Real-time Location Based Shared Smart Parking System

Parking lot is an important part of urban infrastructure. Whether the parking lot space layout is reasonable is not only related to the happiness and satisfaction of local residents, but also affects the basic factor of urban economic development. Taking parking lot POI data as the research object, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and changing trends of parking lots in Lanzhou city in 2012, 2017 and 2022 by using “Standard Deviational Ellipse” , “Kernel Density ”, “Global Moran’s I” and “Local Moran’s I”. The results show that: 1) the public parking lot occupies the largest proportion of all kinds of parking lots, and develops from single-core cluster to multi-core cluster; The allocated parking lot is still in the growth stage of basic development. and the medium density value covers 72% of the streets; The layout of the dedicated parking lot is often to facilitate access to the city as the principle, the performance of Qing yang Road as the axis of the east-west strip; The overall density of the roadside parking lot changes not greatly, and its spatial distribution shows a planar development trend. 2) Except for the allocated parking lot, the standard deviation ellipse of the other three types of parking lot becomes shorter on the long axis, longer on the short axis and smaller on the flatness, indicating that the spatial distribution of the ellipse in the northwest to southeast direction is relatively saturated, so it expands in the north-south direction, which is consistent with the trend that Lanzhou city is limited in urban space and develops to the south and north to fully explore the available space. 3) In the main urban area of Lanzhou, there are large differences in the nuclear density of all kinds of parking lots, showing a state of multi-core aggregation, and significant differences in zoning, showing an unbalanced spatial distribution of “more in the southeast and less in the northwest”. 4) Public parking lots were clustered significantly, with high-high values mostly appearing in Chengguan District, and low-low values mostly appearing in Qilihe District and Xi gu District. The streets with high-low and low-high outliers are gradually reduced, and the distribution of public parking lots in Lanzhou tends to be reasonable on the whole.

Purpose: This study aims to estimate the demand for various public parking lots in Seoul by clustering similar demand types of parking lots and predicting the demand for new public parking lots.Methods: We examined real-time parking information data and used time series clustering analysis to cluster public parking lots with similar demand patterns. We also performed various regression analyses of parking demand based on diverse heterogeneous data that affect parking demand and proposed a parking demand prediction model.Results: As a result of cluster analysis, 68 public parking lots in Seoul were clustered into four types with similar demand patterns. We also identified key variables impacting parking demand and obtained a precise model for predicting parking demands.Conclusion: The proposed prediction model can be used to improve the efficiency and publicity of public parking lots in Seoul, and can be used as a basis for constructing new public parking lots that meet the actual demand. Future research could include studies on demand estimation models for each type of parking lot, and studies on the impact of parking lot usage patterns on demand.

■ This paper addresses concerns about the environment found within enclosed car parks in Hong Kong. These concerns have been expressed in terms of the levels of carbon monoxide found in car parks following a survey. The outcome has been the development of a code of practice for car park ventilation system design and performance. It is recognized, however, that too stringent criteria may lead to overdesign of ventilation systems and unwarranted use of energy. The criteria need to take into account the levels of exposure likely to be experienced by two separate groups ‐ car park users and car park employees or maintenance contractors. In public car parks the former group embraces the entire population as drivers or passengers, whilst the latter group can be expected to include only working adults. The criteria for exposure for each group are considered with respect to various health and occupational guidelines used in developed countries. In addition, the potential for impairment of driving performance is considered. Criteria for safe exposure levels in car parks are recommended.

Electric vehicle charging infrastructure investment strategy analysis: State-owned versus private parking lots

Today in this modern world, most of the urban cities are facing problems like traffic jam, limited car parking space, poor road safety conditions, costly transportation of goods from one city to other etc. In this paper, we have addressed the problem of smart car parking system using Internet of Things (IoT) for smart cities. Here, the wireless IoT sensor nodes provides remote access to the car driver to keep a track of the availability of the parking area. In this paper, the driver’s efforts & time both are reduced by providing an instant notification message about the free parking slots area using RFID technology. The developed smart car parking is simple, low cost, and efficient a system which can be used in Municipal Corporation authorized car parking stations at busy places such as Shopping Malls, Bus Stand Car parking, Metro Train car parking, airports etc.

A parking lot can accommodate a maximum number of vehicles, which determines its size. We model this parking lot as a family of Birth-Death Processes (BDPs) in equilibrium, with finite size, indexed by the parking lot utilization. Relying on the concepts of information and entropy (i.e., mean information) of a parking lot, we promote a methodology for revenue analysis of parking lots. Thereto, by definition, the park entropy is uncertainty, associated with the park. We evaluate the full park revenue (as a function of the full park information). Then, assuming the same Gaussian distribution for the revenue attained from any vehicle, the park revenue, its mean value and mean normalized square deviation of the park revenue from its linear part are also assessed. The last quantity is compared with park entropy, and park mean revenue with full park revenue, as functions of the park utilization, in order for an optimal trade-off between these measures to be established. Thus, when making decisions about the park utilization and size (as two key drivers of the parking business), park operators and planners who focus on the uncertainty become more proficient at their job than those who focus on revenue consequences only. The developed methodology is illustrated on the public parking lots, modeled as a family of BDPs with truncated Poisson distribution as its equilibrium one.

Nowadays, finding a place for vehicle’s parking space has become a big challenge especially, in downtown of metropolises. Parking places are as one of main part of the modern urban transportation system, having the crucial role of removing static traffic from streets, which can cause to reduce streets’ parking spots, improve vehicles movement and increase the width of streets indirectly. Allocations of public parking spaces have been done in traditional way by visiting the location until few years ago without considering all effective parameters in allocation of public parking spots. The only parameter that has been considered, being the price of land. Geographic Information System (GIS) takes into account a suitable system for specifying optimum location to develop the public parking space. Using the GIS has the merit of increasing accuracy in comparison with the traditional method. This research presents proper method for locating of public parking place by consideration all effective parameters and by using GIS. The effective parameters have been weighed by AHP method. Then these parameters have been combined by fuzzy algebraic sum. This method has been used for locating suitable parking spots in region1 of Tehran as the case study.

Mismatch between urban development and public parking lots have caused problems in transportation systems and urban traffic so that occupied passages by on-street stopping disrupt smoothing traffic flow. This makes it inevitable to increase the capacity of passages and to devote more space to off-street parking spots. The present study aims at finding the most suitable sites for public parking lots in one of the most crowded cities of western Iran. Before the site selection process is getting started, the area required for construction of new parking lots was estimated using Parking Generation Method. Afterwards, site selection criteria including “distance from travel absorber centers”, “distance from passages”, “the cost of real estate”, and “suitable land uses for parking lots” were determined while “unsuitable land uses for public parking spaces” such as historical monuments were recognized as a constraint factor and excluded from being further analyzed. The selected criteria were then weighted using pair wise comparisons. The map layers were finally overlaid once by Boolean Method. Since the selected spots on the output map had not adequate distribution throughout the study area, the overlaying was done once again by fuzzy Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) by which a total number of four spots were recognized suitable for public parking lots in the city.

With advances in QR code, mobile is becoming one of important channels in the fashion retail industries. This study attempts to understand the importance of QR code utilization in creating multi-channel business model. Study objectives are to classify types of multi-channel retailing by QR code utilization and to explore the role of QR code technology in strategic marketing elements for types of multichannel retailer. As an exploratory approach, a total of 78 news articles regarding QR code issues were reviewed and analyzed by focusing on 48retailers seleted in this study. The results found seven dimensions of QR code marketing strategies: abundant product information, additional information contents, transaction accessibility, connectedness to channels, location based service, loyalty program and multimedia advertising. Based a combination of channels and level of mobile apps' activation, multichannel retailers utilizing QR code technology were classified into four types; bricks-click-active mobile model, bricks-click-inactive mobile model, bricks-click model, and click-active mobile model. There were differences of using QR code marketing strategies among multichannel models. According to results, for bricks-and-mortar retailers, QR code was critical to integrate shopping experience with merchandise or sales promotions across channels. In addition, for non-store retailers, the QR code utilization was successful in expanding mobile channels, which can promote retail sales by a two-way interaction with customers via the mobile apps.

In the current situation, graphical illustrations are used in Digital clothing fashion. These clothing design specifications are built using computer technologies. In the internet world, the major challenges in fashion technology are forged products and untimely product delivery. Counterfeiting has always been a severe problem in the luxury goods business. To solve this issue, the proposed system authenticates the smart contract document for digital clothing design specifications based on the blockchain and QR code. Smart contracts are a set of simple self-executing codes or programs. It can run automatically when the predetermined conditions are met. It enables secure transactions and agreements to be completed without the need for centralised authority. Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger that makes it easier to record transactions and manage assets in a business network. QR codes are square-shaped matrices of dark or light pixels that are used to encode and retrieve data from computing devices more quickly. QR codes are used in a wide range of applications, from supply chain management to crypto wallet addresses. The proposed system has the following steps. Select the digital garment design specification file from the smart contract approved list. Verification authority checks whether the file has been approved file or not with the recorded blockchain data. After the verification process, a secure QR code is generated with the secret message. The generated QR code is included in the design specification file. This encoded file is uploaded to the IPFS (Interplanetary File System). This QR code symbol and a design specification file’s IPFS hash code are sent to the stitching section. This QR code is used to determine if the file has been tampered with or forged. The QR code is decoded by using the secret message and it displays the decoded product information. Finally, the downloaded data has been validated using the blockchain. This QR code encoding and decoding process experimented with the collected dataset which has 60 images. The action of the QR code analysed based on the with and without attacks.

This research analyses consumer perceptions of using QR Codes in promotional activities and digital payments implemented at Rumah Makan Surya Rezeki "Tahu Gimbal" Tlogosari-Semarang. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a questionnaire analysis approach given to consumers who have completed transactions at the restaurant. The result of this research is a change in how restaurants serve consumers with the introduction of QR Code technology as an alternative to provide information on the available menu items along with their prices and enable digital payments. The QR Code information provided is sufficient when printed as an image, and consumers focus their smartphone camera on scanning it until it connects to the needed information. The implementation of QR codes impacts the improvement of customer service through more straightforward, faster, and safer service. The obstacles encountered in implementing this QR code technology are unstable network access, which causes the application communication to malfunction, and many consumers still do not understand how to use the QR code.

In the modern world with about a billion vehicles present around the globe, and being in a densely populated country like India creates the need for an efficient parking system and with world advancing towards automation, there is also a need for an automated parking system. Mainly the problem of parking arises in big cities and this causes problems like traffic congestion, driver frustration & air pollution, etc. The issue mainly arises from not knowing whether the parking spaces is available at any given point of time. Even if known, many vehicles may be competing for limited parking spaces causing severe traffic congestions. Even there are problems that can be caused with regards to the parking management. It may be difficult for the parking management to organise the parking of the vehicles in an orderly manner. Thus we are trying to resolve the problems stated by developing an RFID based smart parking system that monitors the availability of idle parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest such slot by sending a message to the mobile number registered in the vehicle’s RFID. The proposed system uses infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the Arduino UNO microcontroller and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. Implementation involves minimal human interaction and provides a seamless parking experience thereby reducing a lot of time wasted by the user in parking his/her vehicle. Key Words: Parking System, RFID, Arduino UNO

The shortage of parking spaces in metropolitan cities has become a significant challenge, leading to wasted time, money, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. While smart parking solutions offer potential relief, existing systems often struggle with integration and coordination issues in the complex smart city ecosystem. In response, this paper introduces SCOPE, a cooperative distributed system architecture and interaction model that facilitates the management of parking spaces in a smart city through coordination and autonomous interactions. The system leverages an overlay network, a hierarchical and spatial structure of coordination nodes, and an integration layer to organize traffic and communication among facilities. By incorporating a sharing economy business model, SCOPE maximizes parking resource usage, merges public and private parking resources, and provides economic opportunities for private parking owners. The evaluation results demonstrate that SCOPE significantly reduces search time, traffic, cost, and air pollution while improving driver satisfaction. This novel approach presents a comprehensive solution to the challenges of smart parking management in metropolitan cities, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and economically viable urban environments.

Chicken and egg food traceability system based on NFC and QR code technology was designed. The traceability system registers and uploads the information of raised chickens through the chicken foot ring embedded with NFC tag. The system generates egg QR code according to the registered information and prints it on the eggs corresponding to the raised chickens. It is used for consumer users to scan and query the relevant information of the eggs and the raised chickens, including the breeding address, breeder and breeding record of the raised chickens. The system is designed based on the classic three-layer mode of the Internet of things and the B / S architecture. The system mainly realizes the traceability of chickens through NFC tags and eggs through QR codes. It has high stability and great application and promotion value.

In currently studies, the electric vehicle charging piles planning mainly includes two aspects: location and quantity planning. Moreover, the scope of planning mainly includes residential and public parking lot. In this paper, the planning of charging piles is divided into 2 parts for the first time: the centralized charging stations planning and the decentralized charging piles planning. Besides, this paper puts forward a modeling strategy for mileage of EVs considering multi-days spaced charging mode which conforms to the actual user charging habits. Finally, the planning method is applied to a new city planning. Compared with other method, the method of this article pays more attention to the actual situation from the load forecast to the overall planning in the area and puts forward the idea of hierarchical planning for the charging piles for the first time.