Reconstruction of Continuous Hand Grasp Movement from EEG Using Deep Learning.

This study describes a method for classifying electrocorticograms (ECoGs) based on motor imagery (MI) on the brain–computer interface (BCI) system. This method is different from the traditional feature extraction and classification method. In this paper, the proposed method employs the deep learning algorithm for extracting features and the traditional algorithm for classification. Specifically, we mainly use the convolution neural network (CNN) to extract the features from the training data and then classify those features by combing with the gradient boosting (GB) algorithm. The comprehensive study with CNN and GB algorithms will profoundly help us to obtain more feature information from brain activities, enabling us to obtain the classification results from human body actions. The performance of the proposed framework has been evaluated on the dataset I of BCI Competition III. Furthermore, the combination of deep learning and traditional algorithms provides some ideas for future research with the BCI systems.

Variation in human brains creates difficulty in implementing electroencephalography into universal brain–machine interfaces. Conventional electroencephalography systems typically suffer from motion artefacts, extensive preparation time and bulky equipment, while existing electroencephalography classification methods require training on a per-subject or per-session basis. Here, we introduce a fully portable, wireless, flexible scalp electronic system, incorporating a set of dry electrodes and a flexible membrane circuit. Time-domain analysis using convolutional neural networks allows for accurate, real-time classification of steady-state visually evoked potentials in the occipital lobe. Compared to commercial systems, the flexible electronics show the improved performance in detection of evoked potentials due to significant reduction of noise and electromagnetic interference. The two-channel scalp electronic system achieves a high information transfer rate (122.1 ± 3.53 bits per minute) with six human subjects, allowing for wireless, real-time, universal electroencephalography classification for an electric wheelchair, a motorized vehicle and a keyboard-less presentation. Brain–machine interfaces using steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) show promise in therapeutic applications. With a combination of innovations in flexible and soft electronics and in deep learning approaches to classify potentials from two channels and from any subject, a compact, wireless and universal SSVEP interface is designed. Subjects can operate a wheelchair in real time with eye movements while wearing the new brain–machine interface.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to analyse and review deep learning convolutional neural networks for detecting and diagnosing early-stage dental caries on periapical radiographs.Materials and MethodsIn order to conduct this review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies published from 2015 to 2021 under the keywords (deep convolutional neural network) AND (caries), (deep learning caries) AND (convolutional neural network) AND (caries) were systematically reviewed.ResultsWhen dental caries is improperly diagnosed, the lesion may eventually invade the enamel, dentin, and pulp tissue, leading to loss of tooth function. Rapid and precise detection and diagnosis are vital for implementing appropriate prevention and treatment of dental caries. Radiography and intraoral images are considered to play a vital role in detecting dental caries; nevertheless, studies have shown that 20% of suspicious areas are mistakenly diagnosed as dental caries using this technique; hence, diagnosis via radiography alone without an objective assessment is inaccurate. Identifying caries with a deep convolutional neural network-based detector enables the operator to distinguish changes in the location and morphological features of dental caries lesions. Deep learning algorithms have broader and more profound layers and are continually being developed, remarkably enhancing their precision in detecting and segmenting objects.ConclusionClinical applications of deep learning convolutional neural networks in the dental field have shown significant accuracy in detecting and diagnosing dental caries, and these models hold promise in supporting dental practitioners to improve patient outcomes.

Objective. Noninvasive brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) assist paralyzed patients by providing access to the world without requiring surgical intervention. Prior work has suggested that EEG motor imagery based BCI can benefit from increased decoding accuracy through the application of deep learning methods, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Approach. Here, we examine whether these improvements can generalize to practical scenarios such as continuous control tasks (as opposed to prior work reporting one classification per trial), whether valuable information remains latent outside of the motor cortex (as no prior work has compared full scalp coverage to motor only electrode montages), and the existing challenges to the practical implementation of deep-learning based continuous BCI control. Main results. We report that: (1) deep learning methods significantly increase offline performance compared to standard methods on an independent, large, and longitudinal online motor imagery BCI dataset with up to 4-classes and continuous 2D feedback; (2) our results suggest that a variety of neural biomarkers for BCI, including those outside the motor cortex, can be detected and used to improve performance through deep learning methods, and (3) tuning neural network output will be an important step in optimizing online BCI control, as we found the CNN models trained with full scalp EEG also significantly reduce the average trial length in a simulated online cursor control environment. Significance. This work demonstrates the benefits of CNNs classification during BCI control while providing evidence that electrode montage selection and the mapping of CNN output to device control will be important design choices in CNN based BCIs.

The rapid growth of computational neuroscience and brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies require efficient, scalable, and biologically compatible approaches for neural data acquisition and interpretation. Traditional sensors and signal processing pipelines often struggle with the high dimensionality, temporal variability, and noise inherent in neural signals, particularly in elderly populations where continuous monitoring is essential. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as self-powered and flexible multi-sensing devices, offer a promising avenue for capturing neural-related biophysical signals such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and cardiorespiratory dynamics. Their low-power and wearable characteristics make them suitable for long-term health and neurocognitive monitoring. When combined with deep learning models-including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and spiking neural networks (SNNs)-TENG-generated signals can be efficiently decoded, enabling insights into neural states, cognitive functions, and disease progression. Furthermore, neuromorphic computing paradigms provide an energy-efficient and biologically inspired framework that naturally aligns with the event-driven characteristics of TENG outputs. This mini review highlights the convergence of TENG-based sensing, deep learning algorithms, and neuromorphic systems for neural data interpretation. We discuss recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives, with an emphasis on applications in computational neuroscience, neurorehabilitation, and elderly health care.

Deep leaning in food safety and authenticity detection: An integrative review and future prospects

The dynamic modulus (|E*|) of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is a crucial mechanistic characteristic essential in defining the strain response of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures under varying loading rates and temperatures. This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation of classical machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms as applied to the prediction of |E*| and compare their performance with renowned |E*| regression models (Witczak NCHRP 1-37A, Witczak NCHRP 1-40D, and Hirsch). Eight state-of-the-art ML and DL algorithms are attempted with diverse structures, including multiple linear regression (MLR), decision trees (DT), support vector regression (SVR), ensemble trees (ET), Gaussian process regression (GPR), artificial neural networks (ANN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and convolutional neural networks (CNN). A comprehensive database was assembled, incorporating 50 AC mixtures, of which 25 were from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and 25 were from the state of Idaho, USA. This database encompasses an extensive dataset of 3,720 |E*| measurements, associated with thirteen input features representing the proposed AC mixtures’ aggregate gradations, binder characteristics, and volumetric properties. This pioneering study surpasses existing research by examining various algorithms to predict |E*| on the same dataset, applying them with different structures and individual optimization to achieve optimal performance. The developed models are evaluated based on multi-stage assessment criteria, including the accuracy and complexity performance measures and rationality based on a sensitivity analysis. The multi-stage comparative analysis results reveal that the bagging ETs, GPR with exponential kernel, and DT record the highest prediction accuracy; however, only the bagging ETs yield the highest accuracy, lowest training and testing complexity, and rational trends throughout the sensitivity analysis. The research outcome has the potential to provide pavement engineers with advanced tools for predicting |E*| and, therefore, optimizing pavement designs and rehabilitations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-01-06 Full Text: PDF

In today's digital world, app stores have become an essential part of software distribution, providing customers with a wide range of applications and opportunities for software developers to showcase their work. This study elaborates on the importance of end-user feedback for software evolution. However, in the literature, more emphasis has been given to high-rating & popular software apps while ignoring comparatively low-rating apps. Therefore, the proposed approach focuses on end-user reviews collected from 64 low-rated apps representing 14 categories in the Amazon App Store. We critically analyze feedback from low-rating apps and developed a grounded theory to identify various concepts important for software evolution and improving its quality including user interface (UI) and user experience (UX), functionality and features, compatibility and device-specific, performance and stability, customer support and responsiveness and security and privacy issues. Then, using a grounded theory and content analysis approach, a novel research dataset is curated to evaluate the performance of baseline machine learning (ML), and state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) algorithms in automatically classifying end-user feedback into frequently occurring issues. Various natural language processing and feature engineering techniques are utilized for improving and optimizing the performance of ML and DL classifiers. Also, an experimental study comparing various ML and DL algorithms, including multinomial naive Bayes (MNB), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), multi-layer perception (MLP), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), AdaBoost, Voting, convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional long short term memory (BiLSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU), and recurrent neural network (RNN) classifiers, achieved satisfactory results in classifying end-user feedback to commonly occurring issues. Whereas, MLP, RF, BiGRU, GRU, CNN, LSTM, and Classifiers achieved average accuracies of 94%, 94%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. We employed the SHAP approach to identify the critical features associated with each issue type to enhance the explainability of the classifiers. This research sheds light on areas needing improvement in low-rated apps and opens up new avenues for developers to improve software quality based on user feedback.

Ball sports have great variability in the game and the intelligent control of the rules of ball movement can effectively improve the training effect of athletes. However, the current research on artificial intelligence of spherical motion trajectory prediction points is basically blank. Based on this, this study is based on deep learning technology, and obtains the main experimental data through network data collection in the research and builds the table tennis spatial position image data set under various environments with accurate annotation based on the traditional deep learning. At the same time, the convolutional neural network is used as the location recognition algorithm, and a prediction algorithm for predicting the trajectory of table tennis is proposed based on the recurrent neural network. In addition, this paper designs comparative experiments to analyze the effectiveness of the algorithm model, and evaluates the real-time recognition, location and trajectory prediction capabilities, and conducts quantitative analysis. The research shows that the algorithm has certain practical effects and can provide theoretical reference for subsequent related research.

Insect taxonomy lies at the heart of many aspects of ecology, and identification tasks are challenging due to the enormous inter- and intraspecies variation of insects. Conventional methods used to study insect taxonomy are often tedious, time-consuming, labor intensive, and expensive, and recently, computer vision with deep learning algorithms has offered an alternative way to identify and classify insect images into their taxonomic levels. We designed the classification task according to the taxonomic ranks of insects—order, family, and genus—and compared the generalization of four state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architectures. The results show that different taxonomic ranks require different deep learning (DL) algorithms to generate high-performance models, which indicates that the design of an automated systematic classification pipeline requires the integration of different algorithms. The InceptionV3 model has advantages over other models due to its high performance in distinguishing insect order and family, which is having F1-score of 0.75 and 0.79, respectively. Referring to the performance per class, Hemiptera (order), Rhiniidae (family), and Lucilia (genus) had the lowest performance, and we discuss the possible rationale and suggest future works to improve the generalization of a DL model for taxonomic rank classification.

Classifying images is a complex problem in the field of computer vision. The deep learning algorithm is a computerized model simulates the human brain functions and operations. Training the deep learning model is a costly process in machine resources and time. Investigating the performance of the deep learning algorithm is mostly needed. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is most commonly used to build a structure of the deep learning models. In this paper convolutional neural network (CNN) model pre-trained on Image-Net is used for classification of images of the PASCAL VOC 2007 data-set. The transfer learning approach is used to improve the performance of the deep learning CNN model where classification works fairly well with the smallest amount of computation time and fewer machine resources. The behavior of the Deep learning CNN model is studied and the performance has been measured. The obtained results are compared with the obtained test results from the Super-vector coding of local image descriptors method, SVM method, and Region Ranking SVM method, which tested with the PASCAL VOC 2007 data-set. The final results evaluate the deep learning algorithm as a state-of-the-art method for an image classification task.

Stroke is considered a global disease that leads to death and certain neural disabilities. Deep learning techniques have revolutionized EEG-based Brain-Computer Interface(BCI), enhancing reliability and promising a transformative future for BCI applications in stroke rehabilitation. However, BCI's implementation in clinical practice has been restricted due to their low accuracy performance. The objective of this review is to summarize how the integration of deep learning and BCI technologies can contribute to the rehabilitation of stroke patients. This paper compiles studies that evaluated deep learning and BCI intersection for stroke subjects, analyses the methodological quality of these studies, and verifies the relationship between the effects of the interventions and performance achieved in rehabilitation. The deficiencies and the future development direction of stroke rehabilitation in BCI with deep learning are also discussed. The various deep learning techniques combined with BCI technology, will improve people's ability to cope with stroke and provide a way to recover from stroke.

Deep learning algorithms can be used to design systems that report data on patients and deliver warnings to medical applications or electronic health information if there are changes in the patient's health. These systems could be created using deep Learning. This helps verify that patients get the proper effective care at the proper time for each specific patient. A healthcare decision support system was presented using the Internet of Things and deep learning methods. In the proposed system, we examined the capability of integrating deep learning technology into automatic diagnosis and IoT capabilities for faster message exchange over the Internet. We have selected the suitable Neural Network structure (number of best-hidden layers and activation function classes) to construct the e-health system. In addition, the e-health system relied on data from doctors to understand the Neural Network. In the validation method, the total evaluation of the proposed healthcare system for diagnostics provides dependability under various patient conditions. Based on evaluation and simulation findings, a dual hidden layer of feed-forward NN and its neurons store the tanh function more effectively than other NN. To overcome challenges, this study will integrate artificial intelligence with IoT. This study aims to determine the NN's optimal layer counts and activation function variations.

A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) character speller allows human-beings to directly spell characters using eye-gazes, thereby building communication between the human brain and a computer. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on the BCI character spelling accuracy. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been studied whether the CNN should be designed differently to increase the spelling accuracy when the number of sensors used to acquire EEG signals is different. This paper performs an empirical study to investigate this issue. First, we show a motivational example which motivates us for this investigation. Then, we propose a method to design CNNs according to the number of sensors used in the BCI character speller. This method automatically configures a parametric CNN we have devised according to the given number of sensors. Experimental results on six datasets show that we need to design different CNNs when different number of sensors are used for the acquisition of EEG signals. Experimental results also show that our designed sensor-aware CNNs outperform other CNNs in terms of spelling accuracy in most cases. Our CNNs can increase the spelling accuracy achieved by other CNNs with up to 34%.

Silent speech decoding is a novel application of the Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) based on articulatory neuromuscular activities, reducing difficulties in data acquirement and processing. In this paper, spatial features and decoders that can be used to recognize the neuromuscular signals are investigated. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data are recorded from human subjects in mimed speech situations. Specifically, we propose to utilize transfer learning and deep learning methods by transforming the sEMG data into spectrograms that contain abundant information in time and frequency domains and are regarded as channel-interactive. For transfer learning, a pre-trained model of Xception on the large image dataset is used for feature generation. Three deep learning methods, Multi-Layer Perception, Convolutional Neural Network and bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory, are then trained using the extracted features and evaluated for recognizing the articulatory muscles’ movements in our word set. The proposed decoders successfully recognized the silent speech and bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory achieved the best accuracy of 90%, outperforming the other two algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of spectrogram features and deep learning algorithms.