RSS-based SVR models for GSM and DCS mobile users' localization

With the rapidly advancing technology of today, exchange of information and data is a very pertinent matter. The world has just recently witnessed the effects of information leakage through the issue of WikiLeaks. There are huge amounts of data being shared over different platforms nowadays. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is one of the most reliable platforms known to and used by almost all people in the world for text as well as voice communication. With the tools like Android Studio and NetBeans available, it is now possible to encrypt the text that has to be sent over the GSM, so that it can be decrypted at the other end of the communication path. However, the encryption and decryption of voice being transmitted over the GSM network still remains a question. In the domain of real time voice encryption, much of the work being carried out pertains to the voice being exchanged through the Internet Protocol. As compared to the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), voice over the GSM network has not seen much research work related to its security aspects. The purpose of this paper is to document the results of a project aimed at developing a platform for mobile phones in order to communicate over the GSM network in a secure manner. The most suitable method for achieving the above mentioned objective is to use an open source Operating System (OS), so that the source code is easily accessible and usable. In this paper, the Android OS will be under discussion, which is compatible with all the Android mobile phones. In this way, the maximum number of mobile phone users can be benefitted because Android cell phones are being widely used nowadays. The use of cryptographic algorithms for securing the voice communication over the GSM network is also a part of this paper. The work revolves around the Java programming language since the Android application development has been carried out in Java through the use of Android Studio. Also, NetBeans has been employed for developing algorithms for voice encryption

Mobile communication is one of the fastest growing sectors of the telecommunication industry. Mobile users can make and receive calls while they are moving independent of time, location and network access. The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is a pan-European digital cellular mobile system supporting widespread roaming and personal communication services (PCS) in a worldwide wireless communication network. However, wireless mobile systems are more vulnerable to fraudulent access and eavesdropping. Although the authentication process in GSM provides a reasonable security level it overloads the network with significant signaling traffic and increases the call set up time. The signaling load and the authentication delays are of particular importance and are becoming the subject of widespread research interest. We study and analyze the GSM privacy and authentication protocols, and propose a new authentication protocol with less signaling traffic and better call set up time, that can be used in GSM networks.

The maximum capacity gain of a cellular broad-band direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) overlay on top of a cellular global system for mobile communications (GSM) system is estimated. Using geometrical arguments and a standard propagation model, all relevant contributions to the carrier-to-interference ratios (CIRs) of the GSM and CDMA systems are numerically evaluated. It is assumed that the base stations (BSs) of both systems are unilocated and that the power control in both systems is perfect. Furthermore, in the CDMA transmitters and receivers, ideal notch filtering is assumed around the occupied GSM frequencies of the same cell. Adapting standard limits for the CIRs of 5-7 dB for CDMA and 9-12 dB for GSM, the total system capacity can be increased considerably over the GSM-only case: the capacity is increased by a factor of 1.8-2.9 if no macrodiversity is employed and by a factor of 1.9-3.3 if macrodiversity in the CDMA downlink is applied.

This project aims to implement virtual shopping arcade via GSM network implementation. The new innovation on online shopping requires people to have internetworking connection. This project however is developed to target mobile phone users to do shopping virtually without the needs of having data subscription account in their mobile phone. The system is built using several tools such as visual basic (VB), XAMPP, Adobe Dreamweaver, with GSM module. A personal computer (PC) is used as the virtual arcade server with GSM module attached to it. Text is sent by users from their phone using a formatted virtual market Short-Message-Service (SMS). This system is developed to allow for offline-networking using mobile phones which do not require users to stay connected via the internet while purchasing the items.

A new approach for multiantenna broadcast channels in cellular networks based on multiuser diversity concept is introduced. The technique called opportunistic interference management achieves dirty paper coding capacity asymptotically with minimum feedback required. When there areKantennas at the base station withMmobile users in the cell, the proposed technique only requiresKinteger numbers related to channel state information between mobile users and base station. The encoding and decoding complexity of this scheme is the same as that of point‐to‐point communications, which makes the implementation of this technique easy. An antenna selection scheme is proposed at the base station to reduce the minimum required mobile users significantly at the expense of reasonable increase in feedback. In order to guarantee fairness, a new algorithm is presented that incorporates opportunistic interference management into existing Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standard. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Context-aware applications have been gaining huge interest in the last few years. With cell phones becoming ubiquitous computing devices, cell phone localization has become an important research problem. Database Correlation Method (DCM) is a positioning technology that based on a database of a premeasured location dependent variable such as Received Signal Strength (RSS). DCM has shown superior in terms of accuracy. Absolute RSS values received from a base station change with time, but the relative RSS (RRSS) values which refer to the relations of the RSS values between different base stations are more stable. This study proposes and implements a robust RRSS GSM-based technique for both positioning and traffic estimation. The study was tested and analyzed in Egypt roads using realistic data and Android smart phones. The performance evaluation showed good results. Mean positioning accuracy was about 29m in urban areas and velocity estimation was about 1 km/h in rural areas.

IntroductionThe popularity of mobile communication systems has increased remarkably during the last decade and the market demand still continues to increase.As a fundamental part of these systems, antenna is one of the most important design issues in modern mobile communication units.Although there are several similar definitions, an antenna can be mainly described as a device, which transforms the electromagnetic waves in an antenna to radiating waves in an unbounded medium such as air in transmitting mode and vice versa in receiving mode.Because antennas are dependent on frequency, they are designed to operate for certain frequency bands.The rapid growth of mobile communication systems has forced to the use of novel antennas for base and mobile station applications (mobile phone, notebook computer, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.).Earlier, mobile systems were designed to operate for one of the frequency bands of 2G (second generation) systems, which are Digital Cellular System (DCS), Personal Communications Service (PCS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks.Currently, many mobile communication systems use several frequency bands such as GSM 900/1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz); Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G expansion bands (1900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz); and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)/Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-5800 MHz) where the list of frequently used frequency bands is given in Table 1 ( Best, 2008).Conventionally, because a single antenna can not operate at all of these frequency bands of mobile communication, multiple different antennas covering these bands separately should be used.However, usage of many antennas is usually limited by the volume and cost constraints of the applications.Therefore, multiband and wideband antennas are essential to provide multifunctional operations for mobile communication.A multiband antenna in a mobile communication system can be defined as the antenna operating at distinct frequency bands, but not at the intermediate frequencies between bands.For example, a triple band antenna for GSM 900/1800/1900 bands can cover the frequency bands 890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz (Ali et al., 2003); however, it does not operate properly at the frequencies such as 1200 MHz or 2500 MHz.On the other hand, a wideband antenna operates at every frequency points within a given frequency band.For example, a wideband antenna covering UMTS, extended UMTS and WLAN 2400 bands functions at every frequency points www.intechopen.com

Levels of radiofrequency radiations around two global systems for mobile communication (GSM) base stations located in the vicinity of a residential quarter and workplace complex were measured. The effects of the radiofrequency radiations on albino mice placed in exposure cages and located around the base stations over a six months period were carried out. The levels of radiofrequency (RF) radiations around the base stations were found to be between 488.51mV/m to 625.49mV/m compared to 59 mV/m in control stations. The results of the weight change experiment showed that over the 180 days of observation, there was weight gain in the exposed and control mice groups. Statistical comparisons of mean weight changes between exposed mice and control mice showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the weight of the test animals. The hematological studies revealed an elevation of white blood cell (WBC) counts in mice exposed to RF radiations compared to control group. There was however no significant (P>0.05) difference between the red blood cell counts in the exposed and control mice. There was also no significant (P>0.05) difference in the hemoglobin and glucose levels in the blood of both exposed and control mice groups. The red blood cells in exposed mice were however found to contain a higher number of macrocytes, poikilocytes, polychromatic cells and fewer target cells than the control mice. Histological studies of the heart and kidney of exposed mice showed only slight tissues deformities in kidneys of exposed mice compared to control. The relevance of these findings in setting radiofrequency radiation exposure guidelines and the need for more studies with widely varying biological parameters is very necessary as Nigeria leaps further into the communication age.

In this manuscript, we analized the main parameters of the electromagnetic field (EMF) and carried out the measurements of its strength near to the base station (BS) from free points, placed at the International Hellenic University (IHU), Campus II, Kavala. The Keysight spectrum analyser with log periodic antenna was used for all of the conducted measurements and the spectrum parameters were adjusted according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards. The main purpose of the manuscript is to determine the field strength of the signal from the nearby Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) BS around the university campus since there are a lot of students in this field. The analyzed frequency bands were 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, broadly used by GSM systems. Three points were selected in the university campus (points A, B, and C), in which stated frequencies from the near base station were measured. At the IHU campus, we detected signals from the GSM cellular mobile antenna, measured and analysed the EMF strength of the received signals.

Context-aware applications have been gaining huge interest in the last few years. With cell phones becoming ubiquitous computing devices, cell phone localization has become an important research problem, and numerous localization solutions have been proposed. Database Correlation Method (DCM) is a positioning technology that based on a premeasured database of a location dependent variable such as Received Signal Strength (RSS) or Link Quality Identifier. DCM has shown superior in terms of accuracy. Absolute RSS values received from base station change with time, but the relative RSS values which refer to the relations of the RSS values between different base stations are more stable. This study has proposed and implemented a robust technique for both positioning and traffic estimation using Relative Received Signal Strength (RRSS) of GSM. The study has been tested and analysed in Egypt roads using realistic data and Android smart phones. The performance evaluation showed good results. Mean positioning accuracy was about 29 m in urban areas and velocity estimation was about 1 km/h in rural areas.

The positioning of a mobile station (MS) will become mandatory in the US in the near future to support enhanced emergency calls (E911). Also a lot of other applications are foreseen for the location service, when implemented. In the US a five-year, three-phase implementation of the E911 services is the most likely scenario. The authors study the feasibility of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) for the MS emergency locating in each of the three phases. The results are relevant to all GSM based systems, i.e., to DCS 1800 and to PCS 1900. The TDMA based GSM offers some inherent means of calculating the location of the MS. The serving cell is already known by the mobile switching centre (MSC) and if wanted also by the operation and maintenance center (OMC). A set of measurement functions is already implemented in the MS that can be used to locate it more accurately. We investigate the use of timing advance (TA) and observed timing difference (OTD). By using the existing measurement functions the complexity of the handsets and the network does not increase much and additional costs remain moderate.

The heterogeneous environment of cellular networks imposed the need for finding different vertical handover (VHO) mechanisms. VHO algorithms are presented in literature with different input parameters for various services related to different quality of service (QoS) classes (conversational, streaming, interactive and background), such as: cost, available bandwidth (ABW), MT speed, received signal strength (RSS), etc. These parameters are suggested by researchers or experts based on simulation analysis. Furthermore, the concept of identifying the effective parameters for VHO has not been widely studied. For this purpose, we proposed a new approach to extract the effective parameters and their priorities by using data mining (DM). Since voice call service is one of the most sensitive delay services, we collected real log data from servers of two mobile telecom companies in Lebanon, Touch and Alfa for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks. After preprocessing and discretizing the data, the log file was then summarized and the frequent patterns (FP) were extracted. In this research, two new algorithms were designed. The first, is the Data Summarization Algorithm (DaSA) to summarize the preprocessed data. The second, is the Frequent Pattern Calculation Algorithm (FPCA) to find the frequency of the simultaneous occurrence of the obtained parameters.

We describe and evaluate a new telemetry system based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone technology that may provide mark‐recapture data for single year survivorship studies. These phone‐tags automatically attempt to send an SMS text message once every two days. The successful receipt of a text message ashore constitutes a resighting event within the coastal zone of GSM coverage. Haul‐out data and coastal location data are incorporated into the messages. Data are presented for a three‐month period (January‐March) following tag deployment on 59 gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups at the Isle of May (Scotland). An average of 15.5, 4.1, and 8.2 seals succeeded in registering within each three‐day period in January, February, and March, respectively. Tags registered with a wide geographical range of GSM radio cells on the Scottish and English east coasts, and also from Norway and Germany. Haulout records covering 54% of the animals' time were received. With future modifications to the tags, this figure should approach 100%. The median delay to network registration was 9.6 sec from a seal in the sea (not hauled out). These data show that GSM mobile phone telemetry is a useful technique to obtain haul‐out and mark‐recapture data.

Time and efficiency are matter of priority now. RFID (Radio Frequency identification) emerges as one of the converging technologies. While transportation plays an important role in urbanization, RFID is now key catalyst in signifying the merit of it. RFID plays major role in auto ID applications like RFID contact less smart cards used by bus riders, in Super market, Textiles and logistics chain management. This paper aims to understand the benefits of RFID technology in other countries and to identify possibilities extending it to Indian market. The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) has been a great success in providing both voice and low speed data services. The Enhanced Circuit Switched Data on GSM (ECSD) is one of the major evolutionary steps to serve real time high speed data services. Population explosion is the source of so many issues, one among them is transport. In this paper, we propose a novel method to tackle traffic related issues. Applications such as accident alert, toll gate control, parking slot management, traffic rule violation control are explained in this paper.

Rapid growth on new technologies and services in mobile communication leads to stronger competition in spectrum access. As a developed country, Malaysia is also affected by this trend. With the increasing numbers of subscribers, the easier solution for mobile service providers to improve the coverage area is by installing new base station (BS). Nevertheless, this increases the possibilities of interference among BS. Thus, spectrum monitoring is needed to maintain the efficiency of the network and avoid interference. However, the commercial spectrum monitoring tool is not a cost effective enough in the fast pace changing mobile communication environment. Hence, the need for development of a low cost radio frequency (RF) spectrum monitoring tool to identified and monitor interference. This paper aims to highlight the approaches taken in developing an open-source spectrum management tool for Malaysian authority. The simple low cost tool is capable to identified possible interference among BS in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 2G and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (IMT), 3G networks as well as capable to display BS cell coverage area.