Scaling up software architecture analysis

\nThe purpose of the author’s research is to determine the actual content of sustainable architectural design for suburban residential development. In accordance with the methodology of area sustainable development the traditional architectural design according to the rules and regulations is completed with additional approaches and methods. As a result, methods of bio-positive design of buildings have been studied and defined, including: the principle of planning transformations, the use of environmentally friendly, local building materials and design concepts, energy-efficient architectural design, the use of alternative energy in building operation, the design of the energy intake and accumulationsystems, the architectural and landscape design that ensures stable functioning of autonomous, sustainable biosystems on the site, non-waste functioning of architectural objects, introduction of waste disposal systems in the project.\n

Currently, various industries around the world are advocating innovation, and the design of architectural spaces is no exception. However, the innovation of traditional architectural space design methods is not enough. In view of the problems of the traditional architectural space design methods, such as weak quantification, weak logic, and low level of science and technology, this paper used the particle swarm optimization algorithm in the data algorithm to study the architectural space design methods. This paper introduced the principles of architectural space design, studied some existing design methods and problems, and used particle swarm optimization algorithm to make some innovations in architectural space design methods. Experts and scholars were invited to score to verify the superiority of particle swarm optimization algorithm for architectural space design. The residents’ satisfaction rate with the building space design method using particle swarm optimization algorithm was more than 91.65%, and the average satisfaction rate of 20 residents was 93.2%. At the same time, the space experts who used the particle swarm optimization algorithm to design the building space design method scored more than 8.34 points. Innovative design of architectural space requires methods. Only by applying the right approach can the ideal design effect be achieved as quickly as possible to ensure the quality of the design.

Dependencies among software entities are the foundation for much of the research on software architecture analysis and architecture analysis tools. Dynamically typed languages, such as Python, JavaScript and Ruby, tolerate the lack of explicit type references, making certain dependencies indiscernible by a purely syntactic analysis of source code. We call these <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">possible dependencies</i> , in contrast with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">explicit dependencies</i> that are directly manifested in source code. We find that existing architecture analysis tools have not taken possible dependencies into consideration. An important question therefore is: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">to what extent will these missing possible dependencies impact architecture analysis?</i> To answer this question, we conducted a study of 499 open-source Python projects, employing type inference techniques and type hint practices to discern possible dependencies. We investigated the consequences of possible dependencies in three software maintenance contexts, including capturing co-change relations recorded in revision history, measuring architectural maintainability, and detecting architecture anti-patterns that violate design principles and impact maintainability. Our study revealed that the impact of possible dependencies on architecture-level maintainability is substantial—higher than that of explicit dependencies. Our findings suggest that architecture analysis and tools should take into account, assess, and highlight the impacts of possible dependencies caused by dynamic typing.

Chapter 8 - Data Analytics in Systems Engineering for Intelligent Transportation Systems

This study relates to meta-phenomena in architectural design. Among others, this study aims to interpret and demonstrate the cognitive thoughts and methodological systems in 'autonomy and instrumentality' presented in works of art by positivist architects focusing on diagrams after the second modernity in addition to earlier formal experiments by John Hejduk, Peter Eisenman, Bernard Tschumi, and Daniel Libeskind. In order to achieve these aims, this study approached the mimetic concepts developed by Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno. Especially, meta-phenomena in the methods of architectural design were connected to productivity in Adorno's mimetic concepts. Also, in terms of formation and creation of works of art, the mimetic backgrounds of Adorno's theories on aesthetics were identified from features of concepts on the part of formal experiments. The results were systemized methodologically based on meta-phenomena appearing in pure arts and overall architectural design. These were presented as a framework to interpret 'autonomy and instrumentality' that exist in the working of negativity and mimesis. In this way, logics and intuition in architectural design as well as methodological systemization of convergent creativity were proved valid. In conclusion, Adorno's mimetic concepts systemized based on negativity and critical awareness may lead to new concepts. It has been proved that it is valid for security of meta-phenomena of architectural design as a production of autonomous spaces for differences and creation.

The shallow-water delta-front reservoir in Member II of the Oligocene Dongying Formation (Ed2), located in an oilfield within the Bohai Bay Basin, is a large-scale composite sedimentary system dominated by subaqueous distributary channels and mouth bars. Within this system, reservoir sand bodies exhibit significant thickness, complex internal architecture, poor injection–production correspondence during development, and an ambiguous understanding of remaining oil distribution. To enhance late-stage development efficiency, it is imperative to deepen the understanding of the genesis and evolution of the subaqueous distributary channel–mouth bar system, analyze the internal reservoir architecture, and clarify sand body connectivity relationships. Based on sedimentary physical modeling experiments, integrated with core, well logging, and seismic data, this study systematically reveals the architectural characteristics and spatial stacking patterns of the mouth bar reservoirs using Miall’s architectural element analysis method. The results indicate that the study area is dominated by sand-rich, shallow-water delta front deposits, which display a predominantly coarsening-upward character. The main reservoir units are mouth bar sand bodies (accounting for 30%), with a vertical stacking thickness ranging from 3 to 20 m, and they exhibit lobate distribution patterns in plan view. Sedimentary physical modeling reveals the formation mechanism and stacking patterns of these sand-rich, thick sand bodies. Upon entering the lake, the main distributary channel unloads its sediment, forming accretionary bodies. The main channel then bifurcates, and a new main channel forms in the subsequent unit, which transports sediment away and initiates a new phase of deposition. Multi-phase deposition ultimately builds large-scale lobate complexes composed of channel–mouth bar assemblages. These complexes exhibit internal architectural styles, including channel–channel splicing, channel–bar splicing, and bar–bar splicing. Reservoir architecture analysis demonstrates that an individual distributary channel governs the formation of an individual lobe, whereas multiple distributary channels control the development of composite lobes. These lobes are laterally spliced and vertically superimposed, exhibiting a multi-phase progradational stacking pattern. Dynamic production data analysis validates the reliability of this reservoir architecture classification. This research elucidates the genetic mechanisms of thick sand bodies in delta fronts and establishes a region-specific reservoir architecture model. This study clarifies the spatial distribution of mudstone interlayers and preferential flow pathways within the composite sand bodies. It provides a geological basis for optimizing injection–production strategies and targeting residual oil during the ultra-high water-cut stage. The findings offer critical guidance for the efficient development of shallow-water delta front reservoirs.

The application of AI technology in architectural software has brought various innovations and changes to the industry. By introducing convolutional neural networks and deep neural networks, architectural design software is expected to automatically identify and generate complex architectural images, optimize the design process, and provide intelligent design assistance. Through literature research, this paper aims to discuss the specific application of CNN and DNN in parametric design and the innovation brought by them, and analyzes the application of these technologies in architectural image recognition, generation, design optimization and other aspects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers in related fields and promote the innovative application of AI technology in architectural design. The application of AI technology in architectural software has brought numerous innovations and changes to the industry. By introducing convolutional neural networks and deep neural networks, architectural design software is expected to automatically identify and generate complex architectural images, optimize the design process, and provide intelligent design assistance. Through literature research, this paper aims to discuss the specific application of CNN and DNN in parametric design and the innovation brought by them; it also analyzes the application of these technologies in architectural image recognition, generation, design optimization, and other aspects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers in related fields and promote the innovative application of AI technology in architectural design.

Software architecture analysis plays an important role in software development lifecycle. However, from the view of separation of concerns, there is an absence of both structural description and behavioural analysis of software architecture. This paper proposes an aspect-oriented software architecture (AOSA) to reduce the complexity of software model and improve the reliability of software system. Aspect-oriented architecture description language based on XML is defined for structural description of software architecture, while aspect-oriented statechart and temporal logic are used for its behavioural analysis. A carousel case illustrates that the formal method is effective.

Real-time software is becoming more prevalent in avionics systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles and spacecrafts. More often, these systems operate with limited human interaction or an increased latency in human response. Therefore, these systems require autonomous fault detection and a repair mechanism to respond to off nominal conditions that could arise. In order to prevent a hazard, these systems require assurance that they will operate in a safe manner while successfully completing a mission. Assurance, as a software engineering activity involves the reduction of risk, and inversely, an increase in confidence in a software system. In the context of fault management, this becomes a question of increasing confidence that a software system can detect and respond to the offnominal conditions occur. This activity is not always straight forward as off-nominal conditions in complex real-time systems do not always manifest as singular events, but rather as a combination of symptoms. Furthermore, for fault management assurance to be useful it needs to be rigorous. Therefore, the approach needs to be supported by a standard, repeatable framework. The foundation for this framework is in the ability to model the fault management system integrated in the hardware and software avionics real-time system. Models can assist in assuring both functional and quality attribute requirements such as reliability. The Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) is a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard notation (AS5506/1) for the modeling and analysis of real-time systems. AADL has been extended to model fault management behavior through the AADL Error Annex, also an SAE standard. At its core, the AADL Error Annex provides rules for how software and hardware components are allowed to propagate an error across the avionics real-time system modeled in AADL. Because a standard notation is being used, there is intrinsic confidence to the approach. This paper will explore how the assurance of software fault management can be applied in practice. First, it is important to briefly review AADL and the AADL Error Annex as well as common terminology related to software fault management. Next, the application of software fault management assurance will be discussed. The first step in this application is to understand the very basic (atomic) hardware and software faults that occur at the component level. This information can be collected in the form of a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). An analysis is required in order to evaluate the ability of the software fault management system to, at the very least, detect the symptoms. This analysis answers two fundamental questions. First, to what degree are faults visible to the avionics software? Second, to what degree does the avionics software handle these faults? This paper presents an example to demonstrate the assurance of software fault management. The software fault management assurance framework proposed in this paper utilizes a standard notation, coupled with a formal mechanism for modeling faults. This provides a rigorous foundation for analysis on the avionics software real-time system in a repeatable manner. Therefore a model based assurance activity of a software fault management system can successfully be applied.

Background: We have developed an Architectural Level Security Analysis Framework (ALSAF), which can be used to consider and address security related issues at software architecture level. Goal: Our goal was to empirically assess the usefulness of ALSAF for identifying security attributes and security design patterns for satisfying those attributes during architecture design and evaluation. Assessment approach: The reported assessment was performed with one pilot study and one Quasiexperiment. In the main study, there were 19 software development professionals who participated in the study after attending a training course. The participants were required to identify security attributes and security design patterns suitable for achieving those attributes based on a given list of security properties. One group (control group) was given the textual description of security patterns, attributes, and properties, the other group (treatment group) was given ALSAF as well as the document provided to the control group. The outcome variables were security attributes and security patterns for a Web-based system, whose requirements were provided to the participants. Result: The average score for identifying security attributes for the treatment group was 4.56 and for the control group was 2.60. The difference between the groups was significant using Mann-Whiney test (p=0.011). The average score for identifying the security patterns for the treatment group was 5.78 and for the control group was 2.8. Mann-Whitney test revealed that the difference between the groups was again significant at (p=0.022). Post-study questionnaire revealed that majority of the participants were convinced of the usefulness of ALSAF in identifying and understanding the relationships between security attributes, properties, and patterns for supporting architectural level security analysis. Conclusion: The findings provide an initial evidence to support the claim of the usefulness of ALSAF for supporting security sensitive analysis during architecture design and evaluation.

Chapter 13 - Networks on chips

Purpose or research. The aim of the study is to develop and describe a method of forming the requirements to information support characteristics of control systems (CS) of unmanned aircraft transport systems (UATS) to ensure the safety of flights.Methods. The proposed method of forming the requirements to information support characteristics of UATS CS is based on the methods of system analysis, cognitive approach, and methods of multi-criteria decision analysis.Results. The paper considers and describes main tasks solved at the stage of concept definition, including analysis of the requirements to performance indicators, functional description, physical implementation description, and design solutions validation. Within the architectural design and analysis, a set of subsystems (the presence of which in UATS CS is required for the implementation of functions and compliance with functional requirements), and the corresponding set of modules of each subsystem have been defined. The advantages and disadvantages of various functional architectures of UATS CS subsystems have been analyzed. Based on the results of the concept formation, and architectural design and analysis, the basic and auxiliary characteristics of UATS CS information support have been generalized and presented. It is shown that in order to solve the problem of assessment of the influence of information support characteristics on the indicators of the functioning of UATS CS intellectual automation technologies it is necessary to use cognitive approach and methods of multi-criteria decision analysis. The application of the proposed method of forming of UATS CS information support characteristics is shown on the example of a real transportation problem.Conclusion. The proposed method allows forming the requirements to UATS CS information support and its characteristics, based on the purpose of the system and its functional architecture (including the composition and structure of information flows, output and transmission format, frequency of information delivery, etc.) to ensure the required adequacy, completeness and timeliness of information required for decision-making.

In the system architecture design phase, there may be flaws introduced by the access control design. The flaws make the system design vulnerable. Vulnerabilities that are not detected during the design phase will be taken to the subsequent phases of the system development. This reduces system security and leads to more repair cost. In order to detect the access control flaws in the design phase as early as possible, we propose the security analysis method using Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). This method analyzes the access control policies between components. It can analyze and detect the access control flaws in the AADL architecture model. For describing the access control policies, vulnerability model annex is created. We use a case study, based on a module from an aircraft intelligent information system, to introduce the application of modeling and analysis methods.

Regression testing can be systematically applied at the software architecture level in order to reduce the cost of retesting modified systems, and also to assess the regression testability of the evolved system. With the advent of model-based specification and analysis of software architectures, regression testing at the architectural level can be handled by analyzing how the architectural model evolves when moving from an initial to a subsequent version. This paper analyzes how model differencing, a recent research topic in the model-based community, can be employed for implementing model-based architecture-level regression testing.

Ubiquitous embedded systems are revolutionizing our daily lives. Whole systems on a chip deliver unprecedented computation power at ever decreasing costs. However, their complexity makes their design with traditional RTL-based flows extremely challenging. Complexity in such systems arises not only from the diversity of the technologies, from RF front-ends to baseband DSP software, that must be integrated on-chip, but also from the fact that such systems must be increasingly built from parts that have been designed separately and using different tools and flows. High abstraction levels and component reuse are essential. Often such systems are highly networked and rely on sophisticated communication mechanisms. Architectural design and performance analysis of such networked system-chips is a crucial part of the embedded system design process.Two basic methods for tackling the growing complexity of system-on-chip design are emerging. Formal specification and design methods, and platform-based design. Formal methods are essential to capture precisely the designer intent at the highest possible level of abstraction, and to guide him down towards an implementation. Design errors are reduced by the use of synthesis techniques, as well as by the availability of a variety of validation techniques. Moreover, the orthogonalization of concerns (e.g., computation vs. communication, function vs. architecture) promotes extensive reuse of both parts of an application (derivative designs) and of previously used architectures.A platform in this context is the precise specification of a high-level implementation target that supports both a variety of lower level implementations, and a variety of higher-level applications. A classical example is the PC, that has supported an explosive growth of both applications and implementations. In embedded systems-on-chip platform clearly need to be application-specific. A typical platform includes one or more processors, memory, one or more bus hierarchy levels, and peripherals devoted to application-specific functions (e.g., MPEG decoding, filtering, A/D conversion, ...). Mapping to a platform involves identifying which portions of the application will be implemented on each computation and communication resource. Communication must be refined from high-level primitives (e.g., FIFOs) down to platform primitives (e.g., interrupts, memory buffers, ...). Functionality must be synthesized and scheduled based on platform-specific cost, memory and performance constraints.In this tutorial we will cover both aspects in detail, illustrating first the languages and Models of Computation available to the system-level designer to capture precisely and unambiguously the requirements. We will discuss for what application domain and platform each language is most appropriate, focusing mostly on platform-independent languages and MOCs, since they support the greatest freedom in mapping choice. We will then discuss how the architecture of the platform, and the services it offers to the application designer, can also be formally and compactly captured and specified. We will show how the mapping paradigm can be used to select an implementation for the functional blocks and their communication, and how simulation and implementation methods can be derived automatically. In particular, we will describe how software estimation and synthesis for reactive real-time systems can be competitive with hand design, while retaining the ease of re-use typical of high-level specifications.In the next part of the tutorial, we will establish the importance of on-chip communication architectures in determining the performance of System-on-Chips (SoCs). We will track several on-chip communication architectures that are in use today, including different types of bus architectures, token ring architectures, and crossbar switches. We will analyze the performance of the existing communication architectures under different classes of on-chip communication traffic. We will also describe novel on-chip communication architectures that are being developed to satisfy the growing needs of fast and concurrent on-chip communication in very high-performance systems like network processors. Next, we will describe efficient methodologies that can be used to analyze and design customized on-chip communication architectures for new application-specific platforms, as well as optimally map an application's communication requirements to the communication architecture present in an existing platform. We will also discuss reconfigurable on-chip communication architectures that allow runtime adaptation of the communication protocols to changing communication demands of the platform. Besides performance, we will analyze the energy consumed by on-chip communication architectures, and describe techniques to minimize such energy consumption. Lastly, we will analyze the impact of deep sub-micron technologies on SoC communication, and discuss the needs for development of noise-aware on-chip communication.