Scent presentation expressing two smells of different intensity simultaneously

Foreword Acknowledgements A tribute to Edmond Roudnitska 1. Olfaction and cognition: a philosophical and psychoanalytical view Annick Le Guerer 2. Cognitive aspects of olfaction in perfumer practice Andre Holley 3. The specific characteristics of the sense of smell Egon Peter Koster 4. Names and categories for odors: the 'veridical label' Daniele Dubois 5. Nose-wise: olfactory metaphors in mind David Howes 6. Linguistic expressions of odors in French Sophie David 7. Classification of odors and structure-odor relationships Maurice Chastrette 8. The acquisition and activation of odor hedonics in everyday situations: conditioning and priming studies Dick Hermans and Frank Baeyens 9. Is there a hedonic dimension of odors? Catherine Rouby and Moustafa Bensafi 10. The influence of odors on mood and affective cognition Rachel S. Herz 11. Assessing putative human pheromones Suma Jacob, Bethanne Zelano, Davinder J. S. Hayreh and Martha K. McClintock 12. The neural correlates of emotion perception: from faces to taste Mary L. Phillips and Maike Heining 13. Testing odor memory: incidental vs. intentional learning implicit vs. explicit memory Sylvie Issanchou, Dominique Valentin, Claire Sulmont, Joachim Degel and Egon Peter Koster 14. Odor memory: a memory systems approach Maria Larsson 15. Repetition priming in odor memory Mats J. Olsson, Maria Faxbrink and Fredrik U. Jonsson 16. Odor memory in Alzheimer's disease Steven Nordin and Claire Murphy 17. Development of odor naming and odor memory from childhood to young adulthood Johannes Lehrner and Peter Walla 18. Odor coding at the periphery of the olfactory system Gilles Sicard 19. On human brain activity within the first second after odor presentation Bettina M. Pause 20. Processing of olfactory affective information: contribution of functional imaging studies Robert J. Zatorre 21. Experience-induced changes reveal functional dissociation within olfactory pathways Nadine Ravel, Anne-Marie Mouly, Pascal Chabaud and Remi Gervais 22. Increased taste sensitivity by familiarization to 'novel' stimuli Annick Faurion, Barbara Cerf, Anne-Maria Pillias and Nathalie Boireau 23. The cortical representation of taste and smell Edmund T. Rolls 24. New psychophysical insights in evaluating genetic variation in taste Katharine Fast, Valerie B. Duffy and Linda M. Bartoshuk 25. The individuality of odor perception Robyn Hudson and Hans DisTel 26. Olfactory cognition at the start of life: the perinatal shaping of selective odor responsiveness Benoist Schaal, Robert Soussignan and Luc Marlier 27. Age-related changes of chemosensory functions Thomas Hummel, S. Heilman and Claire Murphy Index.

The mammalian brain interprets sensory input based on prior multisensory knowledge of the external world, but it is unknown how this knowledge influences neural processing in individual sensory modalities. We found that GABAergic periglomerular interneuron populations in the olfactory bulb endogenously respond not only to odors but also to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli in waking (but not anesthetized) mice. When these stimuli predict future odors, they evoke enhanced interneuron activity during the time odor normally occurs. When expectations are violated by omitting an expected warning tone before an odor, odor presentation evokes a burst of interneuron activity. The resulting GABA release presynaptically suppresses neurotransmitter release from the axon terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, the cells that transduce odor in the nasal epithelium and communicate this information to the brain. Expectations, even those evoked by cues in other sensory modalities, can thus affect the very first neurons in the olfactory system.

Background and objective Persistent breech presentation may be associated with abnormalities of the baby, the amniotic fluid volume, the placental localization, or the uterus. This work was done to assess the quality of breech delivery at term at Women Health Hospital. Patients and methods A total of 334 women from those with breech presentation were enrolled in the study. General, abdominal, and obstetric examination was performed to all women with confirmation of viability by auscultation of fetal heart sound. If the woman was in labor, we did vaginal examination. Results Age range was between 18 and 47 years, and 59 cases complained of infertility. Normal vaginal delivery occurred in 73 (21.9%) women and cesarean section (CS) was done in 261 (78.1%) enrolled women, where urgent CS was done in 239 cases of such cases. Only two cases were counseled for external cephalic version. Conclusion In conclusion, C.S in such cases could reduce the short term perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality but it still has major events in future pregnancies as consequences of scared uterus and placenta accreta. So, C.S is savior for fetus than mother and this is difficult to be role in developing country, in which the rate of deliveries is high.

In May 2018 the School of Sport, Leisure and Nutrition ran an inaugural student research conference that was entitled ‘The Power of Sport’. Students at all levels of study can benefit in a variety of ways through being actively engaged in research and enquiry. Such student activity can also support the development of research in the institution as well as the impact of research in the community. Hosting the conference intended to provide a way of developing and promoting such approaches in the curriculum and to give students a safe environment in which to test and disseminate their work. In essence, it was an activity that blurred the lines between research and student education. The two core aims of The Power of Sport were: to enhance student learning and confidence through engagement in research and research conversations; and to assist programme teams to further implement research-informed teaching in the curriculum for presentation at the conference. This short paper touches on the theoretical basis for these two aims by considering both research-informed teaching and student empowerment in the context of the conference.

This essay investigates the role moving images play in fashion shows, analyzing the case of Fendi Studios , an exhibition organized at the Palazzo della Civilta Italiana in Rome between October 2017 and July 2018. The essay reflects on the different presentations of moving images in the show. Firstly, it discusses the short circuits created by the sequences in the original film, which are visible on small screens, and the concreteness of the clothes, which seem to break out from the projected images. Secondly, the focus turns to consider the relationship between the cinematographic devices and the audience members as participants. The visitors are called upon to interact with the devices, which make them an integral part of the moving image. The conclusion of the show is marked by a traditional cinematographic projection. At the end of the essay, some considerations are formulated on how, thanks to social networks, the amateur moving image has managed to overcome the spatial boundaries of the exhibition.

Multimodal resources and digital multimedia technologies have been modifying and remodelling social practices in any field over the last decades. In business communication, histories of business, corporate vision and mission are today instantiated by the ‘About Us’ webpage, a sort of multimodal self-portrait or short autobiography created by the company itself. From a discursive perspective, this webpage typology has always been disregarded if compared with the crucial role played by the homepage that, according to the Usability guidelines, is to present the company, its business and market value. Only recently, web marketers have focused on the strategic function the undervalued ‘About Us’ page fulfils. It has revealed itself to be a goal-oriented sales page which focuses on highlighting the most relevant credentials of a company, its brand, and on making a strong impression on potential customers. Its aim is to remodel practices of Self presentation into practices of Self branding and this process takes place thanks to the co-deployment of different semiotic resources which, in turn, make use of different digital media technologies. This contribution will show how the specialized discourses of marketing and branding are translated, or rather transducted, into multimodal artefacts, the corporate ‘About Us’ pages, and how persuasive discursive strategies are embedded in a well-defined digital text pattern. Through the analysis of a small sample of corporate ‘About Us’ pages, we will demonstrate that these pages are the loci where business reputation and corporate identity can be constructed more effectively.

We propose two different methods for presenting substitutes (a.k.a. gross-substitutes) valuations. Each provides short descriptions for a family of substitutes valuations. We also show that substitutes valuation are closed under k-satiation.

This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The subjects in this study are the principal, teachers, students, and parents of students. Meanwhile, the Implementation of Child Friendly School Policy at SDN Johar Baru 09, Central Jakarta becomes the object of this research. Data collection methods acquired the interactive model based on Miles and Huberman which is not only for collecting data but also for data reduction, data presentation, verification and or drawing conclusion. The triangulation is used to validate the data. The results revealed the fact that the Implementation of Child Friendly Schools Policy at SDN Johar Baru 09 Central Jakarta are comprising four aspects namely (1) Communicating and or socializing the implementation of child friendly school policies to all parties such as teachers, students and parents; (2) human resources, facility and infrastructure resources which support the implementation of child-friendly school policies and financial support too which have been planned in the School Planning Expenditure from Government funding ; (3) Disposition to create a positive attitude, commitment, and evaluation in implementing child-friendly school policies at SDN Johar Baru 09, Central Jakarta; (4) Bureaucratic structure. It means that the organizational structure of implementing child-friendly school policies is adjusted to the school organizational structure. Another interesting finding shows that the Learning process at SDN Johar Baru 09, Central Jakarta is fun, active, and child-friendly too. In short, supporting factors are included from the participation of parents of students in activities organized by the school, adequate facilities and infrastructure, routine monitoring of supervisors and school buildings that have been renovated based on student-friendly school standards. However, the drawback factor found in this research is that some parents are lack of care and giving attention to the student and less informed from people around the school who often used school facilities without any permission.

In environments with many concurrent sound sources, it is often possible to hear out individual sounds and identify their sources. To accomplish this perceptual organization of the sound sources, listeners analyze the mixture of sounds to estimate the constituent components that correspond to one acoustic sound source. Signal components that are likely to come from the same source are grouped into an auditory object, that is segregated from the acoustic complex. The grouping of signal components into sources is based on identifying shared features of the components, like common spectral cues (the same fundamental frequency or frequency modulation), temporal cues (the same temporal envelope), or spatial cues (the same interaural differences). When signal components’ onsets fall within such a time window that they are perceived as being synchronous, the components are combined to form a new auditory object, that is monitored across time on cues that sustain their grouping. Given that spatial cues are inherent to every sound and already present at the onset, and that they enhance detection of a sound by a spatial release from masking, it is unclear whether and how much temporal perception depends on the presence of spatial cues. The research presented here addressed the contribution of the binaural hearing system, which processes a sound’s spatial cues, to the processing of its temporal cues, and the contribution of the sounds’ temporal cues to the processing of their spatial cues. In order to assess the contribution of spatial cues to temporal perception, experiments were conducted in which the temporal position of a target sound’s onset was controlled by the subjects to find its desired position relative to a regular series of reference sound onsets. Manipulation of the target’s interaural differences, its sensation level, and the target and reference sounds’ durations allowed comparison of their effects on temporal perception of the target’s onset. The main finding was that temporal perception precision degraded below a critical level, depending on the absolute target and masker levels and the difference in spatial configuration between target and masker that facilitated perception at much lower signal-to-noise ratios. The implication of a sound’s signal-to-noise ratio getting below this critical level is that, when the temporal window for grouping signal components’ onsets is enlarged due to the degraded precision, there is an increased probability for signal components to be grouped incorrectly into an auditory object, or to be prevented from grouping into a new auditory object and remain part of the acoustic complex until other evidence is gathered for the existence of their source. This may be a contributing factor to the decrease of speech intelligibility in noisy environments, where precise temporal perception of transients is required for the processing of speech signals. In order to assess the contribution of temporal cues to binaural processing, thresholds were measured for discrimination between the spatial configurations of two sounds that had identical spectral range and onset and offset times, but differed in their temporal envelope structure and had equally-sized directional information to opposite sides of the medial plane. The measured minimum interaural differences in time or level at which the sounds’ spatial configurations could successfully be discriminated represented the ability to process binaural cues, and allowed comparison between the effects of the various manipulations of bandwidths, center frequencies, and temporal envelopes to the sounds. The main findings were that discrimination based on interaural level differences was good for all tested conditions (although absolute thresholds depended on the specific conditions), and that discrimination based on interaural time differences was only possible when the temporal envelopes of the sounds were sufficiently different. The binaural system must, therefore, have been capable of processing the interaural differences within short periods of time when one of the sounds was dominant in the monaural temporal envelopes of the combined signals at each ear. Analysis of the monaural temporal envelopes influences the ability to use the binaural information to separate individual signal components, and allow tracking across time of the signals components with identical spatial cues to form a perceptual unity, the auditory object. In conditions where discrimination was not possible, the temporal envelopes of the individual sounds were too similar and such periods did not occur systematically in the temporal envelopes of the combined sounds. This finding suggests that a monaural analysis of a composite signal’s temporal envelope is a prerequisite for the binaural processing of the constituent signal components’ interaural time differences. The implication is that, if the signals’ temporal envelopes are too similar, their signal components may not be correctly grouped into separate and individually lateralized auditory objects, but remain fused as a single object with an averaged spatial image.

Public perception of Canada’s energy trade is skewed towards Alberta’s oilsands and pipeline projects; a look at the facts reveals a more complex picture.Over the last decade, growth in Canada’s energy trade has been nothing short of historic. Energy exports have become so significant that the revenue is now equivalent to nearly $9,000 for every Canadian household. And it is only projected to grow much, much larger. While Western Canada leads the industry, every region — including Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada — plays a key role. Today, nearly every province is a net energy exporter. The energy sector also adds much to Canada’s economy, with value-added and productivity higher than nearly every other sector. When it comes to labour compensation, oil and gas extraction is the highest-paying sector in the country, at more than three times the average hourly earnings in the Canadian economy generally, and nearly 50 per cent higher than manufacturing. It is vital that policy debates rely on accurate information; unfortunately, this is not always the case.The often heated rhetoric neglects important aspects of Canada’s energy trade. For example, the type of energy that Canada trades has undergone a dramatic transformation. Ten years ago, natural gas was the largest energy export but today accounts for less than one-tenth of the total. Meanwhile, crude oil exports have more than quadrupled. Even more surprising to many Canadians, and perhaps even policy-makers, is how much energy Canada imports. Even Alberta, with its vast energy reserves, imports a considerable amount of energy. Alberta’s energy imports have grown faster than any other province and will soon exceed Ontario’s, a province more than three times larger with very little of its own oil production.Trade in energy is also intimately tied with Canada’s foreign investment policies. The majority of Canada’s energy trade is in the form of related-party transactions. For example, Suncor exports oil from its Canadian operations to its American refineries to supply its American gas stations. This fact has important implications for Canadian policy: foreign multinational firms are an important and growing part of the country’s rapidly expanding energy trade. Promoting Canada’s energy trade requires lowering investment barriers and creating a predictable and stable investment climate for foreign direct investment. Yet, in practice, Canada has recently shown a tendency for the opposite, with governments blocking the takeover of Potash Corporation by Australia’s BHP Billiton, and announcing, after the takeover of Nexen Inc. by a Chinese firm, that future takeovers would face even greater scrutiny. Foreign investment in Canada’s energy has already begun to fall, feasibly as a result of these increasingly hostile signals.Canada has a great deal riding on the future of its energy industry — an industry that is as economically beneficial as any other, if not more so. It is absolutely crucial that we ensure our energy-trade policies are based on high-quality and objective information; politicized and emotional rhetoric does not help.

Background: As Australia becomes an increasingly culturally diverse society through migration, there is a need to better understand the health of migrant groups. While literature on migrant health in Australia exists, there are gaps in coverage. Research indicates that South Asians (SA) have higher rates of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in comparison to host populations in other western countries. This also occurs at younger ages and with greater severity of CVD. However, there is a paucity of studies that compare and examine the presentation of T2D and/or CVD in SA Australian dwelling migrants with members of the host population and there are equally few studies that explore their experiences and perceptions of living with these diseases. Aim: The body of work presented in this dissertation aimed to address the patterns of CVD presentation amongst Anglo-Australians (AA) and Australian dwelling SAs and to examine and explore the perceptions and experiences of SAs and AAs living with T2D and/or CVD. Methods: This study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 was a retrospective hospital clinical case audit to determine patterns of CVD presentation. The study population included SA and AA patients hospitalised for ischaemic heart disease. Baseline characteristics, evidence of diabetes and other CVD risk factors were compared. Angiographic data were also compared to determine severity and these were assessed using a modified Gensini score. In phase 2, semi-structured indepth interviews were conducted with 57 participants (41 SAs and 16 AAs) with either T2D and/or CVD. Results: Phase 1 confirmed the SA pattern of CVD presentation in other western nations, i.e. high rates of cardiovascular disease at younger ages, with greater severity, higher rates of T2D and low BMI measurements (a conventional risk factor). Findings from phase 2 indicated key similarities and differences between the perceptions and experiences of the participants drawn from the two ethnic groups. These pertained to their engagement with health professionals and the health system, their self-management practices such as physical activity and dietary patterns, as well as the bidirectional effects of migration on their health related behaviours. Conclusions and future direction: The findings presented in this thesis have made an original contribution in an area where there is a strong need for an evidence base to inform health service delivery and public health action to alleviate the increasing burden of CVD and T2D among SAs. This group should be targeted for more aggressive screening for these diseases at younger ages with more intensive treatment strategies. Prevention and management strategies need to be individually and communally tailored as well as culturally appropriate. Health professionals should bear this in mind when providing clinical advice. Similarly, those responsible for the development and implementation of health promotion interventions for prevention and management of these diseases will need to consider culturally sensitive approaches.

The most popular diagnostic criteria for SLE is the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, which does not often help in diagnosis due to several pitfalls, especially when it presents with haematological manifestations, which is confirmed by our observations over more than three decades and our studies on SLE. The problems and challenges in diagnosis are illustrated by the case histories and our own studies described in this article. The diagnosis of SLE is often delayed or even missed when patients come with haematological manifestations. The problem is even more serious when the index of clinical suspicion is low, especially in a situation where patients go doctor-shopping with improper follow up, which is common without a strong primary care set up and a referral system which are essential for streamlining patient care. Our first study had shown that majority of the patients had haematological manifestations at initial presentation. But the ACR criteria, which we currently use for diagnosis, do not give any importance to haematological manifestations. To compound that further, autoimmune hypothyroidism is also not included in the ACR criteria, in spite of it being a very common coexisting abnormality in these patients. The commonest haematological abnormalities at presentation were ITP, followed by autoimmune haemolysis and APLAS. Interestingly those with haematological manifestations often did not have any rheumatic complaints. It thus appeared to us that SLE is more of a haematological disorder rather than a rheumatologic disorder. A significant number of our patients did not satisfy the ACR criteria at the time of diagnosis but did so only on prolonged follow up. Thus the present criteria cannot help us to diagnose SLE presenting with haematological problem or other atypical manifestations and therefore needs an alternative. We have developed the “Kozhikode Criteria for SLE” to circumvent this lacunae. The second study was to validate the new criteria. The outcome of both these studies and on how to make diagnosis and management of SLE easy will be discussed in this article based on the case histories, my personal observations and our original studies. Those with SLE, just like any other chronic disease, were found to have abnormalities in diet and lifestyle, the modification of which could prevent the development of this diseases or modify the course after developing it.

Introduction : Malrotation is a common anomaly in the pediatric age group which includes a wide spectrum of anomalies of Rotation. Both acute and chronic presentations are common. Atypical malrotation not having all the features of classic mal Rotation is frequently found which a diagnostic dilemma and the management varies from centre to centre. Materials and Methods : The medical records of all patients with symptomatic malrotation, who underwent surgery between July 2001 to June 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ presentation, management, operative findings and complications were evaluated. Results : 68 patients underwent surgery for malrotation at a median age of 2 years. Male to female ratio was 2:1. 28(41%) presented with acute symptoms and 40(59%) with chronic symptoms. 54(79%) patients had vomiting, 36 (%3%) presented with abdominal distension, 19(28%) had recurrent abdominal pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done in 7(10%) patients. Ladd’s band was found in 16(24%) patients and Volvulus was found at the time of surgery in 5(7%) patients. 5(7%) patients also had associated anomalies. Ladd’s procedure was done in 15(22%) patients and 23(34%) patients needed resection and anastomosis. Median length of hospital stay was 10 days. Postoperative bowel obstruction was seen in 4(6%) patients and 2(3%) patients had post operative intussusceptions. There was 2(3%) death due to septicaemia with volvulus and gangrenous gut. Conclusion : The clinical presentation and anatomy of malrotation occurs along a wide clinical and anatomic variations and a high index of suspicion is required to prevent a delay in diagnosis. JCMCTA 2011; 22(2): 17-21

This paper addresses the efficiency of IDDQ and more specifically Delta- IDDQ testing when using a realistic short defect model that properly considers the relation between the resistance of the short and its detectability. The results clearly show that the Delta-IDDQ approach covers a large number of resistive shorts missed by conventional logic testing, requiring only a relatively small vector set. In addition a significant number of defects which are proven to be undetectable by logic testing but may deteriorate and result in reliability failures are detected. The Delta- IDDQ threshold and thus the equipment sensitivity is shown to be critical for the test quality. Furthermore, the validity of the traditional IDDQ fault models when considering resistive short defects is found to be limited. For instance, the use of the fault-free next-state function for sequential IDDQ fault simulation is shown to result in a wrong classification of some resistive short defects. This is the first systematic study of IDDQ testing of resistive short defects. The impact of the threshold on the defect coverage is quantified for the first time. Although the simulation results are based upon a 0.35mum technology, the results and methodology can be transferred to state-of-the-art and NanoTechnologies

Fil: Campos, Claudia Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Aridas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Interacciones Biologicas del Desierto; Argentina