RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTION SYSTEM

-Since the late 1970s, there has been talk of home automation. Yet, as technology and services improved, so did people's expectations, which affected how they perceived home automation systems. In this work, we use a modest PIR built around an Arduino controller to construct an advanced electronic security system. PIR and IR sensors detect an intruder's presence, and the controller interprets the signal from the sensors. Intruder detection activates the bell, places a call, and sends an SMS to a predetermined number using a GSM modem. In tandem, the controller activates a camera to record an intruder's image and send it to the person via GSM module AT instructions.A excellent security system is centrally located, making it easy to maintain a close eye on the entire area, which lowers personnel requirements and labour costs. Key Words: PIR sensor, IR sensor, arduino controller, GSM modem, Camera and Memory card

The growing awareness of the strategic value of service along with higher product performance expectations has directed many industries to adopt service centric competitive strategies in managing their supply chains. Service innovation based on currently available advanced technologies has become critical in improving enterprises’ competitive strengths. Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, which can provide a mobile, scalable, and reliable monitoring solution, is emerging as a tool for service innovation in supply chain management. This paper provides an overview of wireless sensor network technology and discusses how it can benefit modern industries. The fundamental theories of WSN are introduced as well as an overview of the development. The impact of information technologies on supply chain management and service innovation is then briefly discussed. Much emphasis is placed on the feasibility, procedures, and critical challenges of implementing WSN in supply chain management innovation. Current and future applications of WSN are also provided, followed by a case study demonstrating the application potentials of WSN for service innovation in the healthcare industry.

Produced sand in oil pipelines poses a serious problem in many production situations, since a small amount of sand in the produced fluid can result in significant erosion in a very short time stage. Reliable sand detection is an important component of oil production systems; it would be valuable for assisting with optimizing well productivity and detecting sand as early as possible. In this work, a new reliable distributed sand-monitoring framework using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is proposed. The framework combines three modules: Data Acquisition (DA) module, Wireless Receiving and Transmission (WRT) module, and Distributed Data Fusion module (DDF). The WRT module implementation is based on TinyOS and Crossbow MICAz mote. The DDF module is based on a resource-aware Distributed Kalman Filter (DKF). The data is collected from pipeline using acoustic sensor (SENACO AS100) and Flow Analyzer (MC-II) in real time. The experimental results validate the proposed framework. Sand production is considered as one of the major problems facing the petroleum industry. In the oil and gas industry, the sand production causes considerable erosion damage in the well tubing, piping, fittings, separators, valves, and other equipment. It can cause poor performance in injection wells, and can lead to lost production. It arises in the case of failure of sand control measures. Sand screening is also a critical part of the mining process (1). Every year, cleaning and repairing operations related to sand production and restricted production rates cost the industry millions of dollars. However, a reliable sand monitor system is essential to decide whether sand control measures need to be installed during well operations or not. Sand monitoring allows timely actions to be taken to handle sand production such as: (a) Increasing inspection to detect erosion; (b) Reducing the flow rate or stopping the production in some of the extreme cases; (c) Installation of sand handling systems (2). The sand problem is not new and affects the entire oil industry. In some cases several tones of sand can come from a reservoir in one day. Deciding when it is necessary to deal with sand is a difficult decision. Several fields have installed a sand detection system. Installation of a system to monitor and measure sand production would be helpful to detect sand as early as possible. Early sand detection would then lead to possible remedial action that could avoid the erosion and improve the system production. However, to be able to do this, we need repeatability, sensitivity, and also real time measurements (3). Oil and gas companies started to integrate their legacy sensors with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology to help them to increase production, streamline operations, and reduce expenses. We introduced some solutions toward this direction. In (4), a reliable prototype of a remote measuring of flow rate using a MC-II Flow Analyzer was introduced. In (5), we developed a Wireless Sensor Data Acquisition (WSDA) prototyping. It composed of both legacy and modern sensors. Some other solutions introduced centralized and distributed fusion algorithms for sand detection using WSN (6-9). These fusion algorithms include Fuzzy Art (FA), Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), Moving Average Filter (MAF), and Distributed Kalman Filter (DKF). The DKF showed promising results over the other algorithms. Unlike the other algorithms, Kalman filter does not lend itself for easy implementation in WSN; this is because WSN has limited computation capability, small memory, and limited energy. DKF involves seventeen matrix operations: ten matrix multiplications, two matrix inversions, four matrix additions, and one matrix subtraction. These operations are computationally intensive and could strain the energy resources of any single computational node in WSN. In order to share the information gathered by all the sensors, we encounter fundamental problems: communication congestion and scalability. The scalability issue and communication congestion are closely related in DKF algorithm. The more sensors we add to our system, the more communication we will require. Moreover, the scalability problem is not only related to communication issues, but also to computation problems. Higher dimensional measurement vectors mean higher computational demands. In this paper, a new distributed sand-monitoring framework using WSN is proposed. In order to meet with constraints of WSN, a resource-aware DKF is proposed. The proposed DKF is based on fast polynomial to increase the convergence rate. Fast convergence contributes to energy saving because it saves time. In addition, we reduce the communication traffic by exchanging the estimates between the nodes instead of exchanging the estimates and its variance. Each node uses its measurement, its associated variance, and its neighbors' estimates. This leads not only to significant energy saving, but also reduces the memory usage and avoids congestion. Moreover, we redesigned the DKF to reduce the number of arithmetic operations. Thus, the proposed optimizations make the DKF applicable to be implemented in WSN. The experimental results validate the proposed framework.

This paper is based on wireless sensor network topology for sports training human data collection, and the collected data are studied and analyzed in depth. According to the application requirements of sports training, a sports training system consisting of an embedded data collection terminal, and a database server is designed using wireless sensor network technology. The hardware is designed with sensor nodes and base stations to collect athletes’ motion parameters in real time. The software is designed with node and base station control software and sports database management system to realize the receiving, storing, and analyzing of sports parameters. And the system experiments were conducted, and the experimental results show that this system meets the application requirements of sports training and provides an effective tool for scientific training decision research. The needs of designing sports training systems under wireless sensor networks are analyzed, and the system is designed and implemented. Our results confirm that the use of wireless sensor network technology in the design of the sports training system improves the system application performance by 16%. And the interactivity of the sports training system in practice has increased by 8%. All of these show that the design of the sports training system under the wireless sensor network meets the actual system application requirements and has a positive impact. The design of base station control, node control, and sports database software is implemented in the software system, which can effectively realize the collection, storage, and analysis of sports parameters. Finally, the designed wireless sensor network‐based sports training system is tested, and the test results indicate that the system designed in this paper can meet the needs of sports training use.

This paper mainly introduces the application of multichannel communication technology in wireless sensor network. The corresponding solutions are proposed based on the analysis of the structure and characteristics of wireless sensor, and the multi-channel MAC protocol in wireless sensor network. In this paper, multi-channel communication technology in wireless sensor network (WSN) is studied, the existing problems and reasons are analysed, and some solutions to further promote the further development of the technology are put forward. With the wide application of WSN, the security of WSN has been paid more and more attention. In this paper, the existing time synchronization protocol, from the security point of view, and the fault tolerance design of the fits protocol. The protocol has an intrusion detection mechanism, which can detect the attack of malicious nodes in time synchronization. Aiming at the small deviation of slow attack and the problem of time synchronization error, information fusion is based on the quality principle, and according to the time synchronization information of different nodes, we make random weighted average correction for local time nodes. The simulation results show that the fits time synchronization protocol has good intrusion detection and fault tolerance capability.

This work presents a solar power based water quality monitoring wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, to screen water quality over various destinations as an ongoing application, an astounding framework engineering comprised by disseminated sensor nodes and a base station is proposed. The model and base station are associated utilizing WSN innovation like Zig-Bee. Modeling and implementation of a proposed model using one node powered by solar cell and WSN technology is the challenging work. Data collection by different sensing element at the node side like pH, turbidity conductivity, saltiness and temperature is sent by means of WSN to the base station. Information gathered from the distant site can be shown in visual organization too as it very well may be examined utilizing diverse reproduction apparatuses at base station. This original framework has benefits like no fossil fuel byproduct, low power utilization, more adaptable to send data at far off site, etc.

The wireless power transfer technology in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) lets the sensors replenish their energy through the Mobile Chargers (MCs). The new network is named Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs) in the literature. In these networks, the mobile charger scheduling is very important to retrieve the sensors' energy. In some of the proposed approaches, a deterministic and predetermined path is determined for MCs by using the information from the entire network. These approaches are not appropriate for the uncertain real networks in which the network changes over time. For this reason, we propose an online, grid-based and decentralized method. In this method, MCs select some sensors for renewing their energy by considering the status of the grid cells around them. The purpose of our method named Coverage Aware Charging (CAC) is to replenish the power of low-energy sensors as well as keeping a better network coverage. Finally, we evaluate CAC by using comprehensive simulation different situations.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) have been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications. However, the communication paradigms in WSNs differ from the ones associated to traditional wireless networks, triggering the need for efficient wireless communication technology. Several wireless technologies have emerged ranging from short and medium distance. Bluetooth, ZigBee and Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) are three popular short range wireless communications. Due to its various features and advantages (especially low power consumption and low complexity), IR-UWB is a very promising wireless communication technology for WSN. In this paper, we evaluate the main features and advantages of this new technology (IR-UWB) for WSN in terms of transmission time, data coding and power consumption compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee. To analyze and evaluate the main features and advantages of IR-UWB as an efficient short range wireless communication technology for WSN, we used MiXiM platform under OMNet++ simulator.

Several emergent technologies, including mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), machine to machine (M2M), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and cyber-physical systems (CPSs), are actually sharing fundamental features and complementing each other towards allowing spatially distributed devices to interoperate regardless of their software and hardware components. In this chapter, we make a rough comparison between some of these technologies with the aim of clarifying the position of CPS with respect to the others. We particularly outline the challenges related to CPS design while focusing on the main components of these systems by depicting some high-level architectures found in the literature. Since a CPS is basically better understood within its context of use, we review several examples of architectures proposed in a variety of domains, including healthcare, smart space, emergency and real time, control, environment, and intelligent transportation. To meet the requirements of these domains, the role of WSN technologies and their contributions to CPS are highlighted. Finally, we propose a new architecture where WSN technologies, multi-agent system paradigm, and natural ecosystems are combined to enable CPS design and operations.

In some wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications (e.g. fire lighting scattering wireless nodes from the plane) nodes positions needs to be resolved. In WSN we are trying to keep the price of a node as low as possible and for that reason we are trying to avoid implementing additional hardware (e.g. GPS module) to the node. One of possible localization methods using standard WSN 802.15.4 radio chip is use of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) parameter and radio propagation model. In the article we are describing the implementation and experiments of localization using RSSI and Log-distance path model. Measurements and visualization of the distances was successfully realized online and in real time.

Over the past decades, hardware and software technologies for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have significantly progressed, and WSNs are widely used in various areas including Internet of Things (IoT). In general, existing WSNs are mainly used for applications that require delay-tolerance and low-computation due to the poor resources of traditional sensor nodes in WSNs. However, compared to the traditional sensor nodes, today’s devices for WSNs have more powerful resource. Thus, sensor nodes these days not only conduct sensing and transmitting data to servers but also are able to process many operations, so more diverse applications can be applied to WSNs. Especially, many applications using audio data have been proposed because audio is one of the most widely used data types, and many mobile devices already have a built-in microphone. However, many of the applications have a requirement that heavy-operations should be done by a tight deadline, so it is difficult for a single node in WSNs to run relatively heavy applications by itself. In this paper, to overcome this limitation of WSNs, we propose a new emerging system, HeaLow, a cooperative computing system for heavy-computation and low-latency processing in WSNs. We designed HeaLow and carried out the practical implementation on real devices. We confirmed the effectiveness of HeaLow through various experiments using the real devices and simulations. Using HeaLow, nodes in WSNs are able to perform heavy-computation processes while satisfying a completion time requirement.

Recently, the technology of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) experiences a growing use in home automation or advanced industry infrastructure applications. Despite a strong interest of industries in this technology, key issues like miniaturization and security of WSN nodes has not been solved yet. State-of-the-art WSN nodes do not provide credible security nor satisfying configurability and miniaturized implementations. This publication deals with these limitations and presents a WSN node that provides security, configurability, and a miniaturized design. To show the sensor node feasibility, the WSN node is implemented within a smart home demonstrator. Additionally, a miniaturized pre-study WSN node design is presented using the novel embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) packaging technology. Furthermore, an eWLB based WSN node design is proposed that further miniaturize the presented WSN node.

Air pollution is one of environmental issues that have been often discussed. The fast-growing population and urbanization result in the population concentrated in certain areas. Heavy transportation may lead to poor air quality, and inhaling pollutants for a long time also causes damages in human health. A traditional air quality monitoring method is to build air quality monitoring stations, but this method is expensive and provides low resolution sensing data. In addition, monitoring stations are generally less densely deployed. This paper proposed an urban air quality monitoring system based on the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology and integrated with the global system for mobile communications. The system consists of sensor node, a gateway, and a back-end platform controlled by the LabVIEW program through which sensing data can be stored in a database. This system is deployed to the main roads in the Taipei city to monitor the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration caused by vehicle emissions. The experimental results show that the proposed system can provide micro-scale air quality monitoring in real-time through the WSN technology.

The growing awareness of the strategic value of service along with higher product performance expectations has directed many industries to adopt service centric competitive strategies in managing their supply chains. Service innovation based on currently available advanced technologies has become critical in improving enterprises’ competitive strengths. Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology, which can provide a mobile, scalable, and reliable monitoring solution, is emerging as a tool for service innovation in supply chain management. This paper provides an overview of wireless sensor network technology and discusses how it can benefit modern industries. The fundamental theories of WSN are introduced as well as an overview of the development. The impact of information technologies on supply chain management and service innovation is then briefly discussed. Much emphasis is placed on the feasibility, procedures, and critical challenges of implementing WSN in supply chain management innovation. Current and future applications of WSN are also provided, followed by a case study demonstrating the application potentials of WSN for service innovation in the healthcare industry.

THE USE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AGRICULTUTE A TOOL FOR A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY IN THE ARAB WORLD In this paper some ideas of how to apply the technological advancement of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) in agriculture as a tool for food security is discussed. This will include some examples where the technology can be applied, what changes can this technology brings to the traditional farming, which can help within the solution of the Arab World food security problems. This will help the region to develop and be part of the global strategy for the World food security. WSN features of having a low power consummation nature with different options of using different energy sources will make it as the just technology suitable in a remote and less or without infrastructural bases environment for many countries within the region. The applications of WSN which are suitable for the purpose will be discussed. Keywords: WSN, Food Security, Agriculture in Arab region, WSN Farmer Kits Tool, Energy Sources. Introduction Arabic countries are naturally rich, many countries within the region have a wide virgin land. But unfortunately some of these countries have been a focus in term of food shortages for long time which cause by many factors like land degradation, water crisis, land deals, climate change, agricultural disease, governing system, wars, population growth, land use change, living style change, high prices and lack of technology. As technology has rational parts in solving the most difficult problems for today's society, WSN can be applied in agriculture to reduce or solve this problem. Use of WSN in Agriculture as a solution As traditional farming is the lead in the region, people use their own human sense to perceive the surrounding to investigate the soil and predict the weather. But the remote sensing of the WSN as an activity of recording, observing, perceiving objects or events, wirelessly these happenings are processes and analyzed in a real time. The idea of applying this technology is to be adopted in different applications shortly can be said here. *Soil Investigation by using the specialized soil test sensor detectors to determine the fertility of soil nutrient deficiencies, elements like Nitrogen is very important for plants. *Weather Prediction by using a web data from WSN can be transmitted enabling a remote online interactive retrieval access, and then these data can be shared with the farmers. *Detection of ground water using WSN the level and the amount of sufficient water can be detected before planting. *Using the WSN the water and the area can be controlled during irrigation which will help in reducing the energy consumption. *Food storage system will be advanced by the use of WSN in knowing usage validity time and the space of storing. *Knowing where how and when to deliver what kind of product by using WSN will help in the logistical distribution of crops. *Farming Dissemination by using an integrated WSN tool kit messages can be disseminated.