is US$278 and only US$45 for each additional 1.5 m of length.

In order to solve the problems of fixed speed, single-way conveying, conveying speed and loom speed mismatch of knitting machine elastic belt conveying device, a design scheme of multi-line elastic band conveying control system based on I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication is proposed. The scheme realizes the real-time communication between the control host and the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal output slave through the I2C protocol communication of the master-slave MCU (Microcontroller Unit). The slave machine controls the stepper motor through the subdivision circuit and the drive circuit, and uses the stepping motor to speed up and down the differential. Algorithm and speed matching algorithm to realize multi-speed variable speed elastic belt conveyor control system with good speed matching. At the same time, because I2C protocol has easy scalability, it can realize multi-channel through bus analog communication and expansion between MCU I/O ports. delivery. Finally, by setting up simulation experiments, it is verified that the speed matching between the stepping motor and the knitting machine needle is better. When the stepping motor driver (TB6600) is 32 subdivided and the duty ratio of the PWM signal is 60%, the motor speed is stable, low vibration and noise. The system can play a positive role in improving fabric tightness, improving fabric production efficiency and adjusting fabric morphology.

The object of this study is a large-scale Cartesian 3D printer with a build volume of 2 × 2 × 2 meters, equipped with BLDC servo motors on the X and Y axes, a NEMA 34 stepper motor on the Z axis, and a NEMA 17 stepper motor for filament extrusion. The main problem addressed is the limitation of existing firmware, which only supports bipolar stepper motors (NEMA standard), making it unsuitable for achieving the higher extruder speeds required in large-format printing. To overcome this issue, a new firmware was designed to support brushless direct current (BLDC) servo motors, enabling faster, more stable, and more precise motion control. The developed firmware, based on the ESP32 microcontroller, processes G-code instructions step by step, calculates motor commands, and communicates them to BLDC motor drivers (FSESC 4.12 on the VESC platform) with encoder feedback for accurate positioning. Experimental results demonstrated reliable synchronization of the X and Y axes across different speeds and distances, with average positioning errors of 0.9% on the X-axis and 1.03% on the Y-axis. The system operated stably within a rotational speed range of F8000–F54000 (1000–7000 RPM) and a printing speed range of 92–800 mm/s, confirming the firmware’s capability to handle both low- and high-speed operations. The interpretation of the results provides superior acceleration, precision, and stability compared to stepper-motor-based systems. A distinctive feature of this work lies in adapting G-Code step execution for BLDC motors, which has not been widely implemented in existing 3D printing firmware. The practical significance of the results is the potential application of this firmware in large-scale and high-speed 3D printers. This makes the approach highly relevant for advanced manufacturing industries where precision, scalability, and efficiency are critical

Design of Embedded Microcontroller for Controlling and Monitoring Blood Pump

In this chapter, we'll build a device library for a stepper motor driver. Stepper motors get used primarily in robotics projects, but it is not inconceivable they could be used in IOT projects.