Quick Fire Sensing Model and Extinguishing by Using an Arduino Based Fire Protection Device

Introduction. One of the measures to ensure a qualitative increase in the level of protection of the population and objects of protection from fires is the implementation of the powers of federal state authorities, state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations in terms of developing proposals for determining the staffing, technical equipment and locations of fire protection units. The article proposes an algorithm for determining the type of voluntary fire protection in rural settlements of the Moscow region, taking into account the level of fire danger based on statistical data and the tactical potential of voluntary fire protection units, in the context of application prospects, to substantiate the forces and means for extinguishing fires and the optimal distribution of types of volunteer fire protection units in rural settlements of the Moscow region the governing body of the local fire and rescue garrison, the local government body for ensuring fire safety of the municipality. The tasks of the research are to analyze the spatial zone of placement of fire protection units of the municipality; to develop an algorithm for determining the type of voluntary fire protection in rural settlements of the Moscow region that are not included in the spatial zone of fire protection subdivisions, taking into account the level of fire danger based on statistical data and the tactical potential of volunteer fire protection units; to determine the types of voluntary fire protection units fire protection, when extinguishing fires, taking into account their tactical potential, for placement in rural settlements that are not included in the spatial zone of the fire protection units of other types. Methods. The methods of analysis, synthesis, the method of graphical modeling, the type of deterministic, visual modeling, and the method of comparative estimates are used. Results and discussions. The types of units of voluntary fire protection in extinguishing fires are determined, taking into account their tactical potential and the level of fire danger of a rural locality, for the organizational design of the fire safety system of a municipality. Conclusions. The presented material theoretically substantiates the provisions of its application, the necessity of fundamental and applied research on this topic. Keywords: voluntary fire protection, algorithm, tactical potential.

office buildings are generally known to have high-rise of fire due to its complexity, combustible materials, and its economic value. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the fire safety protection and prevention system installed in six randomly selected office buildings. The method adopted in achieving the study objective includes literature review, interview, and physical inspection/observation. Thus, a multiattribute evaluation approach was adopted to establish adequate, inadequate, and no fire safety systems, used the pre-designed checklist from NFPA, 2008, NBC, 2006, and NFSC, 2013. The analysis of the result shows that some of the fire safety systems are mainly provided in the buildings. Thus, inadequate maintenance affect their performance greatly; the result shows that fire extinguisher has the highest performance among the fire safety system provided with 66.6% of the buildings have adequate, good working condition, properly position, etc., while 33.4% of the building does not have adequate fire extinguisher in term of performance, are not maintenance the system display lack in term of total compliance to the standard fire regulation. The results of the other systems were as follows: place of safety (33.4%); inadequate, (66.4%) no fire safety system, (0.00%) adequate, Escape Stair (0.00%), adequate, (33.4%) inadequate, (66.6%), no fire safety system, Fire Door (17%) adequate, (83%) inadequate (0.00%) no fire safety system, Travel distance (0.00%) adequate, (83%) inadequate, (17%) no fire system, Emergency lighting (0.00%) adequate, (100%) inadequate, (0.00%) no fire safety system, Fire Alarm (16.6%) adequate (66.6%) inadequate, (16.6%) no fire safety system. The firefighters access (0.00%) adequate, (100%) inadequate, (0.00%) no fire safety system, Artificial lighting (17%) adequate, (83%) inadequate and (0.00%) no fire safety system. Judging from the findings, the study recommended that, regular maintenance of fire safety system should be done to enhance effective functionality of the systems, effective fire safety management system should be developed to enhance continuous functions of the installed system and construction of any office building should be made to comply strictly with existing fire safety regulation, standard, and code.

Due to the advantages of no pollution, rapid fire suppression, less water consumption, lower cost, and little damage to the object, water mist fire extinguishing system has been widely used in road tunnels. In order to improve the fire extinguishing performance of water mist fire extinguishing system, a water based extinguishing agent was used as additive and injected into the water mist fire extinguishing system at the proportion of 3%. The tunnel fire suppression tests were carried out, and the fire extinguishing performance of water mist fire extinguishing system under different longitudinal ventilation velocity and with and without additive were compared and analyzed. The results show that high pressure water mist system has good cooling and heat radiation blocking effect, and has good fire control and extinguishing effect for tunnel oil fire;the suitable additive can effectively improve the fire control and extinguishing effect of water mist extinguishing system used in road tunnel.

Fire Protection Provision of Structures from FHA Perspective

Stabile systems for fire protection have a great contribution in fire protection and fire elimination. These systems can be realized on different ways and with different fire extinguisher, such as water, CO2, dust, foam, inergen, halon or some other. Statistically, the number of fires in object with fire detection systems and without fire detection systems is equal. Systems with fire detection in early stage can't stop the occurrence of fire. But, with installed extinguishing systems at the existent systems, the potentials in sense of safety, detection and extinguishing are much bigger. This paper has written to present the stabile systems for fire protection of sprinkler type and FDS computer simulation of extinguishing with this kind of stabile fire protection system.

Chapter II-2: Construction – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction; Part E: Operational requirements

Предлагается способ пожаротушения с применением вихревых водных огнетушителей: вихревого водного циклонного огнетушителя и вихревого водного смесителя-огнетушителя, работающих на основе вихревого эффекта конфузора. Способ заключается в поглощении вихревым водным огнетушителем одновременно с вихревой водной переработкой в огнетушителе пламени, дыма, частиц окружающей среды и последующем направлении образовавшейся аэрозольной огнетушащей смеси на тушение пламени. Это позволяет сдерживать увеличение площади пожара, а также эффективнее использовать водные ресурсы при его тушении. Приводятся преимущества новых вихревых водных огнетушителей перед огнетушителями других типов. The article proposes a new method of fire extinguishing with the use of new vortex water fire extinguishers using a new physical process “vortex confusor effect”: a vortex water cyclone fire extinguisher and a vortex water mixer - fire extinguisher. The method consists in the absorption of flame, smoke, and environmental particles by a vortex water fire extinguisher, simultaneously with the vortex water processing in the fire extinguisher of the absorbed flame, smoke, and environmental particles, followed by the direction of the formed aerosol extinguishing mixture to extinguish the fire, which allows to restrain the increase in the area, volume of the fire, and also to use water resources more efficiently during fire extinguishing. The essence of the “vortex confusor effect” is the formation of a new swirling flow in the opposite direction of movement to the originally swirling flow. The physical process of the “vortex effect of the confuser” is described directly, a description of the schematic diagram of the “counter vortex” formation is given, the advantages of which are provided by the use of the “vortex effect of the confuser”. New vortex water fire extinguishers are proposed, which allow for a new method of fire extinguishing. The first part of the article describes the well-known air-foam ejecting trunks that allow crushing the water flow into aerosol particles. There is given a description of the new device - a vortex water cyclone fire extinguisher, a description of its basic scheme of operation, as well as the advantages of vortex water fire extinguishing devices. The formation of a counter vortex in the process of the “vortex effect of the confuser” is given in the description of the schematic diagram of the implementation of the physical process “vortex effect of the confuser”. A fire extinguishing mixture can be formed using another new fire-fighting device - a vortex water fire extinguisher. The article describes a schematic diagram of the functioning of a vortex water fire extinguisher. In the actual design and subsequent manufacture of vortex water fire extinguishing devices, it is necessary to ensure safe and convenient distances for the mutual arrangement of flame suction modules; a module for mixing flame components with an injected water jet; a module for forming a fire extinguishing mixture into an aerosol jet of the desired consistency and shape. The real water pressure, the design of interconnected overpasses for continuous water supply of vortex fire extinguishing devices, the implementation of technological fire extinguishing processes, the physical process of the “vortex confuser effect” itself ensure the fulfillment of these requirements. The use of the proposed devices in unmanned fire extinguishing devices, both automated, mobile, and stationary, carriage, multi-barrel, seems promising. The physical process - the “vortex effect of the confuser” - will be one of the main ones in an unmanned automatic fire extinguishing device. The implementation of the method consists in the manufacture of the proposed technological schemes for the functioning of vortex water fire extinguishers with subsequent use in the workflow. The new ones are directly vortex water and vortex cyclone fire extinguishers. But, vortex water and cyclone fire extinguishers as equipment are structurally simple, there are no moving parts in them, as such, the devices are technologically advanced in manufacturing. It is possible to produce them in each mechanical workshop.

Using the tools of the World’s Health Organization, after the evaluation of the safety index of health institutions, it is necessary to create a Recovery Plan due to disasters that have been recognized and determined by the Disaster Risk Assessment. Several key, fundamental elements are recognized: A well-organized system of safety and health at work; integrative approach of four areas: fire protection, emergency situations, safety and health at work and environmental protection; acting in accordance with relevant and / or already introduced standards; application of the ISO 22301 standard; preparation of relevant procedures as well as the Recovery Plan for health institutions in case of recognized, potential and established dangers such as: earthquakes, floods, biological (epidemics, pandemics), terrorism, fires, major traffic accidents and others. The need to define efficiency in two directions of action is shown: Quick action and transition from regular work to work in emergency situations, as well as quick action and transition to regular work after emergency situations. The effectiveness of actions is based on defined procedures and plans, their implementation at all horizontal and vertical levels, good training of internal stakeholders and continuous cooperation with the emergency sector and other external stakeholders. The factor “time” is the basic element and criterion of efficiency, that is, timely action and action with the application of measures for safe and healthy work both in extraordinary and regular work activities. The application of the ISO 22301 standard and the PDCA control matrix of potential risk should provide postulates for an effective model of behavior through a SWOT analysis of the business in the given circumstances. ISO 22301 is an international standard that helps organizations establish business continuity plans to protect them and help them recover from disruptive incidents when they occur. It also helps to identify potential threats to the organization's business and define and build capacity to cope with unforeseen events.

The current situation of self-built houses by villagers is prevalent in rural areas, where many villagers construct their own residential dwellings based on their personal needs and economic circumstances. These self-built houses are typically constructed using basic materials and traditional building techniques, often without adherence to strict building regulations and standards. As a result of the lack of professional knowledge and technical guidance, the structural integrity and safety of these houses are often compromised. In addition, the lack of firefighting facilities and fire prevention measures further increase the risk of fire accidents. This situation contributes to a higher incidence of fires in rural areas, posing a significant threat to the lives and assets of villagers. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the current state of self-built houses by villagers. Strengthening fire safety awareness and implementing robust fire prevention measures are vital in this regard. This paper aims to summarize the challenges involved in fire protection design for renovating rural buildings. Additionally, it proposes fire protection design principles specifically for the commercial transformation of self-built houses by villagers. By analyzing real-world engineering cases, this study puts forth specific fire protection measures concerning fire rescue, fire control zones (groups), evacuation design, and fire systems. To ensure the fire safety of these buildings, special fire protection design methods are employed. The effectiveness of the proposed fire protection measures are validated through the use of FDS fire and smoke numerical simulation analysis software and Pathfinder evacuation simulation software, ensuring the fire safety of the buildings. The results show that the available safe evacuation time that can be provided by this scenario is 1200 s as calculated by the FDS simulation, and the necessary safe evacuation time is less than the available safe evacuation time in case of a fire on the first floor of this building, and the safe evacuation of the people can be guaranteed. This study can provide a valuable resource for architects, engineers, and decision makers to implement effective fire protection measures during commercial remodeling of village-owned houses.

The ongoing expansion of human populations into wildland areas dominated by flammable vegetation, and the concomitant increased frequency of uncontrolled wildfires that result in losses of property and human lives, has raised new questions about the optimal level of fire protection. The morphing of the problem conception from minimizing costs plus losses of natural resources to responding to the concerns of people whose homes are at risk has stimulated fire protection planners to account for potential changes in people's well-being beyond what is reflected by insured value. Knowing the perceived value of an increase in collective (agency-provided) fire protection that achieves a risk reduction target can contribute much to policy debates on the restructuring and funding of fire protection infrastructure and fuel management. To evaluate the utility of contingent valuation for assessing such risk reduction value, the value of collective fire protection at the wildland-urban interface was assessed for residents of a Michigan jack pine forest. Seventy-five percent of the 265 residents interviewed chose to participate in a hypothetical market for a 50% reduction in risk and, on average, were willing to pay over $57 a year for such risk reduction. Results were consistent with a two-stage decision model: (1) participation in the hypothetical market for risk reduction, and (2) how much the risk reduction is worth. Homeowner risk perception and objectively assessed risk both influenced the probability of market participation. For market participants, willingness to pay was related to property value and household income, suggesting that value at risk and ability to pay weigh heavily in this decision. FOR. SCI. 47(3):349–360.

The vast majority of U.S. homes have at least one smoke alarm. For smoke alarms to be effective, they must have a functional power source, be close enough to the smoke to activate, they must be heard, and occupants must take appropriate action. In homes with smoke alarms and fires considered large enough, the alarms operated 83% of the time. Analyses of data from the U.S. Fire Administration’s National Fire Incident Reporting System and the National Fire Protection Association’s fire department survey showed that in 2003 to 2006, no smoke alarms were present in 31% of reported home fires and 40% of home fire deaths. Smoke alarms were present but failed to operate in 9% of the reported fires and 23% of the deaths. Thirty-seven percent of the deaths resulted from the 47% of fires with operating smoke alarms. Circumstances of the fire, the detection equipment, and occupant characteristics must be considered when evaluating smoke alarm performance. Hardwired smoke alarms operated more often than alarms powered by batteries alone. Victims of fatal fires with working smoke alarms were more likely than victims of fires without working smoke alarms to have been in the area of origin when the fire began; fighting the fire; unable to act; or at least 65 years old; and less likely to have been sleeping. Findings from the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s 2004 to 2005 Residential Fire Survey provide background about smoke alarms in the general population and in unreported fires.

To study the fire protection effect of the nanocoating on the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank under fire, the wavelet finite-element method is applied in analyzing the thermal stress, temperature, and pressures distribution laws of uncoated, coated, and nanocoated LPG tanks. First, the relating research on nanocoating and the wavelet finite-element method is studied, respectively, and the feasibility of this research is analyzed. Second, the theoretical model of fire protection analysis of nanocoating is established, and the property of wavelet analysis, temperature field model, and turbulent flow model are constructed, respectively. Finally, the simulation is carried out, and the distribution laws of thermal stress, temperature, and pressure are obtained. Simulation results show that the nanocoated LPG has better heat insulation character, and it can be used as a passive fireproof system that can cooperate with rain fire extinguishing systems to reduce the explosion hazard of a LPG tank under ...

This article substantiates the choice of the most efficient and safe fire extinguishing system for a server room through a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of fire extinguishing systems. The task of the study was to analyze the main technical characteristics of gas fire extinguishing agents. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of the considered fire extinguishing systems to ensure the safety of people in cases where, for one reason or another, evacuation may not be possible are determined. In this regard, the work studied the effects of various gaseous fire extinguishing agents in the absence of ignition and in the presence of a source of ignition. To solve the problem, an informative analytical review of the rules and regulations for the operation of automatic fire extinguishing installations was carried out. The main criteria for choosing a fire extinguishing system are determined. A study of the use of various types of gases in the gas fire extinguishing system is given. The main indicators of technological efficiency are determined, including the amount of fire extinguishing agent required to extinguish the fire; number of cylinders; operating pressure. According to the results of the study of the effectiveness of automatic fire extinguishing systems and comparison of the considered fire extinguishing gases, it was found that freon FK-5-1-12 is the most suitable for extinguishing fires in server rooms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop prototype of the web-based home fire early warning system using Wiznet W5500 Ethernet module. This system protocol helps users in sending information of fire through the internet with the internet of things (IoT) method using Wiznet Ethernet module as communication media to the user. Design/Methodology/Approach – This paper presents the design of web-based home fire early warning system using Wiznet W5500 Ethernet module. The system prototype is built using flame sensors, MQ-02 smoke sensors, and LM35 temperature sensors as input components. While on the processor side using Arduino Uno microcontroller as sensor data processing. Processed data is sent to the Ethernet module as a web server resulting in a web-based early warning information system with an alarm notification on the browser along with home location status information and sensor data. Findings – This research produces a prototype of the web-based home fire early warning system using Wiznet W5500 Ethernet module that has been able to provide notification to the security officer housing. Research Limitations/Implications – In the implementation of measurement, the information system only accesses one house detector or one fire location. Practical Implications – This research produces a prototype of the web-based home fire early warning system using Wiznet W5500 Ethernet module that has been able to distribute data of temperature, smoke, and fire. Originality/Value – The development of fire monitoring systems using flame sensors, smoke sensors and integrated temperature sensors in internet-based communication systems of things via the Internet W5500 does not appear to have been published yet.

BackgroundReports of injury burden related to residential fires affecting children in Canada are outdated.ObjectiveTo explore the association between rates of injury and death among children ≤19 years old in Canada...