Research on Parametric Modeling Method of Product Based on Directed Graph

This article studies the application of nonparametric modeling approach to model magnetorheological (MR) dampers. For comparison purposes, another typical parametric modeling method for electrorheological (ER) and MR dampers is reviewed. The existing parametric MR damper model includes a stiff Bouc-Wen model that is not friendly for simulation study and real time implementation of model-based advanced control algorithms. In order to avoid the difficulties by using the existing parametric model, the test data from a commercialized MR damper is employed to develop nonparametric models, which can consist of a series of numerically efficient mathematic functions. In addition, the selected functions are required to be continuous and differentiable for potential model-based control algorithms. The results of the nonparametric models show that such different models are comparable. Furthermore, one nonparametric model is selected to be compared with a parametric model and the test data to illustrate the accuracy of the model. The comparison shows that the proposed nonparametric models are able to accurately predict the damper force characteristics, damper bilinear behavior, hysteresis, and electromagnetic saturation. It is further shown that the nonparametric models can be numerically solved with an integration step size of the order of 10 2 s, much faster than the parametric models of the order of 10 5 s, which clearly shows that the proposed nonparametric models are feasible even for real time model-based control algorithms.

Simplified models are widely applied in finite element computations regarding mechanical and structural problems. However, the simplified model sometimes causes many deviations in the finite element analysis (FEA) of structures, especially in the non-designed structures which have undergone unknowable deformation features. Hence, a novel FEA methodology based on the parametric model by approximating three-dimensional (3D) feature data is proposed to solve this problem in the present manuscript. Many significant and effective technologies have been developed to detect 3D feature information accurately, e.g., terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), digital photogrammetry, and radar technology. In this manuscript, the parametric FEA model combines 3D point clouds from TLS and the parametric surface approximation method to generate 3D surfaces and models accurately. TLS is a popular measurement method for reliable 3D point clouds acquisition and monitoring deformations of structures with high accuracy and precision. The B-spline method is applied to approximate the measured point clouds data automatically and generate a parametric description of the structure accurately. The final target is to reduce the effects of the model description and deviations of the FEA. Both static and dynamic computations regarding a composite structure are carried out by comparing the parametric and general simplified models. The comparison of the deformation and equivalent stress of future behaviors are reflected by different models. Results indicate that the parametric model based on the TLS data is superior in the finite element computation. Therefore, it is of great significance to apply the parametric model in the FEA to compute and predict the future behavior of the structures with unknowable deformations in engineering accurately.

ملخص:- تحتوي نماذج الانحدار على مکونين أحدهما مکون عشوائي يمثل حد الخطأ (Error Term) والأخر مکون غير عشوائي يمثل متغير الاستجابة(Response Variable) وهذا المکون هو محل الاهتمام فيتم تقديره بإحدى الطريقتين هما: الطريقة المعلمية أو الطريقة اللامعلمية أو کلاهما. نموذج الانحدار المعلمي (Parametric Regression Model) هو النموذج الأکثر شيوعا حيث أنه يفترض أن متغير الاستجابة له صيغه دالية محدده مسبقا والتي تم الحصول عليها من معلومات سابقه حول هيکل دالة الانحدار من خلال ذلک يتم تقدير فئة من المعالم. ورغم أن النماذج المعلمية تعد أحد أهم أدوات تحليل البيانات؛ لأنها فعاله ويمکن تفسيرها بسهوله، إلا انها لم تستطع ان تکون کافية في بعض الحالات. أما نموذج الانحدار اللامعلمي (Nonparametric Regression Model) فانه يعتمد على تقدير دالة الانحدار مباشرة من البيانات کما أنه لا يفترض فروضا معينه لتقدير معالم النموذج مثل التي يفترضها النموذج المعلمي وبالتالي فهو يتمتع بمرونة أکثر لاکتشاف البيانات التي قد تکون مفقودة او في الحالات التي لا تتوافر فيها معلومات سابقة. يتم انشاء نموذج الانحدار شبه المعلمي (Semi parametric Regression Model) من خلال مزج الطريقتين السابقتين معا. فغالبا ما يتم استخدام هذا النموذج في المواقف التي تکون فيها الافتراضات المعلمية غير محددة وغير متسقة، أو أن النموذج اللامعلمي لا يعمل بشکل کامل. يشتمل هذا البحث على تطبيق نماذج الانحدار المعلمية وشبه المعلمية بالإضافة إلى النموذج اللامعلمى کحالة خاصة من نموذج الانحدار شبه المعلمى لتقدير الدالة الافتراضية وتحديد شکل العلاقة بين المتغير التابع والمتغيرات المستقلة بالاضافة الى شکل انتشار البيانات مع خط (أو منحني) التقدير وذلک على بيانات واقعية تم الحصول عليها من الإتحاد المصري لألعاب القوى والمعروفة بـبيانات لعبة العشاري . Regression models contain two components, one of which is a random component that represents the Error Term and the other is a non-random component that represents the response variable and this component is of interest and is estimated in one of two methods: the parametric method or the nonparametric method or both. Parametric regression model is the most common model since it assumes that the response variable has a predetermined functional formula which was obtained from previous information about the structure of the regression function by which a class of parameters is estimated. Although parameter models are one of the most important tools for analyzing data; Because it is effective and can be explained easily, but it could not be sufficient in some cases. As for the nonparametric regression model, it relies on estimating the regression function directly from the data, as it does not assume specific assumptions for estimating the model parameters, such as those assumed by the parametric model, and thus it has more flexibility to discover data that may be missing or in cases where previous information is not available. The semi-parametric regression model is constructed by blending the two previous methods together. This model is often used in situations where the parametric assumptions are indeterminate and inconsistent, or the nonparametric model is not fully functional. This research includes the application of parametric and semi-parametric regression models in addition to the nonparametric model as a special case of the semi-parametric regression model for estimating the hypothetical function and determining the form of the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables in addition to the data spread form with a line (or curve) estimation on realistic data On it from the Egyptian Athletics Federation, known as Decathlon data.

As a follow-up research, this research aims to develop a Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade symmetric pattern design process using Interactive Genetic Algorithm from Genetic Algorithm in order to drawing out Swarm Intelligence-Based Parametric Facade Pattern Design Methods, which are so called ‘Population Position’, Three Behaviors’, and ‘Flow’, developed by Oh, Y. E. and Lee, H. S. (2021). This study’s method is first, to theoretically review Genetic Algorithm as a design process platform, often utilized in Biomimicry, second, to find out basic elements making up a parametric facade pattern design, to be compared with Interactive-Genetic Algorithm process and parametric facade pattern design process for building as a design process platform, and to develop Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade symmetric pattern design process using Interactive-Genetic Algorithm, third, to step on the developed design process, while showing each step’s element with generated results by the design methods, fourth, to compare and analyze the developed design process with previous researches in several aspects. It means to have built a systematic form as a parametric facade pattern design process for generating Swarm Intelligence-based parametric facade pattern designs. This paper will be expected to help designers and architects get inspired by parametric facade pattern designs generated through the developed design process and come up with creative and various idea in their design process.

A parametric 3D geological modeling method considering stratigraphic interface topology optimization and coding expert knowledge

Electromagnetic (EM) parametric modeling of microwave filters is a significant research direction in the microwave filter design and optimization field. The parametric model aims to predict the EM response (such as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$S$</tex>-parameters) based on the input geometrical parameters, so it is crucial to establish an accurate and effective parametric model. In this paper, a parametric modeling method that combines artificial neural network (ANN) with coupling matrix (CM) is applied to the parametric modeling of a fifth-order filter. A center-out optimization algorithm combined with phase de-embedding is proposed to extract CM. Due to the strong continuity of the extracted coupling parameters, the established parametric model can be valid in a wider geometrical neighborhood.

BIM is increasingly crucial for the building construction, yet deviations from actual construction limit its construction monitoring applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a BIM‐construction interaction method that integrates parametric modeling, point cloud processing, and parameter optimization and fitting to enhance the construction monitoring. Proposed parametric modeling methods equip BIM elements with the ability of the pose adjustment and deformation modification, addressing potential deviations during construction. Developed component feature extraction algorithms efficiently capture pose and deformation features from the point cloud model that sufficiently and accurately reflect the actual state of the structural components. The proposed parameter optimization and fitting approach targets model parameters for optimization and aims to match pose and deformation features for fitting. By constructing objective functions that quantify the deviation between the BIM and point cloud models, the process is driven by the RBFOpt optimization algorithm and Opossum optimization solver. This approach enables the automatic updating of the design BIM into the as‐built BIM and generates deviation data between the two models, providing a basis for comprehensive construction monitoring results. The BIM‐construction interaction method was applied to the core area construction of the Shanghai Grand Opera House, where it reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) between the parametric BIM and point cloud models of the core column, concrete thick shells, and cantilever beams from 0.0352 m, 0.0411 m, and 0.0323 m to 0.0082 m, 0.0323 m, and 0.0053 m, respectively, significantly reducing deviations between BIM and the actual construction. Comprehensive and quantitative construction monitoring data, including pose deviations and structural deformations, were obtained to assess the precision and safety of the core area construction. The results demonstrate that the BIM‐construction interaction method effectively supports the interaction between BIM and construction, enabling monitoring and evaluation based on point cloud data.

Stepwise Application of BIM-based Parametric Modeling to Tapered Slip-Form System

The paper addresses the application of a parametric design process for a flying wing configuration. The multi-disciplinary configuration (MULDICON) is a generic unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) developed for research purposes, a further development of the DLR-F19 configuration, which was used for research activities in the scope of the DLR project Mephisto and its predecessors FaUSST and UCAV2010. For the MULDICON, the DLR parametric design process MONA is applied. Special emphasis is placed on the structural modeling with composite material where each layer is modeled and analyzed. Various failure criteria are compared to define suitable constraints for the optimization of the load carrying structure. In contrast to optimize the thickness of composites with global allowable strains, such strategy allows for a detailed analysis of every layer. The number of constraints due to the set-up of every ply is substantially increased compared to the strain allowables but the structural optimization is still applicable. The detailed structural and mass models represent the global stiffness and structural dynamic characteristics of the aircraft. For the loads analysis part of the design process, 9 different mass configurations with a total of 306 maneuvering load cases as well as 336 1-cos gust load cases are taken into account. Furthermore, a new simplified landing impact simulation is introduced to consider 12 landing load cases. All load cases are defined according to regulations like CS-25. Such number of load cases is necessary to cover a sufficient number of flight conditions. For the selection of the design loads for the structural optimization, the essential loads are analyzed for a subset of locations. Together with a parametrized optimization model, the structural optimization is conducted. The result is a weight-optimized structural model for the MULDICON. This entire model allows for the investigation of physics-based effects already at an early stage of the design process.

Prosthetic limbs and assistive devices require customization to effectively meet the needs of users. Despite the expense and hassle involved in procuring a prosthetic, 56% of people with limb loss end up abandoning their devices [1]. Acceptance of these devices is contingent on the comfort of the user, which depends heavily on the size, weight, and overall aesthetic of the device. As seen in numerous applications, parametric modeling can be utilized to produce medical devices that are specific to the patient’s needs. However, current 3D printed upper limb prosthetics use uniform scaling to fit the prostheses to different users. In this paper, we propose a parametric modeling method for designing prosthetic fingers. We show that a prosthetic finger designed using parametric modeling has a range of motion (ROM) (path of the finger tip) that closely aligns with the digit’s natural path. We also show that the ROM produced by a uniformly scaled prosthetic poorly matches the natural ROM of the finger. To test this, finger width and length measurements were collected from 50 adults between the ages of 18–30. It was determined that there is negligible correlation between the length and width of the index (D2) digit among the participants. Using both the highest and the lowest length to width ratio found among the participants, a prosthetic finger was designed using a parametric model and fabricated using additive manufacturing. The mechanical design of the prosthetic finger utilized a crossed four bar linkage mechanism and its ROM was determined by Freudenstein’s equations. By simulating the different paths of the fingers, we demonstrate that parametrically modeled fingers outperform uniformly scaled fingers at matching a natural digit’s path.

Based on the project of single-hole tunnel with four lanes, we use the functions of solid works' 3D solidmodeling and parametric modeling to build a complex model. By means of the interface function of CAD/CAM procedure, we transform 3D parametric model into a finite element analysis grid model through general data format. After analyzing the results figured out by MIDAS/GTS, we feedback this information to the preprocessing model made by solidworks before, and realize information feedback between the model and computer.

As the digital transformation agenda extends into underground construction, digital engineering (DE)—enabled by building information modelling (BIM), geographic information systems (GIS), 3D geological modelling and advanced numerical modelling—has become indispensable in the delivery of design and construction processes for major projects. Enhancing visualisation and interoperability of various information sources are particularly valuable in underground construction. Underground infrastructure faces unique challenges due to geological uncertainties and geotechnical considerations where current BIM model view definition has yet been standardised to support the use case of geotechnical analysis. Workflows leveraging heuristic techniques are required toward creating a shared digital representation to aid decision making. This paper explores the expanded use of several DE technologies for tunnel design, construction, and operation. Focusing on BIM techniques such as parametric modelling and key functions of interoperability and visualisation, the paper introduces an interactive platform featuring several workflows. The federated modelling of ground conditions, the as-built environment, and tunnel structures was achieved utilising solid modelling techniques. A graphical user interface was established, enabling the parametric instantiation of segmental linings and crack details with a customisable level of detail (LoD). Through the interface between parametric and numerical modelling, meshed models were created for the numerical analysis of tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunnel excavation and lining installation, groundwater seepage, and long-term structural deformation and ground movement. The work demonstrates a strong potential of advanced information modelling and automated workflows to streamline processes for design, construction and operation stages of tunnelling projects.

The car chassis design concept is an important part of the car design process. Analyzing the car chassis structure in the conceptual design process is of great significance for improving the efficiency and accuracy of car chassis design. This paper takes SUV models as the research object and uses SFE CONCEPT software to realize the mathematical modeling and multivariate optimization of the SUV chassis structure. The concept of “implicit” parameterization and the concept of “CAE analysis-driven design” are adopted to quickly realize large-scale geometric transformation and consistency of interconnection, while achieving automated production and grid parameters. Through this research, it can be found that in the concept development stage of the vehicle chassis structure, the CAE performance analysis is introduced into the early development stage as soon as possible; combined with the implicit parametric design method, it can quickly and effectively realize the exploration and optimization of a larger range of structures. In addition, the SFE CONCEPT software used in this article can create parametric structural models, and combined with automatic meshing technology, it can realize continuous changes of topology variables, shape variables, size variables, and material variables, and compare the design results with the detailed design results to confirm the feasibility of the design. In addition, the experimental test shows that the success rate of SFE CONCEPT and other CAD software docking reaches 100%.

This chapter focuses on the relation between tradition and innovation present in collaborative parametric design processes focused on building constructability. It aims to contribute to the discussion on how the incorporation of parametric modeling, as an innovative design tool, relates to the building constructability, combining it with knowledge of traditional design tools and experience in construction methods. The study presents the results of a design experiment with six collaborative teams of architects and civil engineers, describing and analyzing how the design actions were incorporated into the design process that leads to the constructability of the final design, using necessarily a parametric design tool. We observed that a higher and more varied number of design actions led to projects with more refinement that interfered with both the design process and final design during the design processes. The results address the collaborative actions of teams with a multidisciplinary team, including designers with skills in solving project problems; experience on the construction site; leadership; proficiency with analog and digital design media, which shall guide the parametric design process more efficiently and optimizes its quality.

Parametric modelling of time series of pressure fluctuations in gas–solid fluidized beds