Scanning rain gauge based on photo electricity

Conventional parallel detectors for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have been mainly based upon systems using linear photodiode arrays in a conjugate image plane of an electron spectrometer. We have developed a unique two dimensional charge coupled device (CCD) camera system which can be used as a detector for EEL spectroscopy and imaging, utilizing high sensitivity, high resolution CCD's, which are typically used in medial or astronomic imaging.The present detector system is based upon a Tektronics TK512M 512 x 512 pixel CCD array, (figure 1) which is optically coupled to a YAG:Ce single crystal scintillator. This CCD imaging system views an electron energy loss spectrum which is magnified by a quadrupole doublet lens attached to a Gatan 607 electron spectrometer on a Philips EM420 TEM as is illustrated in figure 2. The CCD controller, detector head electronics and electron optics were developed at Argonne specifically for high speed data acquisition and allow the recording of complete spectra in as short a time as 10 μsec or approximately 103times faster than the typical 1024 pixel photodiode arrays’ thus allowing the potential for time resolved spectroscopy.

Charge coupled device(CCD) is one kind of photoelectric solid-state imaging device with excellent performance. It has the features of large array and good image quality. Working under very complex driving timing, it usually has low frame frequency and can not meet the demand of high imaging frame rate. The method of equivalent high frame rate imaging technique is introduced based on normal CCD in this paper. Some CCDs can be drived via electrodes separately. To meet the imaging demands of high frame rate, high resolution and high quality of two frame imaging technique for pulse light images, the right kind of CCDs should be adopted. The most important is that the CCD electrodes must be controlled directly and respectively. The charge transfer period is a key point while designing CCD driving timing for separate pulse light integration, charge package transfer and readout for two pulse light images. The validation experiments for the principle of equivalent high frame rate exposure of two pulse light images has been accomplished. It is shown that two pulse light images with interval of about 2 μs can be distinguished while all CCD’s inherent excellent performance are retained. A kind of two framing camera system with simple structure can be developed based on this principle.

ABSTRACTA multi-phase clock circuit for a 14 bit 80 MHz charge-coupled device (CCD) signal processor is designed based on the Delay-Locked Loop (DLL) structure. To accelerate the DLL locking time, a new fast locking controller circuit is proposed in this paper. Besides, a low jitter delay cell circuit is used to reduce the influence of the jitter generated by multiple phase clock generating circuit on the performance of correlated double sampling (CDS) and A/D conversion in the high resolution CCD signal processor. A clock signal with adjustable phase for the CCD signal processor can be obtained by changing the value of the edge selected register. The proposed clock circuit implemented and simulated with SMIC 0.18 μm 3.3 V 1P6M mixed CMOS process and the area of layout is 1000 × 350 μm. Under the condition of TT/3.3V/27 °C, the simulation results with the input clock frequency of 80 MHz show that the DLL locking time is 1.3 μs. Besides, the peak-to-peak jitter is 1.09 ps and the RMS jitter is 182 fs.

The static x-ray imager (SXI) is a diagnostic used at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the position of the x rays produced by lasers hitting a gold foil target. The intensity distribution taken by the SXI camera during a NIF shot is used to determine how accurately NIF can aim laser beams. This is critical to proper NIF operation. Imagers are located at the top and the bottom of the NIF target chamber. The charge coupled device (CCD) chip is an x-ray sensitive silicon sensor, with a large format array (2k x 2k), 24 microm square pixels, and 15 microm thick. A multianode Manson x-ray source, operating up to 10 kV and 10 W, was used to characterize and calibrate the imagers. The output beam is heavily filtered to narrow the spectral beam width, giving a typical resolution E/DeltaE approximately = 10. The x-ray beam intensity was measured using an x-ray photodiode that has an accuracy better than 1% up to the Si K edge and better than 5% at higher energies. The x-ray beam provides full CCD illumination and is flat, within +/-1% maximum to minimum. The spectral efficiency was measured at ten energy bands ranging from 930 to 8470 eV. We observed an energy dependent pixel sensitivity variation that showed continuous change over a large portion of the CCD. The maximum sensitivity variation occurred at 8470 eV. The geometric pattern did not change at lower energies, but the maximum contrast decreased and was not observable below 4 keV. We were also able to observe debris, damage, and surface defects on the CCD chip. The Manson source is a powerful tool for characterizing the imaging errors of an x-ray CCD imager. These errors are quite different from those found in a visible CCD imager.

Charge Coupled Device (CCD) type solid state image sensors are employed in a number of space based imaging experiments and will be the basis for a camera system to acquire x-ray diffraction images on board the Space Station. This paper will present the system engineering considerations that led to the selection of CCDs over other x-ray imaging technologies and the design of the camera system. This will include discussion of the special requirements imposed by the space environment and this x-ray crystallography mission. This systems engineering discussion will be followed by a summary of high spatial resolution CCDs that are candidates for this camera, what may become available in the future, and what improvements would make CCDs even more suited to such X-ray imaging applications on the ground as well as in space.

Our objective is to construct real-time pickup and display in integral imaging system with handheld light field camera. A micro lens array and high frame rate charge-coupled device (CCD) are used to implement handheld light field camera, and a simple lens array and a liquid crystal (LC) display panel are used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images in real-time. Handheld light field camera is implemented by adding the micro lens array on CCD sensor. Main lens, which is mounted on CCD sensor, is used to capture the scene. To make the elemental image in real-time, pixel mapping algorithm is applied. With this algorithm, not only pseudoscopic problem can be solved, but also user can change the depth plane of the displayed 3D images in real-time. For real-time high quality 3D video generation, a high resolution and high frame rate CCD and LC display panel are used in proposed system. Experiment and simulation results are presented to verify our proposed system. As a result, 3D image is captured and reconstructed in real-time through integral imaging system.

A high-performance image processing system (HIPS) has been developed to provide two- dimensional image acquisition for a variety of opti- cal applications. The system is built around two high-performance visible-light charged coupled device(CCD) arrays: a 32-port, 1024 x 1024 pixel array anda 16-port, 512 x 512 pixel array. The arrays and as- sociated circuitry were designed to operate at high frame rates, with an optical power dynamic range ofover 30 dB. The 512 x 512 array is designed to operateat over 800 frames per second; the larger device, atover 300 frames per second. The system has two main units: a stand-alone high-performance camera array module (HPCAM)and a VME-based image capture and display system(ICADS). HPCAM contains a CCD array and associ-ated drive and control electronics. ICADS consists ofan analog multiplexer, digitizer, digital frame buffer-integrator, main central processing unit (CPU) board with user and Ethernet interfaces, graphics driver, and high-resolution monitor.The CCD arrays used in this work are designed foruse in optical processing systems, such as radar ambi-guity, wide-band signal detection, and synthetic aper-ture radar (SAR) image formation processors. Thissystem provides a method for capturing and display-ing CCD array output data, giving the researcher amethod to analyze and develop CCD array and opti-cal processing systems.

An Image sensor is converts an image into a digital signal. Both CCD (charged coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image sensor technologies are essential for image capturing. CMOS image sensor is still in their early years, still it's set to develop but CCD has number of advantages over CMOS. CCD will give you a assurance for more compact, high image quality and potentially more efficient camera. Both CCD and CMOS Technologies have explained in this paper and also how images are captured as well as types for both types of image sensors have been descried. Some issues such as performance characteristics for better image quality for photography have been covered.

A 111-Mega pixel, 92x92 mm 2 , full-frame CCD imager with 9x9 um 2 pixel size has been developed for use in scientific applications. Recent interest for ultra-high resolution imagers for electronic imaging OEM customers in various scientific markets, including biotechnology, microscopy, crystallography, astronomy, spectroscopy, and aerial reconnaissance markets has lead to the development of the STA1600A 111-Mega pixel monochromatic charge-coupled device. Innovative design techniques were utilized in the early development of this device, yielding low RMS noise and high MTF for readout speeds ranging from 1 Mpixel/s to 25 Mpixel/sec. This paper will provide detailed information on the design and performance capabilities of the STA1600A, as we ll as background information on the commercial uses of this device. Key Words : Charge Coupled Device (CCD), Charge Transfer Efficiency (CTE), RMS Noise, Quantum Efficiency (QE) 1. INTRODUCTION Charge Coupled Devices have been used for aerial reconnaissance since there invention, but due to fabrication constraints the utilization of these imagers has been limited. Airborne reconnaissance requires that the sensors are both large format (able to cover a large field of view) and contain extremely high resolution. Due to the aggressive requirements the CCD must meet several performance requirements: hi gh signal to noise ratio (SNR) or dynamic range, large pixel full well capacity, high spatial resolution, and high speed readout for increased frame rate. Semiconductor Technology Associates (STA) is an indepe ndent company, providing custom CCD imagers for over 7 years. STA is currently working to push technology into a new regime with the development of the ultrahigh resolution CCD (up to the maximum limit of a 150 mm wafer). Most aerial reconnaissance systems are using time delay integration (TDI) devices due to stability and high speed performance. Howeve r, the recently developed STA1600 has used advancements in silicon fabrication technology to create a full frame imager that meets the previously stated performance requirements, thus improving the capabilities of the current systems.

This article expounds linear array Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 's characteristics, working theory, driving time sequence and the design of the linear array CCD driving board for binarization. A kind of on-line real-time automatic detector with high precision was developed on this base. The device mainly includes: beam collimational system; linear array CCD driving board for binarization; constant current source power supply; the main circuit board system and so on.. The article analyses the choice of light source and illumination's matching, the design of beam collimational system; the detailed TCD 1206 driving sequence and a series of questions such as linear array CCD binarization, the main circuit board system's design and so on. Furthermore, discusses and prospects the device's application.

This paper describes the development of a control hardware and software for a nano-fiber electro-spinning system. The hardware consists of motor driver boards, a high DC voltage board, and a main control board. The user interface software on PC is developed using Visual Studio C # 2010 express edition. The motor driver boards are controlled by an ATmega8 microcontroller IC, while the main board is controlled by an ATmega 128 microcontroller IC. Communication between the main board and the motor driver boards uses the inter integrated circuit (I2C), while communication between PC and the main board uses a serial communication at a baud rate of 9,600 bps. The high DC voltage generator is designed to have an output of 0-25 kV. High DC voltage output is configurable by giving a combination of low logic and high impedance into a six bit input. The result show that maximum output of high DC voltage is 25.025 kV with formula of curve is y = 1x – 0.0244 with R2 = 0.9998 and PC software interface can work very well. Polymer flow rate can be configured from PC interface software via I2C connected to the main board. The flow rate y follows the RPM setting x, according to the formula y = 0.954x – 0.0099 with R2 = 1. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology analysis of PVDF copolymer composite nano-fiber shows that the average diameter of the resulted fiber is 136.43 nm, when output high DC voltage is set to 15 kV and speed of syringe pump is set to 5 RPM.

Photonic Measurement of Apparent Presence of Spirit Using a Computer Automated System

Tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV) measurement with six high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras is conducted to investigate flow structures over a finite circular cylinder with an aspect ratio of 2 ($h/d=2$). This short wall-mounted cylinder is fully immersed in a thick turbulent boundary layer ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}/h=1.025$). Focus is placed on the three-dimensional instantaneous vortex structures and their dynamic characteristics in the wake flow fields. Based on the present results, a refined topological model of the mean wake field behind the finite circular cylinder is proposed, where the spatial locations of the typical vortex structures and their interactions are described in more detail. Among the reported typical vortex structures (i.e. the horseshoe, tip, base, trailing and arch vortex), emphasis is laid on discussion of the tip and arch vortex. The instantaneous 3D M-shape arch vortex and an alternating large-scale streamwise vortex are first found in the present experiment, and their developments are also discussed. Therefore, it is suggested that the instantaneous finite-cylinder wake is dominated by the arch vortex system and the large-scale streamwise vortices. Moreover, in the instantaneous volumetric flow fields, both the antisymmetric and the symmetric wake behaviours are observed. With proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis, the dynamic characteristics of the wake field are clarified. Different from the flow around an infinite cylinder without control, the third and fourth POD modes are characterized by low-frequency symmetric shedding. The low-frequency feature shown in the second mode pair is observed and associated with the occurrence of instantaneous symmetric 3D wake behaviour triggered by the low-aspect-ratio effect and the extension of the separated shear layer. The low frequency seems be attributed to the flapping phenomenon, i.e. oscillation of the recirculation in the backward-facing step flow. It is found that the flapping motion has a modulating effect on the occurrence of the antisymmetric shedding vortex and thus the large-scale streamwise vortex.

The photoelectric encoder is a kind of encoder that uses high-precision metrology grating as the detection element to convert the input angular position information into corresponding digital signals through the photo-electric conversion device. It has the advantages of high resolution and wide measuring range, so it is widely used in precision angle measuring devices and high-precision speed regulating systems. In this study, an incremental photoelectric encoder is used, and a receiving system of vertical incidence is chosen, covering a photocell receiving circuit and an infrared circuit. The signal acquisition device of the photoelectric encoder is further designed, that is, the weak photoelectric signal is captured and transformed into an electrical signal that can be recognized by the microprocessor after amplification and adjustment, and then the signal is processed and transmitted. In the test, the signal output of the photoelectric encoder is simulated first. The results reveal that the theoretical output voltage of the drive is 3.5 V, and the peak of the actual output signal is 7.2 V, which meets the design requirements. The designed photoelectric encoder signal device is used with the charge coupled device (CCD) camera to capture the track image. The single-camera and dual-camera tests are carried out respectively. The speed of the bearing vehicle is adjusted to 0.6 m/s~1.2 m/s, and the velocity of the vehicle is adjusted timely. The findings show that the signal device of the photoelectric encoder +CCD camera can be triggered in real-time with the different speeds of the vehicle, and obtain relatively clear images of the track surface and its image of the fastener.

In this paper, we expounded the composing, specialty, parameter, its working process, key techniques and methods for charge coupled devices (CCD) twice value treatment. Disposal process for CCD video signal quantification was expatiated; X-ray image intensifier's constitutes, function of constitutes, coupling technique of X-ray image intensifier and CCD were analyzed. We analyzed two effective methods to reduce the harm to human beings when X-ray was used in the medical image. One was to reduce X-ray's radiation and adopt to intensify the image penetrated by X-ray to gain the same effect. The other was to use the image sensor to transfer the images to the safe area for observation. On this base, a new method was presented that CCD image sensor and X-ray image intensifier were combined organically. A practical medical X-ray photo electricity system was designed which can be used in the records and time of the human's penetrating images. The system was mainly made up with the medical X-ray, X-ray image intensifier, CCD vidicon with high resolution, image processor, display and so on. Its characteristics are: change the invisible X-ray into the visible light image; output the vivid images; short image recording time etc. At the same time we analyzed the main aspects which affect the system's resolution. Medical photo electricity system using X-ray image sensor can reduce the X-ray harm to human sharply when it is used in the medical diagnoses. At last we analyzed and looked forward the system's application in medical engineering and the related fields.