Secure Routing E-voting Protocol based on Wireless Sensor Network Platform with Block chain

We all know that voting is the primary factor to change the country’s future. Earlier, EVM, i.e., Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) were used to conduct voting across various cities and villages. But there were many issues in this system such as missing names in voter lists, misplaced votes, fake votes and so on. To tackle this problem an electronic decentralized system can be integrated, so one of these decentralized technologies is Blockchain technology. Blockchain-based electronic voting systems are a promising area of research to address the issue with traditional voting methods. The electronic voting system must overcome these issues before it can be used on a large basis. It results in developing a highly secure and transparent E-voting system that can handle all edge cases. This paper presents the results of the basic Blockchain technology implemented to demonstrate the efficient use for the E- Voting. The implementation of this system presents that the user candidate and Administrator can communicate securely using implemented system. This shows the use of Blockchain in the Applications where security is prime importance.

The modern electronic voting system is an interconnected set of rules, methods, processes, tools and technologies, as well as legal norms that ensure and regulate the remote legitimate will of authorized users (voters). This article proposes, investigates, and verifies by physical prototyping the two-tier architecture of the electronic blockchain voting system. The lower (first) level enables all components of the electronic identification process to be fulfilled by existing systems such as BankID, MobileID, electronic signature, and the like. This will ensure interoperability of electronic voting, inheritance of already implemented national information systems, in particular, of the national system of electronic confidential services, reproducibility of the results of physical prototyping of blockchain voting. The upper (second) level is intended for the implementation of the expression of votes and the counting of votes, with the provision of independent control over the correctness of the compilation of voter lists; the possibility of anonymous voting only by those who are entitled to it; the invariability and irrevocability of the results of the will; ease and transparency of checking the correctness of the vote count and the like. The obtained results of physical prototyping make it possible to confirm the validity and weight of the developed architecture, its ability to meet the basic requirements of decentralized electronic voting, the requirements of information and functional security and reliability of information technologies. The practical implementation of the developed blockchain voting architecture will increase trust in information resources and services (which is especially relevant for government agencies) and will reduce time and overhead; will make impossible the intervention of centralized institutions and possible corruption; will increase the reliability of information storage and the quality of services provided.

In order to define requirements for electronic voting systems it is necessary to understand electronic voting in general and in particular its possible implementations. Thus, this chapter provides an overview and classification of existing (paper-based and electronic) election forms, including multiple channel voting. The second part of this chapter presents the main differences between paper-based elections and electronic voting. The next two parts analysis in detail those forms of electronic voting relevant for further discussions in this book: Thus, the third part of this chapter proposes and discusses electronic voting machines (direct recording electronic voting machines and the Digital Election Pen). The fourth part focuses on remote electronic voting systems (including possible implementations of voter authentication, the secrecy of the vote, and the client-side voting software).

Traditionally, electronic voting has relied on a centralized method of administration. The database and the system are both under the jurisdiction of the system's central administration, which oversees the voting process. As a result, issues like database manipulation and duplicate voting may arise, whether accidentally or purposefully. Permissionless blockchain technology has helped overcome many of these issues; however, since the basic consensus technique of such blockchains demands particular computer resources for each voting operation, they are not ideal for new voting systems. Power consumption, efficiency, and system latency all suffer as a result. These issues may be alleviated in part if electronic voting technologies are used. By using corporate blockchain technology, this research presents an electronic voting system that is very reliable and secures the secret vote. It also discusses some of the frequent security and dependability challenges of electronic voting system solutions, such as a flexible network setup.

The present paper considers national electronic voting system problems in Ukraine, principles of construction and development prospects. Electronic voting refers to a way to exercise will, in which the voting, counting, and publication of the results processes are carried out by electronic means and systems. Most existing voting systems are built on centralized principles and this allows providing certain advantages, for example, high controllability of the system, its reliability, and autonomy. However, hierarchical systems also have significant drawbacks, in particular, single decision center and centralized storage leads to vulnerability to cyberattacks on them. Also it should be noted, that in centralized systems due to the abuse of administrative resources distortions of the results of expression of will are possible. This is the biggest threat to the modern democratic information society. Research, development, and implementation of new technologies of electronic voting, which would make it impossible to intervene and distort the results of the will through decentralization while maintaining all the system qualities for safety and reliability are promising. This article proposes particular proposals for architecture substantiating as well as a basic model and interaction protocols of a decentralized electronic blockchain voting system. A two-level blockchain voting architecture is proposed, researched and verified through physical prototyping. Its implementation will increase confidence in information resources and services (which is especially important for government agencies) will reduce time and overhead costs; make it impossible for centralized institutions to intervene and possible corrupt practices; will increase the reliability of information storage and the quality of services provided.

After the 2009 general elections in India a controversy started about the electronic voting machines (EVM) that are used nationwide since 2004. Political parties, activists, and academics raised suspicion that the machines might have been manipulated to alter the election outcome. There is no proof that EVMs have been manipulated in any of the past elections. However, concerned people claim that the risk is there. This paper takes a closer look at the Indian voting machine technology and the discussions around alleged security holes. The authors take a closer look at this particular controversy. Additionally, we want to provide the reader with information about the Indian electronic voting system more generally. This includes reasons to change from the earlier paper ballot system and design challenges for EVM in the Indian context. We are writing within the frame of a theoretical model called Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), developed by Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch (1987). Along the lines of this model we argue that after the EVM was adopted in India, different “relevant social groups” interpreted the EVM in diverse ways. From the social constructivist perspective, we argue that there has been not just one but rather at least three different EVMs. With time the “interpretative flexibility” diminished and “relevant social groups” more or less agreed on one interpretation of the EVM. The EVM has “stabilized” and the controversy has been closed basically. We show the SCOT model to be helpful for structuring the controversy in a fruitful manner. The research questions addressed here are: How did the ECI and EVM manufacturers react to allegations made by political parties, VeTA, and voting security researchers that EVMs are vulnerable to manipulation? How was the election practice affected?

Conventional electronic voting systems use a centralized scheme. A central administration of these systems manages the entire voting process and has partial or total control over the database and the system itself. This creates some problems, accidental or intentional, such as possible manipulation of the database and double voting. Many of these problems have been solved thanks to permissionless blockchain technologies in new voting systems; however, the classic consensus method of such blockchains requires specific computing power during each voting operation. This has a significant impact on power consumption, compromises the efficiency and increases the system latency. However, using a permissioned blockchain improves efficiency and reduces system energy consumption, mainly due to the elimination of the typical consensus protocols used by public blockchains. The use of smart contracts provides a secure mechanism to guarantee the accuracy of the voting result and make the counting procedure public and protected against fraudulent actions, and contributes to preserving the anonymity of the votes. Its adoption in electronic voting systems can help mitigate part of these problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a system that ensures high reliability by applying enterprise blockchain technology to electronic voting, securing the secret ballot. In addition, a flexible network configuration is presented, discussing how the solution addresses some of the security and reliability issues commonly faced by electronic voting system solutions.

Blockchain technology provides a stable spot in electronic voting systems by providing a transparent platform for an election which prevents the failures faced by the traditional electronic voting systems and makes it a more accurate and secure platform for voting. However, little attention has been paid to the possible impacts of new technological disruptions on politics and the electoral systems. The main goal of this paper is to design a framework for electronic voting systems using Blockchain technology. To achieve this goal, the paper outlines these three objectives: (1) to explore and identify the challenges in existing voting systems, (2) to identify the methods that could enhance the security and privacy of the electoral voting systems using Blockchain technology, and (3) to design a framework for electronic voting systems that use Blockchain technology in order to address the flaws in current voting systems. A mixed approach is applied in this study to explore the opportunities and challenges of the Blockchain voting system, and design the framework accordingly.

The secret nature of elections is of major importance to guarantee free and democratic elections. Due to it's impor- tance it has to be enforced even against the voter himself. I.e. every (electronic) voting system has to ensure that the voter does not gain any receipt that enables him to prove his voting decision to others. In this paper we present a formal model addressing the security requirement of receipt-freeness for electronic voting systems. This formal model can bee seen as a step towards a formal security model which enables the Common Criteria evaluation and certification of online voting products according to Evaluation Assurance Level EAL 5 or higher. Thus, it can help to strengthen the trust of the voters in the voting system. Keywords-Electronic Voting, Ballot Secrecy, Receipt-Freeness, Formal Security Model, Common Criteria

Investigation of E-voting system using face recognition using convolutional neural network (CNN)

Online voting system the most suitable replacement for the older generations paper ballot system and the nowadays trending Electronic Voting Machines (EVM). Every year by year the technology tries to reach its peak with immense exploration by revolutionizing the technology which makes the human life with more coloring. Today's Internet gives us access to a wide range of resources, information easily in a second. Among other such experiments is Blockchain. With its special features such as consistency and architecture, many companies, applications are increasingly moving towards them. One major usage of blockchain can be found in electronic-voting system. We can ensure the transparency of the election by placing all messages or details in the Ethereum blockchain, which keeps the privacy of each voter protected with maximum security and provides an effective sign-up process. Blockchain advantages on online-voting systems includes nonchangeable feature called immutable ledger of votes casted using time stamp method, security of voting system, instant validation of votes and counting of votes and updating in public ledger which does not depending upon the number of nodes in the blockchain network.

Electronic voting systems have been increasingly adopted to improve the efficiency and accessibility of modern elections. However, traditional electronic voting platforms often suffer from several limitations, including security vulnerabilities, lack of transparency, centralized control, and potential risks of vote tampering. These challenges can undermine public trust in electoral processes and highlight the need for more secure and transparent voting mechanisms. Recent advancements in Block chain Technology provide a promising solution for addressing these issues by enabling decentralized, tamper-resistant, and verifiable systems. This study proposes a blockchain-based secure electronic voting framework designed to ensure data integrity, voter privacy, and transparent vote counting. The proposed system utilizes a distributed ledger to record votes as immutable transactions, making it nearly impossible for unauthorized parties to alter or manipulate the stored data. Each vote is encrypted using modern Cryptography techniques before being added to the block chain network, ensuring voter anonymity while maintaining the authenticity of the election process. In addition, smart contracts automate the voting procedures, including voter authentication, vote casting, and result tabulation, thereby reducing human intervention and potential errors. The system architecture integrates a voter registration module, authentication mechanism, block chain network, and secure voting interface. Through the use of decentralized consensus mechanisms, the proposed approach eliminates reliance on a central authority and enables transparent verification of election results by authorized participants. Performance evaluation of the system demonstrates improved security, reliability, and transparency compared with conventional Electronic Voting approaches. Furthermore, the system provides an auditable and tamper-proof record of all voting transactions, ensuring accountability throughout the electoral process.

This paper presents a study of vulnerabilities, risks, considerations and securities that can occur in a system of electronic voting in an election process of any authority. It is proposed to make an analysis as an electronic voting system can impersonate the vote traditional manual that is used for several decades in all cities of the world, these systems must ensure the integrity and proper use of the data and information obtained, but some occasions not taken into account the security considerations that are necessary in this class of systems. For this, an analysis of the security provided by electronic voting system is made as well as the vulnerabilities that may occur during the election process and some considerations to consider about electronic voting.

In today’s digital environment, the voting system has moved from paper based to a digital system. A digital e-voting system has many properties such as transparency, decentralization, irreversibility, and non-repudiation. The growth in the digital e-voting system raises many security and transparency issues. In this paper, we used the blockchain technology in the digital electronic voting system to solve the security issues and ful?ll the system requirements. It offers new opportunities to deploy a secure e-voting system in any organization or country. The solution is far better as compared to other solutions because it is a decentralized system, containing the results in the form of bit-coins, having different locations. We will also analyze the security of our proposed voting system, which shows our protocol is more secure as compared to other solutions. The paper proposes a novel electronic voting system based on block chain that addresses some of the limitations in existing systems and evaluates some of the popular blockchain frameworks for the purpose of constructing a blockchain based e-voting system. In particular, we evaluate the potential of distributed ledger technologies through the description of a case study namely, the process of an election, and the implementation of a blockchain based application, which improves the security and decreases the cost of hosting a nation wide election.

While the different electronic voting systems are proposed and discussed in the first part of the foundation, this chapter presents an overview and analysis of existing approaches for the evaluation of electronic voting systems. It is discussion is necessary to know these approaches and their vulnerabilities in order to provide an exhaustive list of requirements and an evaluation approach.The surveyed approaches include requirement catalogues, ordinance, laws, and research activities. The discussed list of requirements were developed by people from different disciplines, like a group of security experts, data protection officers, security auditing enterprises, lawyers, or security auditing civil services.The first part of this chapter concentrates on requirement catalogues for electronic voting machines (in particular, the German and American election regulations) while the second part discusses those for remote electronic voting systems (in particular, the Council of Europe recommendations, the catalogue for “Online-Voting Systems for Non-parliamentary Elections”, the catalogue of the Gesellschaft für Informatik, the Swiss and Austrian election law, as well as the Network Voting System Standards). Afterwards, scientific papers are analysed, in particular Shamos’ commandments, Mercuri’s PhD thesis, a technical report from the EU CyberVote project, and McGaley’s PhD thesis. In all three cases, the analysis is structured according to context / background in which the requirements have been developed, input sources used, type of electronic voting system addressed , categories in which the requirements are classified / level of detail for the requirements, proposed evaluation and certification techniques (including underlying trust model), and people identified to oversee the evaluation and certification. The vulnerabilities are summarised in the conclusion.KeywordsTrust ModelSecurity RequirementVote SystemNational Metrology InstituteSecurity ExpertThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.