Research on Node Authentication of MQTT Protocol

Investigation on big data evaluation and visualization of internet of things based on edge computing

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of objects which enables them to collect vital information. As a result, privacy and anonymity in IoT are the most important issues. So far, many protocols have been proposed to provide authentication mechanism in IoT networks. Recently, Amin et al proposed a three-factor authenticated protocol for IoT networks that is claimed to be secure. In this paper, we challenge this claim and show that this protocol is vulnerable against the replay attack and DoS attack. Moreover, inspired by this protocol, we propose a secure authenticated key exchange protocol with the same assumptions. Our analysis shows that our proposed protocol is more efficient than Amin et al protocol.

Broadcast Communication is crucial in VANET communication, to send and receive safety messages within network. Securing these beacon message is a challenge, since they are very prone to clone and Sybil attacks. Many works have been proposed to address this problem but they failed to address how to detect and protect these messages from clone attacks and also limited to static networks with limited data sizes. To achieve this a secure authentication and attack detection mechanism can be designed. In this paper we propose a secure broadcast message authentication and attack detection mechanism with Identity – Based Signatures. Experimental results proved that it can be used in both V2V and V2RSU c communications. Our scheme shown best performance compared to existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ration, detection rate and detection time.

Many Internet of Things (IoT) services utilize an IoT access network to connect small devices with remote servers. They can share an access network with standard communication technology, such as IEEE 802.11ah. However, an authentication and key management (AKM) mechanism for resource constrained IoT devices using IEEE 802.11ah has not been proposed as yet. We therefore propose a new AKM mechanism for an IoT access network, which is based on IEEE 802.11 key management with the IEEE 802.1X authentication mechanism. The proposed AKM mechanism does not require any pre-configured security information between the access network domain and the IoT service domain. It considers the resource constraints of IoT devices, allowing IoT devices to delegate the burden of AKM processes to a powerful agent. The agent has sufficient power to support various authentication methods for the access point, and it performs cryptographic functions for the IoT devices. Performance analysis shows that the proposed mechanism greatly reduces computation costs, network costs, and memory usage of the resource-constrained IoT device as compared to the existing IEEE 802.11 Key Management with the IEEE 802.1X authentication mechanism.

This document describes two authentication mechanisms created by Sun Microsystems that are commonly used in conjunction with the ONC Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC Version 2) protocol. WARNING The DH authentication as defined in Section 2 in this document refers to the authentication mechanism with flavor AUTH_DH currently implemented in ONC RPC. It uses the underlying Diffie-Hellman algorithm for key exchange. The DH authentication defined in this document is flawed due to the selection of a small prime for the BASE field (Section 2.5). To avoid the flaw a new DH authentication mechanism could be defined with a larger prime. However, the new DH authentication would not be interoperable with the existing DH authentication. As illustrated in [10], a large number of attacks are possible on ONC RPC system services that use non-secure authentication mechanisms. Other secure authentication mechanisms need to be developed for ONC RPC. RFC 2203 describes the RPCSEC_GSS ONC RPC security flavor, a secure authentication mechanism that enables RPC protocols to use Generic Security Expires: November 17, 1999 Informational [Page 1]^L INTERNET-DRAFT Authentication Mechanisms for ONC RPC 18-May-99 Service Application Program Interface (RFC 2078) to provide security services, integrity and privacy, that are independent of the underlying security mechanisms. Expires: November 17, 1999 Informational [Page 2]^L INTERNET-DRAFT Authentication Mechanisms for ONC RPC 18-May-99 CONTENTS

The Internet of Things (IoT) protocols have encountered great challenges as the growth of technology has led to many limitations of the performance of the IoT protocols. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) is one of the most dominant protocols in most fields of smart applications, so it has been chosen in this research to be a use case for implementing and evaluating a new proposed Back-off algorithm that is designed to eliminate suspicious and fake messages by calculating an initial frequent rate for each publisher connected to the MQTT broker. The proposed Back-off algorithm was designed to mitigate the traffic load of the uplink traffic by applying an exponential delay factor to suspicious publishers. Another priority scheduling algorithm was proposed to classify publishers as high priority or low priority depending on the new calculated frequent rate. The two algorithms were implemented on the Mosquitto broker and evaluated using a simulation environment by measuring specified performance metrics. The simulated results proved that the Back-off algorithm eliminated network load and introduced an acceptable range of CPU and RAM consumption. The results also concluded that the priority classification algorithm managed to reduce the latency of high-priority publishers.

The spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) has improved our daily life because it blends the physical and the virtual world. Thus, the IoT is device-to-device (D2D) communications that monitor changes in the environment and interacts with them. Also, it can be used from anywhere in the world due to the interconnected nature of the Internet. However, it could violate the privacy of individuals by revealing sensitive information collected by IoT devices about a user's online activities. Also, as the IoT is evolving quickly with new technologies, more privacy issues and abuse of the collected data will arise. Hence, we need to provide more secure communication protocols. In this paper, we will review the security and privacy problems in some IoT protocols. As well as reviewing the proposed solutions to certain problems. Lastly, we will discuss three of the most popular protocols used in the IoT, which are: data distribution service (DDS), message queue telemetry transport (MQTT), and long range wide-area network (LoRa Wan).

Communication between connected objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) often requires secure and reliable authentication mechanisms to verify identities of entities and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data and resources. Unlike other domains, IoT offers several advantages and opportunities, such as the ability to collect real-time data through numerous sensors. These data contains valuable information about the environment and other objects that, if used, can significantly enhance authentication processes. In this paper, we propose a novel idea to building opportunistic sensor-based authentication factors by leveraging existing IoT sensors in a system of systems approach. The objective is to highlight the promising prospects of opportunistic authentication factors in enhancing IoT security. We claim that sensors can be utilized to create additional authentication factors, thereby reinforcing existing object-to-object authentication mechanisms. By integrating these opportunistic sensor-based authentication factors into multi-factor authentication schemes, IoT security can be substantially improved. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectivenness of our idea through illustrative experiments in a parking entry scenario, involving both mobile robots and cars, achieving high identification accuracy. We highlight the potential of this novel method to improve IoT security and suggest future research directions for formalizing and comparing our approach with existing techniques.

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Artificial Intelligence technology, and the emergence of modern information technologies such as intelligent manufacturing, welding systems are changing, and intelligentized welding manufacturing and systems (IWMS) utilizing these technologies are attracting attention from both academia and industry. This paper investigates sensing technology, multi-information sensor fusion technology, feature recognition technology, the quality prediction method, control method, and intelligent welding production line application in the IWMS. Combining IoT technology and multi-agent systems, a hierarchical structure model welding manufacturing system (IoT-MAS) in the form of “leader-following” was constructed. The multi-agent welding manufacturing system has the advantages of distribution, intelligence, internal coordination and so on. The IoT-MAS consists of several sub-agents, which are divided into five categories according to their functions and internal processing logic. Combined with the functions of the intelligent welding manufacturing system, the agent structure of the whole welding process was proposed, and the matching communication technology and algorithm were designed. The intelligent welding manufacturing system based on IoT-MAS proposed in this paper can effectively solve the integrated design problem of large welding manufacturing systems.

The basics of Internet of Things (IoT) is the attribute of Internet of Objects, expected as a flexible strategy for giving several facilities. Condensed clever units create a critical phase of IoT. They vary extensively in practice, volume, service facility, and calculation strength. However, the incorporation of these clever matters in the widespread internetworking proposed IoT of safety threat due to the act the most internetwork technologies along with verbal exchange manners that had not been now designed to guide IoT. Furthermore, the trade of IoT has produced public safety matter, such as nonpublic secrecy issues, risk of cyber threats, and trained crime. Have guidelines or suggestions on the analysis of IoT security and contribute to improvement. This control offers full information of the open penetration and retrieval as opposed to the IoT edge side layer, which are done in three phases: edge nodes, transmission, and edge computing. The method to reach this target, first, we quickly define those popular IoT recommendation models and outline protection in the IoT's framework. We also talk about the feasible purposes of IoT and the inspiration of the intruder and set new goals in this new model. With such rise in IoT and with the advent of ongoing digital applications, huge amount of data is produced each and every day, leading to the emergence of the term big data. In this chapter, we will be collaborating the detailed security study in case of IoT and big data.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the conceptual and practical features of integrating Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) into urban environments, with a focus on the use of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and edge computing technologies. A conceptual model of ITS has been developed, enabling not only real-time collection and processing of sensor data but also dynamic decision-making based on big data analytics. The multi-level architecture of ITS is examined, employing modern optimization, prediction, and clustering algorithms to enhance traffic management adaptability, minimize congestion, and reduce CO₂ emissions. Examples of successful ITS implementations in leading global cities are presented, showcasing their positive impact on increasing traffic throughput, reducing accident rates, and improving environmental conditions. Particular attention is paid to cybersecurity issues, which are critical for the stable and reliable operation of ITS. Potential threats associated with unauthorized access to system resources are analyzed, and the implementation of advanced encryption mechanisms, multi-factor authentication, and blockchain technologies is proposed to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. The article also highlights the development of effective anomaly detection algorithms capable of promptly responding to non-standard situations, such as traffic accidents or sudden changes in traffic flows. This ensures system resilience and flexibility in dynamic urban environments. The prospects for further ITS development through deeper integration of edge computing, Big Data technologies, and AI are emphasized, contributing to enhanced overall efficiency, safety, and adaptability of urban transportation infrastructure. The proposed ITS model incorporates energy efficiency, enables highly accurate traffic flow prediction, and ensures environmental sustainability in urbanized spaces. Practical recommendations for implementing the developed ITS are provided, emphasizing its ability to evolve and adapt to changes in traffic intensity, infrastructural constraints, and environmental safety requirements.

DKSM: A Decentralized Kerberos Secure Service-Management Protocol for Internet of Things

This chapter covers the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) from different aspects. It focuses on 3GPP cellular IoT evolution for connectivity, that is, narrowband IoT (NB‐IoT). The chapter summarizes the IoT evolution from an end‐to‐end perspective, including the IoT platform, IoT protocols, connectivity, and the sensors layer. The IoT platform should support open standard protocols to communicate with different sensors, devices, and gateways from different vendors. The proposed IoT platform will support existing technologies including 2G/3G/LTE/Wi‐Fi/PLC/ Fixed and low‐power, wide‐area (LPWA) networks such as long‐range (LoRaWAN) and Sigfox as well as 3GPP standardized technologies such as LTE‐Machine‐Type Communications (MTC) and 3GPP NB‐IoT. The chapter shows link budgets for NB‐IoT with different subcarrier spacing. One machine‐to‐machine (M2M) is a global partnership developing standards for M2M communications, enabling large‐scale implementation of the IoT. The chapter addresses a high‐level architecture reference model, network elements, and reference point for cellular IoT (CIoT).

In many IoT applications, Point-to-Point communication (P2P communication) and mobility are fundamental requirements. For such applications, routing protocols must support mobility and discover optimum P2P routes along with the energy-efficiency. The nodes in IoT have limited energy. Fast energy depletion of nodes leads to the creation of energy holes in the network, which hinders the intended services to IoT application. Hence, energy-efficiency is also one of the fundamental objectives of routing protocols. In the literature, many researchers have proposed energy-efficient routing protocols that provide optimum P2P routes. But most of them do not support mobility of nodes in the network. In this paper, Mobility Aware Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (MAEER) for Internet of Things is proposed that supports mobility and discovers nearly optimum routes with reduced energy consumption. The proposed protocol reduces the number of participating nodes in P2P route discovery to decrease the energy consumption. In addition to that, it also offers an efficient approach to provide mobility support with increased packet delivery ratio. The performance of our routing protocol is analyzed with benchmark protocols i.e. RPL, P2P-RPL, along with ME-RPL. The results show that the proposed protocol provides 24% less energy consumption in comparison to P2P-RPL which is best among RPL, P2P-RPL, and ME-RPL, and 15% better packet delivery ratio than ME-RPL which provides best packet delivery ratio among the three.

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