Re-engineering the Innovation Chain

China is confronting escalating geopolitical and socio-economic challenges, prompting a structural reorganization of its economy centered on the high-tech sector and emerging technologies. This article examines China's contemporary industrial, technological, and innovation policies within the context of global economic disruptions and domestic structural constraints. The relevance of this study lies in evaluating China's capacity to adapt to a shifting international environment, heightened technological competition from Western countries, and domestic pressures such as an aging population and slowing economic growth.The paper seeks to assess current strategies for the development of China's national innovation system (NIS) and critically analyze the transformation of its industrial policy. The central hypothesis posits that, despite outward signs of modernization, China's approach retains elements of traditional interventionism. Methodologically, the research draws on the theory of national innovation systems and elements of political economy, supplemented by case studies. These include an analysis of support mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)—particularly the so-called "small giants"—as a key example of the implementation of the "national champions" policy. The study relies on official documents and relevant statistical data.The findings reveal that China's current industrial and technological policies are marked by ambivalence. On the one hand, there is a notable shift towards a more nuanced and multitiered support system, emphasizing incentives for technology-oriented SMEs and the development of advanced sectors such as integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. On the other hand, elements of a techno-centric and mobilization-oriented approach persist, with "national champions" continuing to play a central role in driving economic development. While the definition of champions has expanded to include SMEs, and the criteria for their selection have become more flexible, the effectiveness of this policy remains limited. The case of the "small giants" highlights the risks associated with the new policy framework. Looking ahead, the Chinese economy and its technology policies will continue to face significant challenges. However, the potential for transformative change appears limited due to mounting external pressures and path dependency, which predispose Chinese leadership to replicate established approaches.

The necessity to establish a consistent and sensibly planned industrial policy at the level of regional integration associations (RIAs) is justified in terms of the modern global structural changes as well as due to the growing number of protectionist measures applied by particular states and regional integration associations regarding the field of imported industrial goods (e.g., the EU carbon tax, trade wars, and restrictions due to economic sanctions). Despite the fact that both Russian and foreign literature pay full attention to the State industrial policy shaping and implementation issues, although, the conceptual theoretical grounds of the industrial policy shaping and implementation within RIAs are missing and are poorly researched. Based on the review of theoretical knowledges article proposes a conceptual approach to the RIAs industrial policy implementation in the context of the State industrial policy shaping. The article identifies features and restrictions hampering implementation process as well as determines proper conceptual definition of specific terms. For instance, the RIAs industrial policy consists of the complex of regulatory instruments at supranational level which have both stimulating and coordinating nature as well as national regulatory system with the aim of harmonizing the development of member countries’ industrial capacities, with the involvement of supranational institutions. Also, it is to be noted that the main feature of the RIAs industrial policy is its coordinating and stimulating nature. Using the example of Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter, the EAEU) the approach to its industrial policy development has been developed. Based on the analysis of particular macroeconomic indicators of the EAEU Member States, their industrial development priorities, comparison of those priorities with the global trends, the following EAEU industrial strategic priorities have been identified: assisting in promotion of commodities to foreign markets, encouraging innovation activities, increasing investment attractiveness, developing small- and medium-sized businesses, environment protection, and digital transformation. The general development trajectories of industrial development which has been highlighted in the article as well as the proposed coordinating and stimulating supranational regulation measures can be a solid fundament for achieving development objectives of the EAEU Member States and play a catalyst role in transforming their economies.

In this paper, authors examine the political economy and consequences of industrial policy in the MENA region. How can the features of MENA’s industrial policy be explained? And what accounts for the fact that, against world trends, industrial policies in MENA countries didn’t followed the evolutionary path of industrial policies of other countries? Unlike in many other regions, industrial policy in MENA developed within the context of the region’s strong ‘social contract’ between the government and its people. Although industrial development was an objective, it at times took a backseat to the more important goals of social transformation and economic redistribution, which influenced not only the types and success of industrial policies adopted, but also critically influenced the balance of power among interest groups. Section two of the paper provides the theoretical framework for understanding the experience with industrial policy. Starting with a brief survey of the arguments used to justify industrial policy interventions, and drawing on various strands of the literature it provides a review of the various mechanisms and arguments which help understand the factors which determine the emergence and type of industrial policies observed and how they change. Using this framework section three reviews the experience of MENA countries during the 1950s to the 1970s and the emergence of state-dominated vertical industrial policy, where traditional/sector selective and sector specific policies have been used extensively. Section four attempts to explain the failure for industrial policy to change during the 1980s and 1990s. While the developing world has moved toward more market oriented policies and production systems that are dominated by the private sector and rely on market signals, MENA has maintained much of the old style industrial policies and high state intervention in the economy that characterized much of the developing world in the past. The final section five makes concluding remarks on the likely directions of industrial policy in the region. As internal and external forces shape the way industrial policies can be used in the globalized economy, the MENA region’s old style of industrial policy will need to adjust. The ultimate path of change will be determined greatly by each country’s initial conditions and individual political economy factors.

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

Проблема гармонизации промышленной и торговой политики является актуальной для каждой из стран, в особенности для стран, экономическое положение которых зависит от добычи нефти. Усилия Исламской Республики Иран в большей степени направлены на нефтяную промышленность, что препятствует формированию благоприятной среды для функционирования экономических субъектов, задействованных, например, в отраслях машиностроения, текстильной промышленности и торговле. Таким образом, на основе выполненного анализа научных работ, нормативно-правовых и иных документов Ирана выявлена необходимость формирования концептуальной модели гармонизации промышленности и торговли в Республике. Целью исследования является разработка концептуальной модели гармонизации отраслевых интересов в государственной политике Ирана (на примере торговой и промышленной политики). Объектом исследования является социально-экономическая система Ирана. Источниками информации послужили официальные документы и отчеты, опубликованные Министерством промышленности, горнодобывающей промышленности и торговли Ирана, Всемирным банком, Статистическим центром Ирана и Организацией планирования и бюджета Ирана. Анализ статистических данных позволил выявить дихотомию на промышленных предприятиях Республики, а также сильную зависимость экономики от нефтяных доходов страны. Раскрыты основные тенденции развития промышленного сектора на основе Протокола заседания коллегии Министерства промышленности, горнодобывающей промышленности и торговли Ирана в 2019 г. В результате исследования предложена концептуальная модель гармонизации, в состав которой входят базовые элементы, влияющие на формирование и реализацию торговой и промышленной политики, а также предопределяющие набор и содержание элементов других уровней модели; цель, компоненты и условия, обусловливающие эффективное функционирование модели. Сделан вывод: достижение гармонизации на примере промышленности и торговли осуществимо в условиях применения концептуального подхода, подразумевающего тесную взаимосвязь объектов (организации в сфере промышленности и торговли), принципов (отражающих менталитет населения Ирана и его государственную идеологию), компонентов (содержательный, методический, организационный, оценочно-результативный) и условий (внутренние и внешние) модели. Установлено, что частный сектор не принимает участия в формировании промышленной политики Республики. Выявлена нецелесообразность современной торговой политики, направленной на реализацию нефтяной базы. Таким образом, необходима трансформация действующих промышленных и торговых программ развития. The problem of harmonization of industrial and trade policies is relevant for each country, especially for countries whose economic situation depends on oil production. The efforts of the State of Iran are more focused on the oil industry, which prevents the formation of a favorable environment for the functioning of economic entities in other spheres, for example, in the fields of mechanical engineering, textile industry and trade. Thus, on the basis of the analysis of scientific works, regulatory and other documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the need for the formation of a conceptual model for the harmonization of industry and trade in the Republic is revealed. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual model of harmonization of sectoral interests in the state policy of Iran (on the example of trade and industrial policy). The object of the study is the socio-economic system of Iran. The sources of information were official documents and reports published by the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade of Iran, the World Bank, the Statistical Center of Iran and the Planning and Budget Organization of Iran. The analysis of statistical data revealed a dichotomy in the industrial enterprises of the Republic, as well as a strong dependence of the economy on the country’s oil revenues. The main trends in the development of the industrial sector are revealed on the basis of the Minutes of the meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade of Iran in 2019. As a result of the study, a conceptual model of harmonization is proposed, which includes basic elements that affect the formation and implementation of trade and industrial policy, as well as determining the set and content of elements of other levels of the model; the goal, components and conditions that determine the effective functioning of the model. It is concluded that achieving harmonization on the example of industry and trade is feasible in the context of applying a conceptual approach that implies a close relationship between objects (organizations in the field of industry and trade), principles (reflecting the mentality of the Iranian population and its state ideology), components (content, methodological, organizational, evaluative and effective) and conditions (internal and external) of the model. It is established that the private sector does not take part in the formation of the industrial policy of the Republic. The inexpediency of the modern trade policy aimed at the implementation of the oil base is revealed. Thus, it is necessary to transform the existing industrial and trade development programs.

The industrial/manufacturing sector in the Town of Collingwood, Ontario is a significant contributor to its economy. This paper discusses the sector's historical roots and assesses its current and projected growth to build a case for the proposed industrial land development policy. The author argues that in order for Collingwood to maintain its competitive position for industrial development within the Georgian Triangle Region the policy must be accepted. The paper reasons that addressing the current demand for serviced industrial land will not only strengthen the industrial sector through growth and retention of manufacturing/industry, but will also encourage new growth and opportunities for investment, due to Collingwood’s geographic location, available labour force and quality of life.Keywords: Industrial land development policy, Collingwood, manufacturing

Under the wave of the fourth industrial revolution, the development of new quality productive forces represented by intelligent technology will shape the form, structure and nature of new production relations, such as the reduction of the coordination status of human-human relations and the increasing importance of the coordination of human-machine relations. There will be a fundamental revolution in ownership relations, the form of enterprise organization, the way in which they are distributed and the structure of management. The assumptions, logic, and paradigms of economics that are compatible with the first three industrial revolutions will encounter great challenges. To this end, it is necessary to comprehensively deepen the reform of the actual economic system and promptly adjust the capital system, industrial policy, employment and distribution policy, market policy, education policy, science and technology policy, and talent policy that are not suitable for the development of new quality productive forces.

Abstract: Manufacturing in South Africa has been the subject of strong industrial policy support. Since 1994, the sector has undergone major structural shifts but the sector has performed poorly. Trade liberalization, which started to take effect before 1994, led to rapid import penetration across a wide range of sectors. For the most part the export response was disappointing. From 2007, there has been a shift to more intensive sectoral industrial policy. But this coincided with a number of very negative developments including the global financial crisis as well as serious infrastructure constraints. The specifics of industrial policy are examined in heavy industry, the automotive sector, and light manufacturing as well as in the outcomes of regional industrial development policies. The chapter concludes that South Africa needs to be on a more labour-absorbing growth path which requires appropriate industrial as well as other policies.

The research aims at the establishment of main principles, priorities and directions of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation. Environmental industrial policy is considered as a part of the industrial policy aimed at the formation of highly technological competitive national industry providing for the transfer of the economy from the export of raw materials to the innovation type of development. The international experience of the implementation of industrial policies is analysed; it is shown that re-industrialisation leads to strengthening the role of the state regulation and planning both in developed and developing countries. Peculiarities of the international approaches to forming “green” industrial policy are considered. Main principles of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation are formulated as follows: (1) industrial modernisation providing for the resource efficiency enhancement and the reduction of the negative environmental impact and (2) recycling of waste (its return to the economic cycle). It is emphasised that the environmental industrial policy priorities reflect foremost national purposes and strategic objectives of the Russian Federation development.

Most Latin American countries entered the ranks of middle-income levels almost simultaneously with Japan and South Korea. However, while Japan and South Korea embarked on the path of economic development through technological innovation and industrial upgrading, Latin America fell into the middle-income trap. By examining the history of industrial and technological development in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, three representative countries in Latin America, this paper finds that the fundamental reasons for Latin America falling into the middle-income trap lie in the tension between the choice of industrialization path and primitive accumulation, as well as the institutional deficiencies in technology and industrial development. Latin America, which has fallen into the middle-income trap, finds it hard to upgrade its technology and is trapped in premature industrialization and the middle-technology trap. It can be said that Latin America has fallen into a double trap, which reinforces each other and forms a solid trap pattern. The warning from the Latin American experience is that late-developing countries need to maintain an open attitude during the process of technological catching up, build a complete technological innovation system, enhance industrial and technological governance capabilities, and seize the window of opportunity for technological and industrial upgrading. Otherwise, there is a significant risk of falling into the middle-income trap and even the double trap.

In the article, the critical role of the industrial policy in the economic development of any country is proved; it is shown that the economic policy is a mandatory attribute of the state participation in the definition of priorities, long-term goals and problems of the competitiveness increase solved in certain periods of socio-economic development of the state. A comparative analysis of the «industrial policy» concept created in foreign countries and national economy is carried out. The treatments of the «industrial policy» concept offered both in projects of legislative acts of Russia and in numerous publications are analysed. The author’s treatment of this concept is offered. Alternative approaches to develop the theoretical fundamentals of industrial policy are established. As a system framework of the modern industrial policy, the synthesis of provisions of the institutional classical theory, the theory of long-term technical and economic development, and economic synergetic is offered. Conditional stages of the industrial policy development in the world economy, proceeding from a ratio of interests of business and the population are noted. Sertain stages of industrial policy of Russia from 1989 to the present time with their meanings and received results are allocated. Regional aspects of industrial policy, its legislative provision are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of the project of the Federal Law «On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation» are revealed (2014).

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

Dr Timmer describes the manufacturing performance of five Asian countries since the 1960s: China, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan. Over this period Asian industrial development is placed in an international perspective by comparison with the world productivity leader, the USA. The author uses new empirical data to assess the degree of structural change in the manufacturing sector and its importance for productivity growth. He then discusses conditions for economic growth and catch up, and reviews the role of industrial and technology policies in the promotion of industrial development in Asia.

The Two Shall Become One: Overcoming the Stalemate between Industrial and Climate Change Policies