Routing protocols: When to use it in terms of energy?

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

Routing protocols design is an important and essential issue for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In this paper, a more realistic simulation environment is developed based on VanetMobiSim and OPNET, and the performance of several classical routing protocols such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP), Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in various network conditions is evaluated and compared. Network delay and network packet loss are simulated with different nodes' density. The simulation results show that DSR is not suitable for dense VANETs, while AODV and OLSR have better network adaptability in dense VANETs. The performance of GRP is inferior to AODV and OLSR.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) protocol requires proper settings to perform data transmission optimally. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to select the correct routing protocol and use the routing protocol’s default parameter values. This study examined the effect of route request parameters, such as RREQ_RETRIES and MAX_RREQ_TIMOUT, on the Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, which was then compared with the default AODV performance Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The performance metrics used for measuring performance were Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, packet loss, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The results show that the OLSR protocol has a smaller delay than the AODV protocol, while in other measurements, the AODV protocol is better than OLSR. By reducing the combination value of RREQ_RETRIES, MAX_RREQ_TIMEOUT in AODV routing to (2, 10 s) and (3, 5 s), the protocol’s performance can be improved. The two combinations result in an average increase in throughput performance of 3.09%, a decrease in delay of 17.7%, a decrease in packet loss of 27.15%, and an increase in PDR of 4.8%. For variations in the speed of movement of nodes, 20 m/s has the best performance, while 5 m/s has the worst performance.

The performance of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) is related to the efficiency of the routing protocols in adapting to frequently changing network topology and link status. This paper addresses the issue by comparing the relative performance of three key ad-hoc routing protocols: destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and optimized link state routing (OLSR). The protocols are tested based on two scenarios, namely, tactical networks for ships and sensor-based network nodes. Four performance metrics were measured by varying the maximum speed of mobile hosts, network size and traffic load, to assess the routing capability and protocol efficiency. The simulation results indicate that AODV performs better than OSLR and DSDV in the first scenario. Although OLSR also performed relatively well, the associated high routing overhead is the dominant reason for not choosing it. On the other hand, OLSR emerged as the protocol of choice for sensor networks, where the high routing overhead is counteracted by consistently better performance in all other metrics. Due to the slow evolution of the sensor network topology, OLSR performed satisfactorily for best effort traffic but needed subtle adjustments to balance between latency and bandwidth to meet the requirements of delay-sensitive applications

Macromobility support for mobile ad hoc networks using IPv6 and the OLSR routing protocol

Critical and public safety operations require real-time communication from the incident area(s) to the distant operations command center going through the evacuation and medical support areas. Data transmitted throughout such type of network is extremely useful for decisions makers and operations' conducting. Therefore, any delay in communication may cause lives' loss. Above all, the existing infrastructure communication systems (PSTN, WiFi, 4/5 G, etc.) can be damaged and is often not available solution. An alternate option is to deploy autonomous tactical network at unpredictable location and time. However, in this context there are many challenge especially how to effectively rout or disseminate the information. In this paper, we present behavior of varied multi-hops routing protocols evaluated in a disaster-simulated scenario with different communication technologies (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6). Studied routing strategies are classified: Ad hoc proactive and reactive protocols, geographic-based and gradient-based protocols. To be realistic, we have conducted our simulations by considering a Mall in Doha city in the State of Qatar. Moreover, we have generated a mobility trace to model the rescue teams and crowd movements during the disaster. In conclusion, extensive simulations showed that WiFi IEEE 802.11 is the best wireless technology to consider in an emergency urban with the studied protocols. On the other hand, gradient based routing protocol performed much better especially with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6. Keyword: Tactical Ad-hoc Networks; Public Safety and Emergency; Routing Protocols; IEEE 802.11; IEEE 802.15.4; IEEE 802.15.6; Performance Evaluation I. Introduction Public safety is a worldwide governments' concern. It is a special continuous reactive set of studies, operations and actions in order to predict plan and perform a successful reaction in a disaster case. Coupled with the raise of number and variety of disasters, not only the economies and infrastructures are affected, but significant number of human lives. With regards to the emergency response to these disasters, the role of existing Public Safety Network (PSN) infrastructures (e.g. TETRA, LTE) is extremely vital. However, it is anticipated that, during and after the disasters, existing PSN infrastructures can be flawed, oversaturated or completely damaged. Therefore, there is a growing demand for ubiquitous emergency response system that could be easily and rapidly deployed at unpredictable location and time. Wherefore Wearable Body Area Networks (W-BAN) is a relevant candidate that can play a key role to monitor the physiological status of involved workforces and the affected individuals. Composed by small and low-power devices connected to a coordinator, WBAN communication architecture relies on three levels: On-Body (or intra-Body), Body-to-Body (or inter-Body) and off-Body communication networks. In disaster scenarios, the network connectivity and data is a challenging problem due to the dynamic mobility and harsh environment [1]. It is envisioned that, in case of unavailable or out-of-range network infrastructures, the WBANs coordinators along with WBANs sensors can exploit cooperative and multi-hop body-to-body communications to extend the end-to-end network connectivity. The Opportunistic and Mobility Aware Routing (OMAR) scheme is an on-body routing protocol proposed in one of our earlier works [2]. A realistic mobility model is also a major challenge related to the simulations. To the best knowledge of the authors, no comparable study in disaster context is conducted by considering a realistic disaster mobility pattern. In this paper, we investigate varied classes of multi-hop Body-to-Body routing protocols using a realistic mobility modeling software provided by Bonn University in Germany [3]. The mobility pattern is exploited by the WSNET simulator as a mobility trace of the nodes moving during and after the disaster. Note here that individuals are considered mobile nodes in the scenario. In the conducted simulations, each iteration, one communication technology configuration is selected (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6), then simulations are ran with the routing protocols (i.e. proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based). This strategy provides a vision not only on the behavior of the routing protocols in the disaster context, but evaluates the communication technologies in such case also. For proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) [4], Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) [5], Directed Diffusion (DD) [6] and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) [7] protocols are selected respectively The remainder of this abstract is organized as follows. In section II, we present briefly the disaster scenario considered. In section III, we explain the results of the simulations. Finally, in Section IV, we conclude and discuss perspectives. II. Landmark disaster scenario we are investigating a disaster scenario (fire triggering) in the “Landmark” shopping mall. The mobility model used is generated by the BonnMotion tool. We assume that the incident is caused by fire into two different locations. Rescuers are immediately called to intervene. We consider that firefighters are divided into 3 groups of vehicles with 26 firefighters in each group. Medical emergency teams that probably could reach the mall just after the incident, are consisting of 6 ambulances with 5 medical staff in each ambulance (30 rescuers in total). Civilians could also help rescuers and they are also considered in the mobility trace generation. Injured individuals are transported from the incident areas to the patients waiting for treatment areas to get first aids. Then, they will be transported to the patients clearing areas where they will be either put under observation or evacuated to hospitals by ambulance or helicopter. A tactical command center conducting the operations is represented by WSNET is an event-driven simulator for wireless networks. WSNET is able to design, configure and simulate a whole communication stack from the Physical to the Application Layer. We benefit from these features to vary the payload with the selected MAC and routing layer in each iteration. These combinations provided a deep review on the possible communication architecture to consider in disaster operations. The following section describes the outcome of these extensive simulations. III. Performance evaluation The main difference between the disaster and any other scenario is the emergency aspect. All flowing data in the network is considered highly important. The probability of packets that did not reach the destination must be zero. For this reason, our evaluation is regarded to the Packet Reception rate (PRR). Likewise, a delayed packet is such like an unreceived packet. That's why we consider the delay as decisive factor. Similarly, the energy consumption is also observed. The following table summarizes the obtained results. In terms of average PRR, WiFi IEEE 802.11 is convincingly better than the two counterparts combined with all the routing protocols. GPSR has a considerable PRR with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6, but the location information of the nodes is considered as known. Regarding the delay, DD is particularly efficient with WiFi and WBAN. To conclude, DD is an efficient routing protocol to consider in case of Indoor operations, while GPSR is most relevant in Outdoor operations where locations can be obtained from GPS. IV. Conclusion Disasters are growing remarkably worldwide. The existing communication infrastructures are not considered a part of the communication recuing system. Consequently, to monitor deployed individuals (rescue teams, injured individuals, etc.) data should be forwarded throughout these individuals (WBANs) to reach a distant command center. In order to evaluate the performance of diverse multi-hop routing protocols, we have conducted extensive simulations on WNSET using a realistic mobility model. The simulations showed that all evaluated routing protocols (i.e.AODVv2, OLSRv2, DD and GPSR) has the best PRR with the WiFi technology. While, DD was found to be the most efficient with the WBAN technology. GPSR also could be considered when the location information is available. Acknowledgment The work was supported by NPRP grant #[6-1508-2-616] from the Qatar National Research Fund which is a member of Qatar Foundation. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.

Background/Objectives: Routing protocols play an important role in the performances of Vehicular Ad Hoc networks (VANET). Routing protocols procedures are controlled with a set of parameters from being dragged to undesired situations such as flooding the network with unnecessary overhead. These parameters have a direct impact on the efficiency of a routing protocol and the overall network performances. The impacts of these parameters on the network performances are less considered in the literature. Methods: This paper proposed the Taguchi delta analysis to measure the impact of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocols parameters on the performances of VANET. Then, the obtained results are investigated with iterative method to validate the Taguchi observations. Further, an offline optimization of the GPSR parameters is evaluated by performing Taguchi SNR method for fine-tuning the GPSR routing parameters. Application/ Improvements: GPSR with Taguchi tuned is compared with GPSR configuration in a realistic VANET scenario. The obtained results showed that, GPSR with Taguchi configuration outperformed the GPSR in terms of delay and PDR on the simulated scenarios. Keywords: GPSR, Optimization, Routing Parameters, Taguchi Method, VANET

Multi-point relay selection strategies to reduce topology control traffic for OLSR protocol in MANETs

The operational network of individual observation nodes project evaluated the benefits of applying distributed satellite system (DSS) architectures to Earth observation. One of its outcomes is the identification of Arctic services as top priority current user needs that require near-real-time observations. Using inter-satellite communications (ISC) capabilities, a federated satellite system (FSS) can establish a win-win collaboration between two spacecrafts to provide these services. However, as a FSS is established during the contact between two satellites, the service duration is limited. Therefore, the Internet of satellites (IoSat) paradigm promotes the use of multi-hop sporadic networks to deploy FSS. In this paper, the routing protocol (which identifies routes between a source-destination pair) becomes crucial. One of the most extended networks is the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), in which nodes are constantly moving and changing the network topology. In principle, applying MANET technologies in the IoSat context would provide self-organization, self-configuration, and flexibility to satellite systems. The optimized link-state routing (OLSR) protocol is the predominant solution in MANET, because it quickly reacts against topology changes. This paper aims at studying the benefits of using satellite networks with MANET solutions (e.g. OLSR) for polar satellite missions. The results presented in this article demonstrate that the access time is significantly improved, and thus these new Arctic services can be achieved.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) comprises a group of mobile or wireless nodes that are placed randomly and dynamically which causes the constant change between nodes. When considering a routing protocol to deploy in any given situation on MANET, factors such as the mobility model, mobility of nodes, the network size and packet size should be carefully considered because the routing protocols configured with the mobility model can highly affect the performance of MANET. This paper analysed the impact of two different routing protocols (i.e. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)) on the performance of Random WayPoint (RWP) mobility model. Three measures of performance metrics (i.e. average throughput, average delay and average traffic received) were used. In all three-performance metrics, the simulated results indicated that Random WayPoint (RWP) configured with OLSR protocol performed better than RWP configured with DSR protocol. This indicates that the choice of a routing protocol for a specific mobility model should be considered in a network design.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a type of network with special characteristics and it needs special mechanism to bear with its ad hoc behavior. The important issue in MANET is routing protocol. Routing protocol is a standard used to determine the route path taken during the transmission of data. In this paper we will focus on Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The simulation experiments have been carried out using OMNeT++ network simulator to study the routing protocol performance in the heterogeneous MANET architecture. The metrics used to analyze the performance of the routing protocol are throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR).

An adhoc network is a collection of mobile nodes connected by a wireless link, where each node acts as a router. In order to facilitate the communication within the network, a routing protocol is needed. Due to bandwidth constraint and dynamic topology of the mobile adhoc Networks supporting Quality of Service (QoS) is challenging task. The aim of this work is to present QoS enabled routing protocol in adhoc networks and compare it with normal routing protocol. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is an optimization of the classical link state protocol, which is used for implement the QoS. Such protocol is adopted for the reason that it reduces the size of control messages and minimizes the overhead from the flooding of control traffic. The performance of both routing and QoS routing protocols are evaluated using Network simulator Ns-2.QoS enabled routing protocol shows a significant improvement in protocol performance metrics applied in our measurements, such as packet delivery ratio, packet loss and delay.

Due to complex and varied environment in the sea and high mobility of nodes, establishing a communication connection between UAVs is a difficult point. In addition, these existing routing protocols designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) could not play a good role in communication in Flying ad hoc Networks (FANETs). In this paper, we put forward a new form of the Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) protocol: it can suit rapid dynamic topology changes and prevent the interruption of communication. The key idea is to make full use of Global Positioning System (GPS) information to calculate node link expiration time and take into account residual energy. The improved multi metric ETX (Expected Transmission Count) simulation in OLSR is carried out in the NS-3 simulator. So, this paper reports the experimental results of routing protocols carried by small flying robots in marine scenes, and these numerical results show that the new protocol is significantly superior to the traditional OLSR in terms of packet transmission rate, End-to-End delay and routing overheads, providing reliable communication in the ocean FANETs.

Wireless internet has become popular in recent years due to the tremendous growth in the number of mobile computing devices and high demand for continuous network connectivity regardless of physical locations. In this paper, we investigate the effects of routing protocols on the performance of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) variants in multi-hop wireless networks. Through simulations we study the effects of Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing protocols on TCP Tahoe, TCP Reno, TCP Newreno, TCP with Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) option and TCP Vegas. The simulations are carried out for static as well as mobile nodes. The performance metric used is throughput. Another metric, expected throughput is used for the comparison of throughput when nodes are mobile.