Reduced dimension space-time processing for multi-antenna wireless systems

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology offers significant promise in enhancing wireless communication systems, but its dual-use potential also introduces substantial security risks. This survey explores the security implications of RIS in next-generation wireless networks. We first highlight the dual-use nature of RIS, demonstrating how its communication-enhancing capabilities can be exploited by adversaries to compromise legitimate users. We identify a new class of security vulnerabilities termed “passive-active hybrid attacks,” where RIS, despite passively handling signals, can be reconfigured to actively engage in malicious activities, enabling various RIS-assisted attacks, such as eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle (MITM), replay, reflection jamming, and side-channel attacks. Furthermore, we reveal how adversaries can exploit the openness of wireless channels to introduce adversarial perturbations in artificial intelligence-driven RIS networks, disrupting communication terminals and causing misclassifications or errors in RIS reflection predictions. Despite these risks, RIS technology also plays a critical role in enhancing security and privacy across radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) systems. By synthesizing current insights and highlighting emerging threats, we provide actionable insights into cross-layer collaboration, advanced adversarial defenses, and the balance between security and cost. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of RIS technology’s security landscape and underscores the urgent need for robust security frameworks in the development of future wireless systems.

Wireless communication systems have undergone significant advancements in recent years, revolutionizing the way we communicate and enabling seamless connectivity across various domains. This chapter provides an overview of key research works and advancements in wireless communication systems, covering topics such as 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and emerging technologies. The brief historical overview highlights the major milestones and advancements in wireless communication systems. It is a testament to human ingenuity and the constant pursuit of improving connectivity and communication capabilities. Wireless communication continues to evolve, driving innovation and transforming the way we interact and share information in an increasingly interconnected world. Bluetooth, Zigbee, and other short-range wireless technologies are widely used for wireless communication between devices over short distances. Here are some details about each of these technologies. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), commonly known as Wi-Fi, provide wireless connectivity within a limited area such as homes, offices, or public spaces. They operate based on various standards defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Wireless communication systems face challenges such as limited bandwidth, interference, security concerns, and signal propagation issues. Addressing these challenges requires advanced techniques in modulation, channel coding, multiple access schemes, antenna design, signal processing, and network optimization. This abstract provides a brief glimpse into the vast field of wireless communication systems and its profound impact on modern society. This chapter provides the details study of the wireless communication system covering its various parts and the broad area of network. With the rapid development of wireless communication systems, we can expect further advancements and improvements in the future, leading to even more efficient and reliable connectivity across a wide range of applications and industries. Cellular networks are wireless communication systems that enable mobile devices to connect to a network and communicate with each other. They use a network of base stations or cell towers that provide coverage in specific geographic areas called cells. Wi-Fi has become an essential technology, providing convenient and ubiquitous wireless connectivity. The evolution of Wi-Fi standards has brought faster data rates, improved range. Bluetooth, Zigbee, and other short-range wireless technologies are widely used for wireless communication between devices over short distances. Here are some details about each of these technologies:

An approach for managing global mobility and roaming in the next-generation wireless systems

The next-generation (NG) wireless systems are envisioned to integrate the current communication systems into a seamless infrastructure, capable of allowing mobile users (MU) to access a wide range of high bandwidth wireless services. This integration of heterogeneous networks makes it difficult to locate MU as these MU move across networks using different access technologies and protocols. In this context, global roaming management constitutes a challenging problem. This paper presents an efficient approach which facilitates interoperability between heterogeneous networks during global roaming situations. Preliminary results reveal that such an approach significantly improves the performance of the NG wireless systems in terms of generated signaling traffic and response time during the global roaming process.

Games played by multiple users, each using a wireless terminal (e.g., PDA), have tremendous revenue potential for next generation wireless systems. However, the next generation of wireless systems (such as UMTS and other 3G systems) alone will not be able to provide the tight delay bounds required by these multi-player games. We develop a system architecture that enables high-quality games among multiple wireless users and at the same time enables network service providers and game service providers to charge for the gaming service. Our architecture relies on wireless vertical communication conducted over UMTS to register (authenticate) the users at the commencement of a game and to report scores at the end of the game. During the game the players exchange information over wireless horizontal communication conducted over wireless LANs. Our architecture is particularly well suited for games that have off-line software distribution, but require a registration (authentication) each time the game is played. In this paper we describe our system architecture, which involves a UMTS-based Wireless Overlay Communication System (WOCS), and give the protocol for game initiation and score submissions. We also outline business cases for our system architecture and discuss the network provider's perspective.

Deploying wireless technologies in industrial automation becomes more and more common. It is an enabler for many innovative applications where moving system components are involved, e. g. rotating parts of machines. However, many of such applications impose high temporal requirements on the wireless system, for instance isochronous data communication. Today, these requirements can not be met by existing solutions, such as IEEE802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). In this paper, an isochronous wireless communication system is investigated. It mainly consists of a deterministic medium access control, based on IEEE 802.11, which is extended with additional features for isochronous communication. The presented preliminary analysis shows the system's feasibility for the targeted industrial applications and presents promising performance improvements in comparison with standard mechanisms.

The propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves plays a fundamental role in the performance of high-speed wireless communication systems. As wireless technologies evolve, the demand for faster data rates and more reliable connections is driving the need for a deeper understanding of EM wave behavior. This article explores the principles of EM wave propagation in high-speed wireless systems, including the factors that affect signal transmission, such as attenuation, diffraction, reflection, and scattering. We examine the challenges posed by different environments, such as urban, rural, and indoor settings, and discuss the technologies used to overcome these challenges in next-generation wireless systems, including 5G and beyond.

The popularity of agents in artificial intelligence (AI) can be seen almost everywhere in the form of effective decision making, predictive analysis, expert systems, and so on. In parallel, wireless communication systems in the form of wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless personal area networks (WPANs) are also providing tremendous support for data communication. Exploring and utilizing the benefits of artificial intelligence and wireless communication systems together in an environment are still in the nascent stage due to the divergent characteristics of the respective domain. One of the major drawbacks in the existing wireless communication system is interference in 2.4 GHz band. This work proposes a multi-agent-based interference mitigation technique to mitigate the interference issues in wireless communication system and aims to enhance the communication process in terms of packet delivery ratio. This work is implemented as a pilot project in an educational institution for teaching students in wireless communication environment, the result shows that technology has added new dimensions to teaching–learning process, and performance of the wireless communication system is also increased in terms of packet delivery ratio.

Multiple transmit-receive antenna based wireless communication system is a well investigated area in the literature. However, within the scope of author’s knowledge there are few analytical frameworks which facilitate communication system design engineers to select the required transmit-receive antenna combination for a given quality of service (QoS) in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) or Symbol Error Rate (SER). Most of such frameworks for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless systems in the existing literature are lacking tightness between theoretical approximation and actual simulation results. The aim of investigation in this study is to provide theoretical expectation of receiver performance with MIMO wireless communication system within a given channel. In this study, new analytical performance bound frameworks with tighter lower bounds have been presented for different receivers for MIMO systems. On the basis of the presented analytical framework, a simulation platform has been established. The channel state information as well as expected quality of service is assumed to be known for simplicity. Rayleigh fading channel has been considered within simulation platform. Simulation results show that the proposed frameworks provide degree of tightness up to 100 times at Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) 20 dB for (2x2) MIMO system in comparison to the existing frameworks. Few other MIMO antenna combinations have been considered in the evaluation process of the proposed framework.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

For a broad class of interference-dominated wireless systems including mobile, personal communications, and wireless PBX/LAN networks, the authors show that a significant increase in system capacity can be achieved by the use of spatial diversity (multiple antennas), and optimum combining. This is explained by the following observation: for independent flat-Rayleigh fading wireless systems with N mutually interfering users, it is demonstrated that with K+N antennas, N-1 interferers can be nulled out and K+1 path diversity improvement can be achieved by each of the N users. Monte Carlo evaluations show that these results also hold with frequency selective fading when optimum equalization is used at the receiver. Thus an N-fold increase in user capacity can be achieved, allowing for modular growth and improved performance by increasing the number of antennas. >

The popularity of multiple-in, multiple-out (MIMO) technology in wireless communication systems has increased due to its ability to enhance system capacity, coverage, and reliability, leading to a rising interest in designing and implementing MIMO antennas for various frequency bands, such as the S-band. However, mutual coupling between multiple antennas can pose a significant challenge in the performance analysis of MIMO systems. In this study, we introduce a novel approach involving the utilization of an L-shaped slot in a patch element placed on an economical FR4 epoxy material with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. Multiple antennas are strategically positioned in an orthogonal arrangement to minimize coupling effects. Our proposed antenna design successfully achieves an impedance bandwidth that aligns with the -10 dB reference over a frequency range from 2.78 GHz to 2.66 GHz, making it suitable for S-band satellite applications. Furthermore, by employing a four-element MIMO antenna setup, we achieve excellent isolation characteristics, with values below -20 dB. To ensure excellent MIMO performance, we consider some diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG), which we investigate and find to be within standard limits (ECC < 0.04, DG = 10 dB). Our study offers valuable insights into designing and optimizing MIMO antennas for S-band satellite applications and can serve as a useful reference for future research in this area.

Wireless dual-hop relaying is envisioned to provide better coverage as well as signal reliability for existing single-hop wireless communication systems. The simplest feature of the dual-hop relay has attracted increasing interest from research and commercial communities. Emerging transmit diversity techniques using space-time transmission with multiple antennas could further enhance the dual-hop relaying performance. In this paper, we examine the coverage of dual-hop space-time relaying and allocation of limited power to the source transmitter as well as the relay. We finally compare different coverage-extension strategies, namely, increasing Tx power, employing multiple Tx antennas to achieve transmit diversity, and adopting either a nonregenerative relay or a regenerative one to enforce signal reliability at the destination. It is numerically shown that the space-time transmission that is used in the dual-hop relaying can further extend the coverage, although its performance depends on various parameters, namely, relaying methods, location of the relay, and power allocation.

The convergence of heterogeneous wireless networks combines existing wireless networks. An effective combination of different wireless networks should enable them to complement each other and provide high-speed data rate, wide area coverage, and quality of service (QoS) guarantee. In Next Generation Wireless Systems (NGWS), seamless handoff between different wireless access networks plays a vital role. One of the major challenges for seamless mobility is the creation of a vertical handoff protocol. In this paper, the performance of vertical handoff is studied using the integration of third generation (3G) cellular and wireless local area networks (WLAN). The effect of application-based signal strength threshold (ASST) and path loss exponent on an adaptive lifetime-based vertical handoff (ALIVE-HO) strategy is studied in terms of number of handoffs, aggregated throughput, and packet delay. Therefore the vertical handoff performance can be optimized in wireless and mobile networks. The present work is done for different channel conditions as well as different mobility schemes.

We propose a wireless ATM LAN system, which operates in the 5 GHz band at a channel rate of 25 Mb/s, to provide customer premises network (CPN) users with multimedia services. For the development of the wireless ATM LAN system, the system level requirements are described, and an architecture of the wireless ATM LAN system to support multimedia communications is proposed. In addition, we consider the technical issues to realize the wireless ATM LAN system.