SCOPE: Smart Cooperative Parking Environment

With the growth in population, traffic congestion and parking have become a serious problem. There is the explosive growth of the per capita amount of vehicles. In this paper, a Location-Based Shared Smart Parking System is proposed to solve the parking problem. This system is designed for both private and public parking areas. This system helps the user to find the nearest possible parking area and gives the information related to the availability of parking slots in that respective parking area. The main focus of this system is to reduce the time for finding the parking slot and also avoids unnecessary travelling through occupied parking slots in a parking area. The proposed system is designed using IoT technology, WSN(IR sensors), QR code and RFID technology. IR sensors are used to detect the presence of the car in the parking slot and QR code is used to authenticate the user in the public parking area, RFID technology is used to authenticate the user in private parking area. The system is expected to reduce traffic problems, fuel consumption which results in reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere.

A blockchain-enabled private parking space allocation with improved parking space utilization

With rapid increase in the number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) hitting the market, there arises a need for an efficient parking and charging management technology for them. The paper presents the design and development of a public smart charging and parking system for EVs by implementing a communication network for EV, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment(EV-SE) and charging infrastructure (electrical utility). This work involves the development of user space modules, like on-board ECU for battery management (charging, discharging and state of charge estimation) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication and android application as user interface and infrastructure modules like V2I communication based entry management, navigation management to allotted parking slot, and a centralized server for monitoring, analytics and control. The ECUs are implemented in LPC1768 based mbed microcontroller and communication network implemented using Wi-Fi modem. The proposed system can be implemented in the parking areas of shopping malls, hospitals, schools, colleges, industries or any infrastructure where vehicles will be kept parked for some fixed periods of time.

Smart City is one of the Smart Initiatives that tries to provide solutions to parking problems that are found in big cities. The growth of the vehicle population is not matched by the growth of parking infrastructure, which raises various problems such as illegal parking, traffic jams, and driving safety. Thanks to the massive evolution of the Internet of Things, the Smart Parking idea became a breakthrough in solving the growing parking problem. In this paper, we explain the prototype development of the Smart Parking System using the Internet of Things which has three subsystems, namely embedded systems, as well as Android and web-based applications. Smart Parking System’s software was developed using the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) method and has been tested using black-box testing with 41 test cases that were successfully received.

Drivers face parking problems in most area, especially during peak hours. The difficulty roots from the availability of parking space at the given time and place. Despite the technologies and protocols used to solve parking problems and have an intelligent city, many vehicles may pursue a small number of parking spaces, which in turn leads to serious traffic congestion. A driver can spend a lot of time to look for an available parking space closed to his destination, which means the increasing of the traffic problem of the city, a very high consumption of fuel and the spectacular impact on the environment. Wireless sensor networks offer an attractive choice for low cost and easy-to-deploy solutions for intelligent traffic guidance systems and parking lot applications. This paper focuses on comparative study of different smart parking techniques developed with the aim of overcoming said problems using various wireless sensor networks and to propose architecture of a multi-service smart parking management system.

The rapid urbanization anticipated by the United Nations, projecting that 68% of the global population will reside in urban areas by 2050, underlines the escalating challenges such as public health, traffic congestion, and social inequality in cities. Smart cities, utilizing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), emerge as a pivotal solution by optimizing urban infrastructure and enhancing life quality, aiming for sustainable urban development that balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. This article systematically explores the intricate relationships among smart city concepts through a cluster analysis, highlighting how these interact within the scope of urban planning to address such multifaceted challenges. The analysis utilizes a bibliometric review and thematic clustering to synthesize existing definitions and characteristics of smart cities, assess the integration of sustainable practices, and identify the intersections where urban planning can effectively leverage ICTs to enhance city livability and sustainability. Our findings suggest that while smart cities are advancing, significant gaps remain, particularly in integrating technology with aging urban infrastructures and ensuring inclusivity in technology access. Future directions are proposed, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches and the need for adaptive policies that can accommodate rapid technological advancements without compromising the social and environmental fabric of urban life. This study not only advances academic knowledge but also offers practical insights for public and private sectors committed to fostering more intelligent, sustainable cities aligned with global sustainability goals.

According to our studies carried out in the time interval 2021-2022 in the cities of Timișoara and Bucharest, we found that local public administrations can manage more efficient resources called "Public Parking". In the two cities, more than 30% of the traffic is generated by people looking for a parking space. Moreover, statistics show that from 30% to 70% of parking spaces on public roads are occupied without payment. ZTE's smart parking solution aimed to solve such problems by reducing traffic congestion and increasing revenue to the local budget. The big metropolises are "forced" to apply scientific methods to face the new challenges of the third decade of the 21st century by directing investments in the "intelligence of cities". This happens through an assumed policy regarding the digitization of work processes and here we refer in particular to land communication routes, vehicles and parking spaces but we do not neglect traffic and its safety, logistics, the city's energy system, citizens and not in lastly environmental protection. Information technology is the key to success in transforming a poorly effective management policy through its rigidity to an era of integrating the component subsystems of a big city alongside a perception that includes, above all, attracting external funds and investments. Keywords: Bucharest Smart Parking solution, Smart City of Romania, Smart City, parking management.

Smart solutions shape for sustainable low-carbon future: A review on smart cities and industrial parks in China

19 - Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications for smart cities

This study examines how the application of the IoT in smart cities is discussed in the current academic literature. Based on bibliometric techniques, 1,802 articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed to identify the temporal nature of IoT research, the most relevant journals, authors, countries, keywords, and studies. The software tool VOSviewer was used to build the keyword co-occurrence network and to cluster the pertinent literature. Results show the significant growth of IoT research in recent years. The most productive authors, journals, and countries were also identified. The main findings from the keyword co-occurrence clustering and an in-depth qualitative analysis indicate that the IoT is used alongside other technologies including cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and wireless telecommunication networks. The major applications of the IoT for smart cities include smart buildings, transportation, healthcare, smart parking, and smart grids. This review is one of the first attempts to map global IoT research in a smart city context and uses a comprehensive set of articles and bibliometric techniques to provide scholars and practitioners with an overview of what has been studied so far and to identify research gaps at the intersection of the IoT and the smart city.

Effective parking solutions become increasingly important as urban areas increase because of wasted space, time-consuming searches, and traffic congestion. By utilizing cutting edge technologies to improve parking management and user experience, the Smart Vehicle Parking System (SVPS) tackles these issues. To deliver dynamic solutions, SVPS combines sophisticated algorithms, sensor networks, and real-time data. Parking space sensors track occupancy and transmit data to a central system, where machine learning maximizes space distribution and directs vehicles to open spaces. This smart parking system is software and hardware based. Different algorithms are used to find vacant slots using machine learning and deep learning. IR sensors, RFID, Servomotors and ESP 32 microcontrollers and Internet of things are useful to find vacant slots in real time signal processing. In traditional method it is difficult to search free space, and this method is time consuming, Smart parking system overcome this problem with new technology and improve parking management system. The SVPS not only improves urban mobility but also contributes to reducing vehicle emissions and enhanced overall efficiency. Keywords— smart parking, integration, secure payment,advanced technologies, convenient.

It is a challenging challenge for the users to find a parking spot to park their vehicles because of the rapid increase in vehicle density, particularly during the busiest times of the day. Moreover, a smartphone application is available that enables users to check parking space availability and reserve a spot accordingly. By lowering fuel use and pollution in cities, smart parking can boost the economy. Using parking resources more effectively is referred to as parking management. Finding the root of the issue is the first step in effective parking management. In light of the rising number of vehicles on the road, finding adequate parking is one of the sectors with the quickest growth rates. Traffic has typically been a nightmare. intelligent parking solutions from major hardware vendors to address these problems. On the other side, these are unsuited for their intended use and have led to significant parking problems at numerous businesses. The strategy makes an effort to provide a workable solution to the smart parking issue.

The concept of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has garnered significant global attention due to their wide range of applications. According to the IEEE 802.11 standard, WSNs are wireless networks consisting of sensor nodes (SNs) that interconnect via wireless communication links. These SNs are capable of sensing, processing, and wirelessly transmitting data, even in challenging environments. WSNs are primarily utilized for communication in various domains, including smart cities, healthcare, residential areas, and military applications. However, the deployment of WSNs in environments such as smart cities come with some challenges, particularly traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in smart cities, particularly during peak hours, is often caused by a high volume of vehicles traveling at the same time, resulting in delays, accidents, and inefficiencies under various weather conditions, including sunny and rainy days. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel algorithm called the Fusion-based Intelligent Congestion Management (FICM) algorithm, developed through the integration of the Navigation Reference Spatial Data (NRSD) algorithm and Fusion-based Multimodal Abnormal Detection (FMAD) algorithm. The objective of FICM is to mitigate on-road traffic congestion within smart cities effectively. The algorithm’s performance was evaluated using Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) by comparing its effectiveness with the NRSD and FMAD algorithms. Under sunny weather conditions, the NS-3 simulation results revealed that the FICM algorithm achieved an average False Alarm Rate (FAR) of 0.83%, a Mean Time to Detection (MTTD) of 76.0%, and a Detection Rate (DR) of 84.3%, outperforming both the NRSD and FMAD algorithms. Similarly, under rainy weather conditions, the FICM algorithm demonstrated an average FAR of 14.09%, an MTTD of 57.03%, and a DR of 78.04%, surpassing the performance of the NRSD and FMAD algorithms within the smart city environment.

Smart parking has become an important construction field of smart cities in China and an application field closely related to urban production and life. Establishing an urban smart parking evaluation index system is the top-level design of smart parking construction. Guided by the characteristics of new quality productivity, namely high technology, high efficiency, high quality, and sustainability, this paper constructs an urban smart parking evaluation framework of “one core, two goals, three levels, and six dimensions” on the basis of elaborating the concept and new connotations of smart parking, and extracts the key indicators for smart parking evaluation from six aspects: technological innovation, efficient governance, data-driven, high-quality service, sustainable industry, and people’s satisfaction. Finally, the calculation model and recommended weight value of the indicators are given, and the concept and calculation method of the “smart parking development index” are proposed. The research can provide evaluation methods and action guidelines for the construction of urban-level smart parking systems.

DSRC Based Sensor-Pooling Protocol for Connected Vehicles in Future Smart Cities