Ray tracing in the classroom

The purpose of this research is to derive the composition measures and implications of elective subject in Technology subject in high school according to the next curriculum revision based on the results of analyzing cases of elective subject in Technology subject in high school in foreign. In order to accomplish this purpose, the research team selected four countries representing the continent (US, UK, AU, CH) and was trying to figure out the characteristics of operation cases of elective subject in Technology subject in high school. To this end, the research team prepared an analysis framework, analyzed the characteristics of each country, and compared the four countries with elective subject in Technology subject in high school in Korea.
 The results obtained through this study are summarized as follows.
 First, the elective subject in Technology subject in high school in Connecticut, USA, are structured so that students can choose from various fields of engineering.
 Second, in the case of the UK, although design and technology are the only elective subject in Technology subject in high school, it suggests that content elements are related to students various career paths.
 Third, in Australia, students can choose between design, technology, and information technology, and can take both courses.
 Fourth, in China, Technology subject in high school are presented in a variety of required subject, required elective subjects, and elective subjects, and engineering and design activities are emphasized.
 Fifth, as a result of comparing domestic and foreign cases, there were similarities and differences in subject name, structure of elective subject, the grade in which the subject is chosen, and content composition of elective
 subjects.
 Through this research, it was intended to provide basic data so that various elective subject in Technology subject should be provided and operated to high school students who are in the process of going on to university and deciding on their career path to consider in terms of curriculum development.

Polarization ray tracing, which consist of several extensions to geometrical ray tracing, calculates the evolution of polarization states along ray paths and determines the intrinsic polarization properties, such as diattenuation and retardance, associated with ray paths. This paper compares the suitability of the Jones, Mueller, and a three-dimensional polarization ray tracing calculi, examining the issues of local versus global coordinates, amplitude versus phase representations, inclusion of the wavefront aberration function, partially polarized light, measurements of images by polarimeters, and diffraction image formation by low and high numerical aperture beams.

When grade point averages (GPAs) are used for admission into tertiary education, there is an implicit assumption that any two identical GPAs convey the same level of academic competency. However, this assumption does not hold when students are free to choose elective subjects and there are differences in their difficulty and dimensionality. In this study, we utilized item response theory to examine dimensionality and difficulty of 11 elective subjects in Norwegian high school, while accounting for self-selection bias, using data from 21,666 third year students. Our results show that the GPA is best represented as a multidimensional construct. Additionally, we demonstrate that the selection bias in observed subject grade averages for electives conceals considerable differences in difficulty levels. Hence, the GPA of Norwegian high school students does not only reflect academic competency but also the decisions made regarding which elective subjects to take.

Ray tracing has been traditionally used with applications for media and entertainment (3D animation, rendering), product development (CAD/CAM/CAE), life sciences (medical, molecular), energy, and other operations. The ray-tracing programs are used by engineers and artist proposing a project concept or new product design, by designers who bring the first renditions of the project or product for evaluation, by manufacturing people who build and test the project, or product virtually in the computer. And then when everything is proven and acceptable, marketing people use ray tracing to create images to sell the product. Ray tracing is used in all four stages from project concept to fulfillment. The concept of virtual prototyping and in the film industry pre-viz has been embraced by most industries and has saved millions of dollars by eliminating redos and expensive after-sales repairs.

The application of blended learning strategies through guided inquiry learning arrangements aims to increase the acquisition of students' learning concepts and procedures on the material of the body's defense system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of blended learning strategies with guided inquiry learning settings on the acquisition of learning concepts and procedures in biology subjects in high school. This test was carried out using a pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design, in this design:a) measurement of dependent variables from one group of subjects (pretest), b) subjects were given treatment for a certain period of time (exposure). , c) the second measurement (posttest) was carried out on the independent variables, and d) comparison of the results of pretest and posttest measurements. This study involved 36 students of second grade of Science class 3 of Public Senior High School 3 Gorontalo, consisting of 22 women and 14 men. The results of this study are; (1) Provide scientific experience so that it can become the best practice for fostering student teacher candidates. (2) Contribute directly to schools through teacher partnerships in finding the right learning mode. (3) The blended learning strategy of guided inquiry learning settings is very good in giving effect to increase the acquisition of learning concepts and procedures of students on the material of the body's defense system in Biology subjects in high school.

Site-specific ultrawideband propagation modeling involves dealing with frequency variations of the propagation mechanisms and antenna patterns in the ray tracing program. Typically, electromagnetic field calculations have to be performed in a lot of frequencies to accurately construct the frequency response of the channel at a receiving point. This imposes a heavy computational burden on ray tracing specially in calculating the coverage map or finding the statistics of channel parameters where the number of receiving locations is large. In this paper, the computational complexity of ray tracing in ultrawideband propagation modeling is reduced by using cubic B-spline interpolation. The frequency response of the channel at each receiving point is obtained by calculating the electromagnetic fields at a limited number of frequencies and then interpolating the results using cubic B-splines. A speedup of about four times in simulating a typical residential environment is achieved. Besides, the accuracy of the results is maintained due to excellent characteristics of the cubic B-spline interpolation.

End-to-end modeling of the photometric performance of LCD projection system using Monte Carlo geometrical ray tracing methods is an accurate and precise tool for predicting and improving the performance of these deices before, during and after product development. However, an accurate simulation first requires considering which physical properties contribute most to the system's photometric performance. Second, these properties must be characterized by physical measurements and translated into the tangible modeling parameters of a ray tracing program. Third, the implications of using a Monte Carlo ray tracing algorithm, and in general any other optical transformation algorithm, on radiometric accuracy must be well understood. These considerations as well as a generalized approach to the characterization and simulation of an LCD projector are described. A commercially available ray tracing program, the Advanced Systems Analysis Program, is used to demonstrate this approach. The irradiance uniformity, CIE color performance and screen brightness of an arc source LCD projector system are computed as an example.

The study aims to provide implications, based on the experience of technology teachers, regarding the direction for technology instruction in high schools in view of the high school credit system. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with seven technology teachers, experienced in the research and preparation of the high school credit system, and field data were collected. Additionally, some of their classes were observed. The collected data were analyzed and categorized through the process of emic coding and structural coding. According to the analysis, the participants faced limitations because of a high school culture that is oriented towards college entrance, since technology is not covered in South Korea’s national college entrance exam. The teachers experienced “difficulty in securing class time,” “burden of teaching multiple subjects,” “difficulty in teaching unfamiliar subjects,” and “difficulty in conducting classes” due to the introduction of the high school credit system. The analysis reveals that this system caused the following changes in the attitude towards the technology class: ‘avoidance,’ ‘survival,’ and ‘opportunity.’ Based on these findings, the pedagogical implications of technology teachers’ experiences, due to the introduction of the high school credit system, may be interpreted as ‘establishing firm values for the subject matter' and ‘thinking from the students’ perspective.’ The following steps are proposed based on the analysis outcomes: an experiential study for students who undertook technology instruction under the high school credit system, development of a program to enhance the expertise of technology teachers at high schools, and action research on “delivering good technology instruction” in high schools. This study is meaningful as it interprets and analyzes not only the changes in the technology instruction due to the introduction of the high school credit system, but also their significance, thereby deriving the aforementioned implications. The findings of the study may serve as useful data for offering implications regarding the direction for technology as a subject in high schools.

As a science and a subject in school, geography is considered as having a major role to play in fostering spatial thinking. In the context of preparing for an educational reform transferring from content-based to competency-based approach in Vietnam now, spatial thinking is identified as one of the prominent competencies that geography can promote. However, there has been no research on spatial thinking in the country so far. Therefore, this paper aims at reviewing spatial thinking in geography textbooks from grade 6 to grade 9 in Vietnam for the reason that geography is taught as a separate and compulsory subject in secondary and high school. We adapt the Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking proposed by Jo and Bednarz (2009) and then simplified by Scholz et al. (2014) to evaluate spatial thinking in three aspects: the concepts of spatial, tools of representation and processes of reasoning in questions in textbooks. The findings show that the majority of questions in textbooks are non-spatial thinking. The research gives suggestions for textbook authors in Vietnam to take three dimensions of spatial thinking into account in the future geography curriculum reform. Besides, it recommends teachers to consider to foster not only spatial thinking but also effective questioning in their teaching.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the actual status of physical education program implementation and socialization of physical education in high school education in Vietnam. We designed a questionnaire using Google Form, the questionnaire consists of 15 questions including Q.1 to Q.11 related to the physical education program; Q.12 to Q.15 related to the socialization of physical education. The rating scale is divided into 4 levels (non-satisfied; partially satisfied; satisfied; well satisfied). The survey was conducted online of 345 people including education administrators and high schools teachers. Area of the survey is in Hanoi city, Lai Chau province. The study shows that the actual implementation of physical education programs in high schools has not met the targets of the 2018 high school education program promulgated by the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam; for socializing physical education activities, there are still many limitations, socialization activities have not had much positive impact on the quality of teaching physical education subject in high schools.

The act of performing a sequential trigonometric ray trace through an optical system is as simple as applying Snell's Laws of refraction and reflection, along with some form of the grating equation, to the geometric description of the lenses and mirrors which can comprise that system. The orderly incorporation of these physical laws into an algorithm, which at the same time incorporates all possible geometries which may occur in this optical system, will be the result of this paper. The ray/surface equations and other useful numerical techniques will be spelled out in detail so that this paper can be used as a starting point for their own ray tracing program when commercial optical design codes are either not available or inappropriate.

The theory for calculating the intensity of sound in a refracting medium after reflection from a sloping bottom was first formulated by Einstein and Eby [L. T. Einstein and E. S. Eby, USL Tech. Memo. No. 1210-103-60 (1960)]. However, they did not pursue their development to the point of evaluating certain angle derivatives which are necessary to obtain quantitative results. The present paper describes such a computation for the particular case of up- and down-slope reflection from a flat inclined bottom bounding a medium in which the sound speed gradient is constant. The results have an important bearing on the sound intensities obtained with most ray tracing programs, since these usually trace rays from receiver to source, and a correction must be applied to obtain the intensity for the reverse path. For the flat bottom or for RSR or refracted transmission, this correction factor is the well-known ratio Cs2/Cr2, where Cs and Cr are the sound speeds at the source and receiver, respectively. This factor is not modified in the presence of reflection from a sloping bottom. [This work was supported by the U. S. Navy Electronic Systems Command.]

This study aims to identify History subject materials that can be integrated with Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) for curriculum development in high schools. This research uses the documentation study method which is collaborated with the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method. Data validation of FGD results was carried out with expert judgment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that there were historical subject materials which made it possible to be integrated with ESD. The conclusion of this research is that the history subjects in high school have the potential to be integrated with ESD so that this can be a significant point in the development of the history curriculum in high school.

Analytic ray tracing is considerably less time consuming than numerical ray tracing. However, despite the advantage of speed, analytic ray tracing has a major limitation: the difficulty of including the effects on the ray path of horizontal gradients in electron density. In the past this difficulty has been addressed using ionospheric models whereby an effective tilt is introduced by displacing the center of the ionosphere from the center of the Earth. In this paper, ray equations for the ground range, phase path, group path, and divergent power loss are developed for a new two‐dimensional analytic ray tracing technique, known as the segmented method for analytic ray tracing (SMART), which is able to deal with horizontal gradients in electron density. Ray tracing using two tilting methods are compared with ray tracing using SMART. Further, these results are compared with a numerical ray tracing program known as homing‐in ray tracing (HIRT).

Purpose of the study: This study aims to present the findings from the Bongal Site as an essential learning resource for the History subject in Senior High Schools, particularly in exploring the dynamics of cultural interaction and the spread of religion in the Indonesian archipelago during ancient times. Methodology: This research employs a qualitative methodology, integrating historical and archaeological approaches. The historical approach is used to reconstruct the process of Christianity’s arrival on the west coast of Sumatra. At the same time, archaeological data are supported by an extensive literature review and field observations. Main Findings: The findings reveal that the spread of early Christianity to Sumatra, though still debated among historians, is evidenced by written sources indicating the presence of the Nestorian Church in the Fansur (Barus) region. Archaeological excavations at the Bongal Site uncovered various artifacts such as rings engraved with crosses, Roman beads, carved stones with Christian symbols, and Byzantine liturgical spoons that support this narrative. Novelty/Originality of this study: The originality of this study lies in the identification and comparative analysis of artifacts that bear significant resemblance to early Roman and Byzantine Christian objects. These findings not only offer new insights into the early presence of Christianity on Sumatra’s west coast but also support the use of the Bongal Site as a contextual and meaningful historical learning resource in secondary education.