RETRACTED ARTICLE: A dual mode authentication technique of finger vein patterns extraction using synchronized speech signals

Finger vein recognition is the process of determining whether or not the input finger image belongs to a specific person Finger-vein recognition is a new research area in the field of biometric recognition. Finger vein patterns are considered to be diverse even in identical twins and between an individual’s different fingers. Gabor Filter is the main algorithm utilized in this paper. Finger-vein Pattern Extraction is done with the Gabor Filter. Prior to feature extraction, many preprocessing processes must be completed. Image Normalization, ROI Extraction using Background Separation, and Image Contrast Enhancement are the preprocessing steps. During post-processing, we also applied certain approaches to improve the clarity of the retrieved finger vein pattern. Morphological Operations are employed during post-processing to expand the vein pattern’s shape and structure. The SURF technique is also utilized to detect descriptive important points in the Vein pattern image, which aids us in the matching process. An experimental result shows that the suggested system extracts vein patterns with near-perfect accuracy and recognizes them with high accuracy.

Finger vein recognition has received more attention in recent years due to its high security and promising development potential. However, extracting complete vein patterns and obtaining features from the original images suffer from the low contrast of finger vein images, which dramatically restrains the performance of finger vein recognition algorithms. Inspired by this motivation, we propose an explicit and implicit feature fusion Network (EIFNet) for finger vein verification. It can extract more comprehensive and discriminative features by complementarily fusing the features extracted from binary vein masks and gray original images. We design a feature fusion module (FFM) acting as a bridge between mask feature extraction module (MFEM) and contextual feature extraction module (CFEM) to achieve the optimal fusion of features. To obtain more accurate vein masks, we develop a novel finger vein pattern extraction method and provide the first finger vein segmentation dataset THUFVS. We solve the difficulty of building finger vein segmentation datasets in a simple but effective way, and develop a complete process encompassing dataset creation, data augmentation refinement and network design, which refers to the Mask Generation Module (MGM), for the deep learning based finger vein pattern extraction method. Experimental results demonstrate the superior verification performance of EIFNet on three widely used datasets compared with other existing methods.

Recent years have seen a plenty of personal identification methods with different biometrics such as finger pattern, face, palm-print and vein. The majority of these methods focus on complex image data projections and transforms in Fourier space, wavelet space or other domains, which usually bring heavy load in computation and difficult understanding in perceptual intuition. Moreover, these methods, oriented to multiple samples learning, are constricted usually in application. Among so much biometrics, vein, as a living feature with high anti-counterfeiting capability, has attracted considerable attention. In this paper, we propose a structured personal identification approach using finger vein Location and Direction Coding(LDC). First of all, we design a finger vein imaging device with near-infrared(NIR) light source, by which a database for finger vein images is established. Subsequently, we make use of the brightness difference in the finger vein image to extract the vein pattern. Furthermore, finger vein LDC is proposed and performed, which creates a structured feature image for each finger vein. Finally, the structured feature image is utilized to conduct the personal identification on our image database for finger vein, which includes 440 vein images from 220 different fingers. The equal error rate of our method for this database is 0.44%.

A finger vein authentication system is proposed in this research. Biometrics is the science of determining a person's identity based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Physical characteristics like fingerprints, a face or a retina, as well as personal characteristics like a signature, are included in these characteristics. Biometric features are significantly more difficult for attackers to replicate or fabricate than traditional methods, and they are extremely rare to lose. Biometric traits are used in the identification system, which increases security and dependability. The technology to verify vein patterns is still relatively new, compared with other human characteristics. The proposed work focuses on developing a contactless sensor to retrieve features from the hand's finger vein pattern using a Deep attribute Representation based Fractional Firefly method (DAR-FFF). Vein pattern identification scans the blood for hemoglobin using an infrared light source. After the participant's palm is placed over the sensing device, an infrared region beam from the device measures the orientation of the arteries. These ultraviolet wavelengths are absorbed by liquid hemoglobin in the vasculature, resulting in dark streaks on the map. The hand's finger has more intricate circulatory pathways and a variety of distinguishing characteristics. Image enhancement, skeletonization, and vein pattern chain code comparison are all processes in this procedure.

Recently, finger vein sensors have been embedded in all kinds of electronic devices for personal identification, such as intelligent door locks and attendance machines. The embedded sensors are generally small, thus capturing only part of the finger vein. However, prior studies have focused on near-full finger vein recognition, without considering the partial finger vein image caused by the small imaging window of the finger vein sensor. This paper aims to study personal identification based on partial finger vein images, known as small-area finger vein recognition. The effect of the small-area finger vein on recognition performance is first analyzed by cutting out the local part from the near-full finger vein image to model a small-area finger vein image. Second, a small-area finger vein database is built using a commercial finger vein imaging device, in which the vein pattern from approximately one-third of one adult finger is captured. To explore more discriminative information from small-area finger vein images, we propose a locality-constrained consistent dictionary learning (LCDL) method to fuse multiple features for small-area finger vein recognition. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated on the self-built small-area finger vein database and four synthetic small-area finger vein databases. Experimental results show the promising recognition performance of the proposed method.

A novel method for finger vein pattern extraction from infrared images is presented. This method involves four steps: preprocessing which performs local normalization of the image intensity, image enhancement, image segmentation, and finally postprocessing for image cleaning. In the image enhancement step, an image which will be both smooth and similar to the original is sought. The enhanced image is obtained by minimizing the objective function of a modified separable Mumford Shah Model. Since, this minimization procedure is computationally intensive for large images, a local application of the Mumford Shah Model in small window neighborhoods is proposed. The finger veins are located in concave nonsmooth regions and, so, in order to distinct them from the other tissue parts, all the differences between the smooth neighborhoods, obtained by the local application of the model, and the corresponding windows of the original image are added. After that, veins in the enhanced image have been sufficiently emphasized. Thus, after image enhancement, an accurate segmentation can be obtained readily by a local entropy thresholding method. Finally, the resulted binary image may suffer from some misclassifications and, so, a postprocessing step is performed in order to extract a robust finger vein pattern.

Finger vein patterns have recently been recognized as an effective biometric identifier and many related work can achieve satisfied results. However, these methods usually suppose the database is non-rotated or slightly rotated, which are strict for preprocessing stages, especially for capture. As we all know, user-friendly capture tends to cause the rotation problem, which degrades the recognition performance due to the unregulated images or feature loss. In this paper, we propose a new finger vein recognition method to solve the common rotation problem of finger vein images. Two experiments are designed to evaluate the recognition performance in both verification mode and identification mode and to demonstrate the advantages and robustness of our method in different rotated databases compared with pattern binary based method like LBP. Experimental results show that the proposed method can not only achieve a lower EER (1.71%) than LBP (2.67%), but also can overcome the difficulties of rotation in rotated databases. The EERs of proposed method in three different rotated databases are 2.15%, 2.98% and 2.75% respectively, which shows that our method has better robustness in rotation than LBP.

Nowadays personal information security is an important issue. Number of valuable data and files are stored in server and moreover private data are shared in worldwide. To access the private information only by the authorized user is becoming indispensable. Biometric plays a big role in strong security and large attention in research field. The biometric characteristics like palm print, finger print, Iris, DNA, face detection, finger vein etc. are used. Now finger vein is leading technique now. The big advantages of finger vein pattern are lively detection, present under the skin, and cant possible to copy or stolen. Finger vein authentication base applications are widely used in Japan’s like bank, airport, person authentication, jail etc. This paper, we study comparatively the various techniques of finger vein identification or authentication. The main focus is comparative study of existing vein pattern acquisition methods, feature extraction techniques and its results.

In today's world of ultra-security era finger vein pattern (FVP) learning plays an important role for authentication and validation. In this paper, a structural and linear approach is studied on various techniques and algorithms for finger vein matching and processing. Finger vein patterns are unique and has accuracy rate of 0.35% matching compared to similarity ratio and hence various authentication algorithms are proposed and studied with the agenda of spoofing ratio. In this paper, a survey is documented with a protocol is proposed under linear methodical approach.

Exploring finger vein based personal authentication for secure IoT

In the process of image acquisition, the contrast between veins and non-veins in finger vein images is not high due to the influence of the fuzzy light source, skin scattering and finger movement. To solve this problem, a finger vein image enhancement method is proposed (GTGFs), which enhances finger vein patterns by setting guided image as input image firstly. On this basis, the tri-Gaussian model is based on disinhibitory properties of the concentric receptive field used to locally enhancing the image. The parameters of the tri-Gaussian model are determined based on the finger vein width information. The experiment results show that the proposed enhancement method can significantly enhance the finger vein patterns and improve the recognition effect of the methods based on vein pattern segmentation.

Finger vein recognition is a promising biometric authentication technique that depends on the unique features of vein patterns in the finger for recognition. The existing finger vein recognition methods are based on minutiae features or binary features such as LBP, LLBP, PBBM etc. or from the entire vein pattern. However, the minutiae-based features cannot accurately represent the structural or anatomical aspects of the vein pattern. These issues with the minutia feature led to increased false matches. Recognition based on binary features have limitations such as increased false matches, sensitivity to the translation and rotation, security and privacy issues etc. A feature representation based on the anatomy of vein patterns can be an alternative solution to improve the recognition performance. In the IJCB 2020 conference, we showed that every finger vein image contains one or more of a kind of 4 special vein patterns which we refereed as Fork, Eye, Bridge, and Arch (FEBA). In this paper, we further enlarge this set to 6 vein patterns (F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> EB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> A) by identifying two variations in the Fork and Bridge vein patterns. Based on 6 anatomical features of the possible 6 vein patterns in a vein image, we define a 6 × 6 feature matrix representation for finger vein images. Since this feature representation is based on the anatomical properties of the local vein patterns, it provides template security. Further we show that, the proposed feature representation is invariant to scaling, translation, and rotation changes. The experimental results using two open datasets and an in-house dataset show that the proposed method has a better recognition performance when compared to the existing approaches with an EER around 0.02% and an average recognition accuracy of 98%.

In any organization, providing a secured authentication system is a challenge. Here, we propose a secured authentication process using finger-vein patterns. Finger vein is a reliable biometric trait because of its distinctiveness and permanence properties. The proposed algorithm initially captures the finger-vein image and is preprocessed using Gaussian blur and morphological operations. Then features like number of corner points and the location of these corner points are extracted. The features fetched for an individual from database are compared against the extracted features. If the comparison satisfies predefined threshold value, then the authentication is successful. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm have produced the FAR as 2.78%, FRR as 0.09% and the overall performance as 99.96%.

Maximum Curvature Method (MCM) is one of the promising methods for finger vein verification. MCM scans the curvature of the vein image profiles within a finger for feature extraction. However, the quality of the image can be poor due to variations in illumination and sensor conditions. Furthermore, traditional MCM matching of the vein pattern requires extensive processing time. To address these limitations, we propose an integrated Enhanced Maximum Curvature (EMC) method with Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) descriptor for finger vein verification. Unlike MCM, EMC incorporates an enhancement mechanism to extract small vein delineation that is hardly visible in the extracted vein patterns. Next, HOG is applied instead of image binarization to convert a two-dimensional vein image into a one-dimensional feature vector for efficient matching. The HOG descriptor is able to characterize the local spatial representation of a finger vein by capturing the gradient information effectively. The proposed method is evaluated based on two datasets namely the PKU Finger Vein Database (V4) and SDUMLA-HMT finger vein database. Experiments show promising verification results with equal error rates as low as 0.33 % for DB1 and 0.14 % for DB2 respectively, when EMC+HOG+SVM is applied.

At present, the finger vein has attracted more attention, but the existing finger vein extraction systems are single finger systems, multi-finger case is not yet to come, and few work was did about the research of corresponding verification algorithms. This paper proposes a two modality-based bi-finger vein verification system. Both the finger vein and finger shape could be extracted from the single image acquired from the sensor. The system includes the new finger vein network extraction algorithm. The intersection of the forefinger and middle finger as the origin is introduced to the coordinate system, proposing a method including determining ROI, the finger vein and shape features extraction and its corresponding fusion verification. The experiment shows that the new finger vein network extraction algorithm can extract the finger vein network well. The introduction of the coordinate system effectively solves the problem that not easy to determine ROI, and the false accept rate of bi-pattern fusion verification system is much smaller than the false accept rate of single-feature fusion verification system.