Rey complex figure: memory error patterns and functional abilities

The confusion between sentential figurativeness and conventionality found in many of the experiments on figurative language comprehension is here disentangled by factorially crossing the figurativeness of a proverb (determined by discourse context) with conventionality (determined by familiarity of use). Familiar proverbs are conventionally used in their figurative (and not literal) sense whereas for unfamiliar proverbs the literal meaning (and not the figurative sense) is more available. Multiple dependent measures were employed: the time taken to read the target (experiments 1, 2 and 3), incidental recognition tests of target (experiments 1 and 2), recognition errors (experiments 1 and 2), interpretation errors (experiment 2), and recall aided by context-appropriate or inappropriate cues (experiment 3). Reading time data indicated that unfamiliar proverbs used figuratively took longer to read than the same proverb used literally or literal paraphrase controls. Familiar proverbs were read equally fast, whether understood as a literal or figurative statement. The pattern of memory errors and cued-recall data indicate that conventional meaning and literal meaning are both available in context-appropriate and context-inappropriate conditions, whereas unconventional meaning is available only in context-appropriate conditions.

Background/Aim. Regarding several cognitive domains, including visuospatial and visuoconstructional abilities, little is known about the differences between vascular dementia (VaD) subtypes, even in the most common sub-types, such as multi-infarct dementia (MID) and subcortical ischemic small vessel disease dementia (SSVD). This paper aimed to identify the differences between the performances on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test in MID and SSVD and correlate the ROCF scores in both groups with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ischemic lesion load. Methods. Sixty VaD patients with matching severity of dementia, age, and education were included in this study: 32 with SSVD and 28 with MID ac-cording to the NINDS-AIREN (National Institute of Neuro-logical Disorders and Stroke and Association Internationale pour la Recherch? et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences) neuroradiological criteria. A quantitative scoring system was performed. ROCF was given to all subjects in three test conditions: copy, immediate recall after 3 minutes, and delayed recall after 45 min. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the is-chemic brain volumes of anterior and posterior lesions, left and right hemispheric lesions, left and right-sided basal ganglia lesions, and total lesion load (TLL) were calculated in both groups. Results. The MID group was more impaired than SSVD on ROCF copy (p = 0.008), immediate recall (p= 0.005) and delayed recall (p = 0.001). There were significant correlations between ROCF copy score and the TLL (p < 0.05) and posterior brain lesion volume (p< 0.05) in the MID group. Conclusion. The importance of visuospatial, visuoconstructional deficit and impairment of visual memory is disregarded in VaD subtypes. These impairments are more severe in MID than SSVD and the deficit of ROCF copying in MID patients correlates with posterior and total MRI lesion volume.

Clinicians often use the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) to distinguish between global and local information processing deficits, despite the fact that its validity for making such a distinction has not been empirically evaluated. To address this question, a statistical procedure that examines the similarity between variables, also known as Faceted Smallest Space Analysis, was applied to the ROCF test protocols of patients with well-documented structural brain lesions. The study confirms the differentiation between global and local elements of the ROCF, particularly among left hemisphere-injured patients. Discriminant Function Analysis, however, shows that the right-sided local elements of the ROCF are the most useful for discriminating between right- and left-hemisphere-damaged patients. The present study suggests that the processing of the ROCF is dependent on both the spatial characteristics and location of its elements.

We studied the psychometric characteristics of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) in an aged sample. One hundred and seven healthy white males and females, 50 to 79 years of age, received the ROCF and Taylor Complex Figure (TCF) as well as a screening battery of neuropsychological tests. Interrater, alternate form, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability were adequate to good for recall trials of the ROCF, with the copy trial generally lower in reliability. Validity procedures confirmed the sensitivity of the ROCF to Alzheimer's Disease, while factor analysis suggested that the ROCF loaded on a visuospatial perceptual/memory dimension. ROCF scores were significantly correlated with age and years of education, although not with sex. These results are generally supportive of the psychometric quality of the ROCF in an elderly sample. Once adequate normative data become available, the ROCF should prove a useful tool for clinicians in assessing elderly patients.

The aim of this study was to analyze ADHD diagnosed children´s process of copy, organization strategies and recall phase of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. This study corresponds to an ex post facto retrospective design with two groups, one quasi control. Seventy children between 8 and 14 years old were evaluated; 35 with ADHD and 35 without these diagnoses, paired by sex, age and instruction level. To reach the proposed objective, the process of copying, organizational strategies and memory of the Rey- Osterrieth Complex Figure were evaluated. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure is a test which consists of copying phase and posterior playing back memory phase of a complex geometric pattern. Results showed a lower yield for the group with ADHD both in copy and memory process, with greater use of C and D types of copy reproduction, being the use of type D expected for younger children. These results allow further analysis of the performance of children with ADHD regarding organizational strategies providing expertise in the conceptualization, evaluation and treatment of the disorder.

Background: Cannabis has been found highly correlated to deterioration in executive functions. It is a type of substance which has a component known as Delta 9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). It is the primary psychoactive compound of cannabis. In cannabis concentration of THC has been increased more than 12% in the last 30 years, which is making this drug stronger than it used to be. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and motivational enhancement therapy (MET) in persistent cannabis users. Method : Sample: The sample (n=20) was selected from Sankalp drug de-addiction suited in Tarn Taran, Punjab after assessment of executive functions. The participants were further divided into four groups i.e. Gr I =CBT, Gr II =MET, Gr III =CBT+MET, and Gr IV =Control. Tools: In the present study total 5 test were used for measurement of executive function. These were; 1) Rey O sterrieth Complex Figure ( ROCF) , 2) Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test (SNST) 3) Working Memory Index: -i) Number Letter Sequencing Test ii) Arithmetic Test iii) Digit Span Test from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III 4) Memory Scale from All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Neuropsychological Battery and 5) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results: The analysis was done with SPSS 16.0. In the results, it has been found that before the intervention all four groups were performed equally on all tasks of executive functions. And all groups had equal deficits in the executive functions. In the post-intervention results, it has been seen that a combination of both therapies is more efficient than single therapy. Conclusion: Overall in most of the areas of executive functions the patient showed more improvement than the control group when a combination of both therapies was used. Keywords: Cannabis, cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, executive functions, cognitive deficits

A dynamic assessment approach was used to examine the source of poor performance on the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) among 202 school-age children referred for learning difficulties. The ROCF was administered in the standard format and then in a structured format that highlighted the designs organizational framework. Manipulating encoding in this way improved recall to at least age-level for the majority of children. Those children who did not benefit from the structured format had relatively poor visual organizational skills. For most children with learning problems, poor ROCF performance stems from metacognitive difficulties; for a minority, the source appears to be more perceptual. A dynamic assessment procedure can enhance the diagnostic utility of the ROCF for children.

Objective We compared the performance on the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) of patients that had undergone unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy under both Taylor’s and Loring’s scoring systems to identify the sensitivity and specificity of each item for differentiating visuospatial memory deficits. Method We administered the ROCF to evaluate the visual memory of 37 left anterior temporal lobectomy (LATL) and 38 right anterior temporal lobectomy (RATL) patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy who had undergone a standard unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy between 1996 and 2010. Fisher’s exact and Qui–Quadrado tests were used to analyze the relationships between the qualitative variables. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the quantitative variables from the right and left sides. Results RATL patients performed worse than LATL patients based on the total score for delayed recall (DR) (p = 0.012). The scoring system’s showed a specificity of 97.2% & 78.9% and sensitivity of 10.5% & 62.2% on DR, for the Taylor and Loring systems respectively. Our detailed analysis of certain items showed that some differed between the groups in terms of the presence/absence, correct reproduction, and errors of those items. Loring’ errors I, IV, and X on DR and errors IV and X on immediate recall were more frequent in the RATL group. Conclusions The use of these two scoring systems combined may help maximize sensitivity and specificity with clinical populations. Further, our analyses showed that items could be clustered better and different weights could be given to them to maximize sensitivity and specificity.

Our aims were to evaluate the neurocognitive performance in adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to determine whether parameters of fetal development evaluated in neonates, such as head circumference, length, weight, and Apgar scores, are somehow related to their neurocognitive performance. We evaluated 77 CHD patients (43 males) aged from 13 to 18 years old (mean = 15.04 ± 1.86), 46 cyanotic, 23 with tetralogy of Fallot (TF), 23 with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and 31 acyanotic with ventricular septal defect (VSD) enrolled in this study. The control group included 16 healthy children (11 males) ages ranging from 13 to 18 years old (mean = 15.69 years ± 1.44 years). All assessment measures for CHD patients were once obtained in a tertiary hospital; the control group was evaluated in school. Neuropsychological assessment included Wechsler's Digit Test, direct and reverse (WDD and WDR) and Symbol Search, Rey's Complex Figure (RCF), BADS's Key Searching Test, Color-Word Stroop Test (CWS), Trail Making Test (TMT), and Logical Memory Task (LMT). We evaluated some fetal parameters, such as head circumference, weight and length assessed at birth, and neonatal parameters, such as Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. We also registered some surgical parameters, such as the age at first operation and the number of surgeries. CHD patients compared with control group showed lower scores on every test, except for logical memory task. Patients with VSD when compared with patients with TF and TGA showed better results in all neuropsychological tests, although the only significant differences were in RCF, copy (F = 4936; P = .010). Several correlations were apparent between fetal/neonatal parameters and neuropsychological abilities in each type of CHD. However, head circumference at birth stands as the main correlation with cognitive development later on in all kinds of CHD (WDD: rho = .339, P = .011; RCF, copy: rho = 0.297, P = .027; CWS, interference: rho = 0.283, P = .036; TMT-A: rho = -0.321, P = .017). We analyzed the predicting relevance of several variables to cognitive performance of adolescents with CHD and confirmed that "cyanosis" stands as the main predictor (â = -4.758; t = -2.622; P = .011). Adolescents with CHD have worse neuropsychological performance than the control group, mainly the cyanotic patients. Fetal circulation seems to have impact on cerebral and somatic growth, predicting cognitive impairment in adolescents with CHD.

Patients with mental illnesses, particularly psychosis and obsessive‒compulsive disorder (OCD), frequently exhibit deficits in executive function and visuospatial memory. Traditional assessments, such as the Rey‒Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), performed in clinical settings require time and effort. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model using the RCFT and based on eye tracking to detect impaired executive function during visuospatial memory encoding in patients with mental illnesses. In 96 patients with first-episode psychosis, 49 with clinical high risk for psychosis, 104 with OCD, and 159 healthy controls, eye movements were recorded during a 3-min RCFT figure memorization task, and organization and immediate recall scores were obtained. These scores, along with the fixation points indicating eye-focused locations in the figure, were used to train a Long Short-Term Memory + Attention model for detecting impaired executive function and visuospatial memory. The model distinguished between normal and impaired executive function, with an F1 score of 83.5%, and identified visuospatial memory deficits, with an F1 score of 80.7%, regardless of psychiatric diagnosis. These findings suggest that this eye tracking-based deep learning model can directly and rapidly identify impaired executive function during visuospatial memory encoding, with potential applications in various psychiatric and neurological disorders.

The comparability of recall performance was examined on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, the Taylor Complex Figure, and the Modified Taylor Complex Figure as measures of visuospatial abilities and visual memory in 66 healthy Japanese university students. A between-subjects design was used in which each of the participants received the three figures. The interrater reliability of each was excellent. While the three figures yielded equivalent copy scores, the Taylor Complex Figure produced significantly higher scores than the other two on both short (3-min.) and delayed (30-min.) recall tests. There were no significant differences between recall scores of the Rey-Osterrieth and the Modified Taylor figures. These results are consistent with the findings of the 2002 study of English-speakers by Hubley and Tremblay, and support that the Modified Taylor Figure is superior to the original one for the companion figure to the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure.

Deficits in organization, time management, and planning (OTMP) abilities are common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and contribute to impairment. Assessment of these skills is vital, but few measures have been validated for youth with ADHD. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) task is frequently used in research and clinical settings despite limited validity evidence. The present study evaluated whether ROCF performance, as scored via the Boston Qualitative Scoring System, exhibited validity as a measure of OTMP skills in a large (N = 285) sample of adolescents comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. ROCF performance exhibited minimal associations with measures of OTMP, executive functioning, or aspects of academic impairment affected by OTMP abilities; all correlations were nonsignificant after accounting for the influence of intelligence. Further, ROCF task performance did not differ by ADHD presentation or medication status. Correlations with other variables that may be confounded with ROCF performance (anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, parent education) also demonstrated nonsignificant correlations with all BQSS scores. The ROCF may not adequately capture OTMP abilities of adolescents with ADHD; future directions for the assessment of OTMP skills are discussed.

Significant association between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158/108Met polymorphism and cognitive function in veterans with PTSD

While running a selection procedure, 27 male Belgian Special Forces candidates, with a mean age of 27.4 years (SD = 5.1), were randomly assigned to a no-stress control (n = 14) or a high-intensity stress group (n = 13). Participants in the latter group were exposed to an extremely strenuous mock prisoner of war (POW) exercise. Immediately after stress or control treatment, working memory and visuo-spatial declarative memory performances were measured by the digit span (DS) test and the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF), respectively. Concurrently, stress levels were assessed by obtaining salivary cortisol measurements and subjectively by the NASA Task Load Index (TLX). As expected, exposure to high-intensity stress led to both robust cortisol increases and significant differences in TLX scores. Stress induction also significantly impaired DS and ROCF performances. Moreover, delta cortisol increases and ROCF performance in the POW stress group showed a significant negative correlation, while DS performances followed the same tendency. Summarizing, the current findings complement and extend previous work on hormonal stress effects, and the subsequent performance deterioration on two memory tests in a unique high-intensity stress environment.

Memory deficits are a hallmark of many different neurological and psychiatric conditions. The Rey–Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) is the state-of-the-art assessment tool for neuropsychologists across the globe to assess the degree of non-verbal visual memory deterioration. To obtain a score, a trained clinician inspects a patient’s ROCF drawing and quantifies deviations from the original figure. This manual procedure is time-consuming, slow and scores vary depending on the clinician’s experience, motivation, and tiredness. Here, we leverage novel deep learning architectures to automatize the rating of memory deficits. For this, we collected more than 20k hand-drawn ROCF drawings from patients with various neurological and psychiatric disorders as well as healthy participants. Unbiased ground truth ROCF scores were obtained from crowdsourced human intelligence. This dataset was used to train and evaluate a multihead convolutional neural network. The model performs highly unbiased as it yielded predictions very close to the ground truth and the error was similarly distributed around zero. The neural network outperforms both online raters and clinicians. The scoring system can reliably identify and accurately score individual figure elements in previously unseen ROCF drawings, which facilitates explainability of the AI-scoring system. To ensure generalizability and clinical utility, the model performance was successfully replicated in a large independent prospective validation study that was pre-registered prior to data collection. Our AI-powered scoring system provides healthcare institutions worldwide with a digital tool to assess objectively, reliably, and time-efficiently the performance in the ROCF test from hand-drawn images.