Quantum watermarking scheme through Arnold scrambling and LSB steganography

One Time Password (OTP) provides an additional layer of authentication to a web server, protecting against fraudulent attempts so that the information is protected between the user and the recipient. In the field of Steganography, various techniques are employed to conceal data in the media in such a manner that human perception cannot identify it. As the proposed algorithm is a combination of both Cryptography and Steganography it meets all the challenges very efficiently. Initially, the data is ciphered with a novel algorithm of asymmetric key cryptography and then the ciphered message is camouflaged in the cover media using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography technique. Even if the intruder cracks the LSB algorithm used here, he will get the encrypted data since the source data is not present on the cover media. To obtain the original data, the ciphered data must be deciphered with the deciphering algorithm. With the additional security, it is impossible to crack the original data from the cover media

Many Cryptanalysis trials performed on the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Some of these trials succeeded to crack the privacy of data using ECC. A proposed method by Singh et al. has been executed successfully and the cipher image is decrypted revealing the original image. It took advantage that the order of elliptic curve is not large enough to protect from attacks A robust encoding method for elliptic curve cryptosystem is proposed in this paper to provide high security level, more efficient and complexity if compared with the traditional encoding method. The proposed method encodes data and key selection over prime field. Compared with hacked ECC algorithm, the proposed encoding scheme proved its robustness based on some statistical analyzes. Correlation Coefficient (CC), Entropy, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Number of changing pixel rate (NPCR), and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) are used to quantify ciphertext strength and securing performance on gray and colored image to measure how much robustness is the proposed encoding technique. Together with the encryption scheme, a Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography technique is subjoined after encryption process to hide the ciphertext. Overall results of the previews metrics were satisfied and its recommended to use the proposed encoding method with the ECC.

Due to the rise in many industrial environment applications involving distributed networked collaborative intelligent measurement systems, intelligent monitoring and multi-sensor information exchange of private information, digital image information security and hidden image authentication, tampering detection, correction, and automatic intelligent self-recovery have become critical concerns. Towards that end, there is a need for more secure, efficient, and robust-to-unauthorized-tampering digital image watermarking, information hiding and authentication schemes. In our prior work, we introduced non-blind watermarking schemes where the carrier and watermark images are available at the receiver's end. We also proposed a double-blind scheme where both the carrier and the watermark images are not available at the receiver's end, but at the expense of possible lower pixel tampering, authentication and automatic intelligent self-correction ability. This paper proposes a blind wavelet-based, high capacity, secure digital watermarking and information hiding scheme with higher tampering localization and authentication that nullifies the need to have the carrier image available at the receiving end. The proposed scheme also increases robustness to image authentication and automatic self-recovery and correction compared to our prior double-blind scheme. The scheme is high capacity and sustains hiding secret hidden and watermarking images of the same full size as an arbitrary-sized carrier image. One of the benefits of the blind watermarking scheme is that it allows usage of varying and arbitrary carrier images that are unknown and unavailable anywhere, including the receiver's end. This is to prevent hackers' recognition of a familiar carrier image and their potential unauthorized tampering. Here, in this paper, two grayscale images are inserted in a colored carrier image. Here the watermark image is used for authentication and tamper localization. The second image is used as ownership or encoded secret hidden message image. The Arnolds Transform is used to introduce added security to a hidden image. The proposed scheme uses an embedded correction matrices mechanism for the extracted hidden information self-recovery from various tampering and digital attacks by unauthorized hackers.

Security is one important issue regarding data and information today. Steganography along with cryptography is used to hide and secure information. It is already an established practice to put watermark and to secure a single document using encryption. However, for large information requiring multiple documents has not received any attention. Here a program which can do steganography to multiple PDF documents to increase its steganography capacity is proposed, it is named MPDFStego. One of the steganography technique chosen in this research is the Least Significant Bit (LSB). LSB technique can be applied to Portable Document Format (PDF) by making use of its Tj Operator. Secret text is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard with 128-bit key size in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode before it is embedded into the PDF document(s). Recompression and decompression of the PDF document(s) are done outside MPDFStego, with the help of QPDF tool. Testing and evaluation show that the MPDFStego is capable of hiding the secret text into one or many PDF documents (s).

Artificial intelligence has made significant progress in the last decade, leading to a rise in the popularity of model sharing. The model zoo ecosystem, a repository of pre-trained AI models, has advanced the AI open-source community and opened new avenues for cyber risks. Malicious attackers can exploit shared models to launch cyber-attacks. This work focuses on the steganalysis of injected malicious Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography into AI models, and it is the first work focusing on AI model attacks. In response to this threat, this paper presents a steganalysis method specifically tailored to detect and mitigate malicious LSB steganography attacks based on supervised and unsupervised AI detection steganalysis methods. Our proposed technique aims to preserve the integrity of shared models, protect user trust, and maintain the momentum of open collaboration within the AI community. In this work, we propose 3 steganalysis methods and open source our code. We found that the success of the steganalysis depends on the LSB attack location. If the attacker decides to exploit the least significant bits in the LSB, the ability to detect the attacks is low. However, if the attack is in the most significant LSB bits, the attack can be detected with almost perfect accuracy.

This research paper proposes a secured, robust approach of information security using steganography. It presents two component based LSB (Least Significant Bit) steganography methods for embedding secret data in the least significant bits of blue components and partial green components of random pixel locations in the edges of images. An adaptive LSB based steganography is proposed for embedding data based on the data available in MSB's (Most Significant Bits) of red, green, and blue components of randomly selected pixels across smooth areas. A hybrid feature detection filter is also proposed that performs better to predict edge areas even in noisy conditions. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and random pixel embedding is incorporated to provide two-tier security. The experimental results of the proposed approach are better in terms of PSNR and capacity. The comparison analysis of output results with other existing techniques is giving the proposed approach an edge over others. It has been thoroughly tested for various steganalysis attacks like visual analysis, histogram analysis, chi-square, and RS analysis and could sustain all these attacks very well.

Imperceptibility and security are the two most important things in StegoCrypt techniques. In this paper, we have proposed the technique of inserting messages to the edge of the image using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. The image edge area is selected because human vision can't detect small changes in this area. To provide double protection of messages, applied encryption using one-time pad (OTP) algorithm. To strengthen the encryption result, message encryption process is not done directly but by converting it into binary message first. This way can result in more verbalized message encryption, thereby minimizing the chance of messages being deciphered by unauthorized parties. From the experimental results of this paper obtained a better imperceptibility value, where the value is measured by PSNR and MSE. Histogram of original image and stego image also shows great similarity identical. Meanwhile, message extraction can also be done perfectly with the value of Correlation Coefficient (CC) is 1.

There is a huge resource of data available on the internet which one can access without realizing that the person is even authorized to access it or not. The hard work of the original resource person can easily be compromised. Digital watermarking is an answer to overcome this issue. This paper introduces a hybrid of LSB and DCT techniques, LSB(Least Significant Bit) and DCT(Discrete Cosine Transformation). The paper studies the two techniques along with the proposed technique and a comparison is drawn between the three based on MSE and PSNR values obtained. The introduced hybrid technique performs better in comparison to DCT and LSB. The MSE calculated was 64% better than LSB and 60% better than DCT resultantly PSNR is also observed to be better than LSB and DCT.

Effective self-embedding watermarking scheme for image tampered detection and localization with recovery capability

A novel gray-scale image watermarking using hybrid Fuzzy-BPN architecture

In this study, we have developed a new steganalysis method that combines both Chi-square and PNN techniques. We have tested our steganalysis method on digital audio files. The stego files under test have been assumed to contain a secret data file embedded by a known steganography method, which is LSB (Least Significant Bit) steganography in our test environment. The method we have developed first analyzes the LSB bits in cover audio files then obtained intermediate data are applied to PNN to achieve more realistic results. While most steganalysis methods focuses on only detection of secret data, our method can also determine the rate of secret data.

The paper presents a novel ZYNQ-FPGA-based real-time grayscale secret image hiding method using a cover RGB image to enhance the security performance of the LSB steganography approach. This work begins with designing a pseudo-random number generator with a 12-bit size using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). The two least significant bits (LSBs) are used as indicators for four-position hiding. The key is assumed to be the initial value of the LFSR, exchanged previously between transmitter and receiver over any network. The two position bits extracted through the proposed key masking are resistant to side-channel attacks. All designs are implemented using XSG/SIMULINK environment to verify and validate the results with Xilinx VIVADO tools. The synthesis operation achieved a high frequency of 2.22 GHz and a throughput of 17.7 Gb/s. Statistical analyses include histogram, PSNR, MSE, BER, SSIM, CCR, execution time, frequency, and throughput. Clear structural similarity and processing time contribute to an efficient balance between security and speed performance.

Video Steganography is one type that can use to hide secret messages. Video Steganography is a technique to hide messages in video media by inserting messages into one of the video frames. Cryptography can be combined with the Steganography technique to secure hidden messages in video files. This research was conducted to analyze the LSB (Least Significant Bit) steganography test combined with the Fernet cryptographic process. This study investigates the file insertion process, the test extraction process, the speed of system implementation, the visual attack, the Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) value, and the audio comparison between original video and video with embedded files. The results of this test indicate that the embedding process in the video is directly proportional to the results received. The larger the original video size, the larger the embedded video size will be.

In this paper we are proposing a new Image steganography technique for secure communication between sender and receiver. At the sender we follow two steps. In the first step we encrypt the secret information by blowfish algorithm and in second step we embed the cipher text in LSB minus one and LSB (least significant bit) locations of some of the selected pixels (bytes) of the carrier image. One pixel is 8 bits in 8-bit gray scale. The selection of the pixels is done by a dynamic evaluation function. Depending on the cipher text bits, the dynamic evaluation function decides on which pixels the different cipher text bits are to be embedded. At the receiver also two steps are followed, first the cipher bits are retrieved from the image from the said locations and then it is decrypted by using the blowfish algorithm to get the secret information. As the embedding byte locations are decided based on bits of the cipher text, so it is dynamic steganography. This approach provides two levels of security, one at the cryptography level and the other at the steganography level. The proposed technique is experimented through a large number of experiments.

In recent years, internet revolution resulted in an explosive growth in multimedia applications. The rapid advancement of internet has made it easier to send the data/image accurate and faster to the destination. Besides this, it is easier to modify and misuse the valuable information through hacking at the same time. Digital watermarking is one of the proposed solutions for copyright protection of multimedia data. A watermark is a form, image or text that is impressed onto paper, which provides evidence of its authenticity. In this paper an invisible watermarking technique (least significant bit) and a visible watermarking technique is implemented. This paper presents the general overview of image watermarking and different security issues. Various attacks are also performed on watermarked images and their impact on quality of images is also studied. In this paper, Image Watermarking using Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm has been used for embedding the message/logo into the image. This work has been implemented through MATLAB. Keywords - Watermarking, Least Significant Bit (LSB), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).