Security challenges in automotive hardware/software architecture design

Multi-dimension statistical analysis and selection of safety-representing features for battery pack in real-world electric vehicles

Feedback-based fault-tolerant and health-adaptive optimal charging of batteries

Future generations of electric vehicles (EVs) will require a new level of convergence between computer and automotive architectures, with the electric power train being a mechatronic system that includes a multitude of plug and play devices, embedded power and signal processing hardware, software and high level algorithms. This paper discusses the current advances in the computing devices, communication systems and management algorithms embedded in the EV building blocks used for implementing the distributed energy and propulsion architectures required for high efficiency, reduced complexity and safe redundancy.

Today, the burgeoning drive towards global urbanization with over half the earth’s population living in cities, has created major challenges with regards to intracity and intercity transit and mobility. This problem is compounded due to the fact that almost always urbanization and increase in standard of living drives individual automobile ownerships. Over 95% of automobiles are presently powered by some form of fossil fuel and as an unintended consequence, urban centers have also been centers for peak greenhouse gas emissions, a major contributor to global climate change. A revolutionary solution to this conundrum is flight capable electric automobiles or electric aerial vehicles that can tackle both urban mobility and climate change challenges. For such advanced electric platforms, energy storage and delivery component is the vital component towards achieving takeoff, flight, cruise, and landing. The requirements and duty cycle demands on the energy storage system is drastically different when compared to the performance metrics required for terrestrial electric vehicles. As the widely deployed lithium ion-based battery systems are often the primary go-to energy storage choice in electric vehicle related applications, it is imperative that performance metrics and specifications for such batteries towards areal electric vehicles need to be established. In this nascent field, there exists ample opportunities for battery material innovations, understanding degradation mechanism, battery design, development and deployment of battery control and management systems. Thus, this chapter comprehensively discusses battery requirements and identifies battery material chemistries suitable for handling aerial electric automobile duty cycles. The chapter also discusses the battery cell-level metrics pertaining to electrochemical, chemical, mechanical, and structural parameters. Furthermore, specific models for battery degradation, state of health (SOH), capacity and models for full cell performance and degradation are also discussed here. Finally, the chapter also discusses battery safety and future directions of batteries that would power these next generation urban electric aircrafts.

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources and the expanding market for electric vehicles (EVs) have escalated the demand for safe lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent performance. But the limitations of safety issues and energy density for LIBs continue to be obstacles to their future use. Recently, single-ion covalent-organic-framework-based (COF-based) solid electrolytes have emerged as a promising avenue to address the limitations of traditional liquid electrolytes and enhance the performance of LIBs. COFs have a porous structure and abundant electron-donating groups, enabling the construction of an available ionic conductive network. So, COFs are the subject of extensive and in-depth investigation, especially in terms of the impacts their adjustable porous structure and tunable chemistry on the research of ionic transport thermodynamics and transport kinetics. In this perspective, we present a comprehensive and significant overview of the recent development progress of single-ion COF-based solid electrolytes, highlighting their rare performance and potential applications in solid lithium batteries. This review illustrates the merits of single-ion conducting solid electrolytes and single-ion COF conductor-based solid electrolytes. Furthermore, the properties of anionic, cationic, and hybrid single-ion COF-based conducting electrolytes are discussed, and their electrochemical performance is also compared when applied in Li-ion batteries. Finally, to solve challenges in COF-based Li-ion batteries, strategies are provided to obtain a high lifespan, rate performance, and stable and safe batteries. This work is promising to offer valuable insights for researchers and the energy storage industry.

BackgroundA central goal of Systems Biology is to model and analyze biological signaling pathways that interact with one another to form complex networks. Here we introduce Qualitative networks, an extension of Boolean networks. With this framework, we use formal verification methods to check whether a model is consistent with the laboratory experimental observations on which it is based. If the model does not conform to the data, we suggest a revised model and the new hypotheses are tested in-silico.ResultsWe consider networks in which elements range over a small finite domain allowing more flexibility than Boolean values, and add target functions that allow to model a rich set of behaviors. We propose a symbolic algorithm for analyzing the steady state of these networks, allowing us to scale up to a system consisting of 144 elements and state spaces of approximately 1086 states. We illustrate the usefulness of this approach through a model of the interaction between the Notch and the Wnt signaling pathways in mammalian skin, and its extensive analysis.ConclusionWe introduce an approach for constructing computational models of biological systems that extends the framework of Boolean networks and uses formal verification methods for the analysis of the model. This approach can scale to multicellular models of complex pathways, and is therefore a useful tool for the analysis of complex biological systems. The hypotheses formulated during in-silico testing suggest new avenues to explore experimentally. Hence, this approach has the potential to efficiently complement experimental studies in biology.

Program synthesis automates the process of writing code, which can be a very useful tool in allowing people to better leverage computational resources. However, a limiting factor in the scalability of current program synthesis techniques is the large size of the search space, especially for complex programs. We present a new model for synthesizing programs which reduces the search space by composing programs from program pieces, which are component functions provided by the user. Our method uses genetic programming search with a fitness function based on refinement type checking, which is a formal verification method that checks function behavior expressed through types. We evaluate our implementation of this method on a set of 3 benchmark problems, observing that our fitness function is able to find solutions in fewer generations than a fitness function that uses example test cases. These results indicate that using refinement types and other formal methods within genetic programming can improve the performance and practicality of program synthesis.

Specification of behavioral anti-patterns for the verification of block-structured Collaborative Business Processes

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Battery safety is the most critical requirement for the energy storage systems in hybrid and electric vehicles. The allowable battery temperature is limited with respect to the battery chemistry in order to avoid the risk of thermal runaway. Battery temperature monitoring is already implemented in electric vehicles, however only cell surface temperature can be measured at reasonable cost using conventional sensors. The internal cell temperature may exceed the surface temperature significantly at high current due to the finite internal electrical and thermal cell resistance. In this work, a novel approach for internal cell temperature measurement is proposed applying on board impedance spectroscopy. The method considers the temperature coefficient of the complex internal cell impedance. It can be observed by current and voltage measurements as usually performed by standard battery management systems. The relevant frequency range considered for temperature measurements is chosen for high sensitivity and robust behavior and takes state of charge variations as well as aging effects into account. Transient temperature variations caused by various load profiles are analyzed in order to characterize the static and dynamic thermal properties of the cell. The resulting thermal equivalent model describes temperature changes inside the cell dependent on load current and ambient temperature. The temperature measurement approach and the thermal model are suitable for on board implementation in battery management systems. A dedicated battery excitation is not required, as signal components in the relevant frequency range are inherently present in typical driving current profiles. Thereby, significant improvements in terms of on-board diagnostics and battery safety can be achieved without any additional hardware effort.</div></div>

Over the past few years, there has been significant research interest in field of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Wireless communication over VANETs supports vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Such innovation in wireless communication has improved our daily lives through road safety, comfort driving, traffic efficiency. As special version of MANETs, VANETs bring several new challenges including routing and security challenges in data communication due to characteristics of high mobility, dynamic topology. Therefore, academia and the auto mobile industry are taking interest in several ongoing research projects to establish VANETs. The work presented here focuses on communication in VANETs with their routing and security challenges along with major application of VANETs in several areas.

A critical review of lithium-ion battery safety testing and standards

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted the need for an efficient and intelligent battery management system to ensure safety, longevity, and performance. This project proposes an IoT-based EV Battery Management System (EVBMS) that continuously monitors key battery parameters such as temperature, voltage, and current to prevent potential hazards. The system utilizes sensors to detect anomalies, a CO2-based fire extinguishing mechanism for fire prevention, and a cutoff relay to disconnect the battery in case of critical conditions. Real-time data is transmitted to an IoT platform, enabling remote monitoring and instant alerts for abnormal conditions. Additionally, data logging and visualization provide insights into battery health, helping users take preventive measures. The proposed EVBMS undergoes rigorous testing to optimize performance, minimize false alarms, and ensure reliability. By integrating IoT technology, this system enhances EV safety through automated monitoring, early fault detection, and efficient charge management, ultimately improving the reliability and sustainability of electric mobility. Keywords: EV Battery Management System (EVBMS), IoT, Electric Vehicles (EV), Battery Safety, Fire Detection, Charge Monitoring, Current Spike Detection, Real-Time Alerts, Data Logging, Remote Monitoring, Automated Protection, Smart Battery Management, Battery Health Monitoring.

As the environmental problems increasing seriously, governments have to take environmental protection as one of the most important development directions in the future. Large emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) will accelerate the greenhouse effect. Comparing with the traditional fuel vehicles, electric vehicle (EV) is a cleaner technology with lower emissions, which can slow the pace of global warming effectively and it has been promoted by governments around the world vigorously. However, there are still some challenges in the development of EV, such as range anxiety, battery safety and so on which will influence consumers’ choices. In order to promote the promotion of new energy vehicles, the government has promulgated a series of incentive policies on EV area. Scholars from all over the world have also studied the policy impact in the field of new energy vehicles. By using CiteSpace literature visualization tool, this paper analyzes relevant literature on the web of science (WOS) to determine the policy influence in EV area. The results indicate the research background of this field. In another hand, costumer and energy supply are the two important impact factors in this area.

Smart charging and discharging of electric vehicles based on multi-objective robust optimization in smart cities

A. Joe TurnerThe role of formal methods for program development and verification in computer science curricula will be discussed. The panel members will address the questions1) What should be taught?2) When should it be taught?3) What are the objectives in teaching this material?4) What are the problems in teaching this material at this level?The panel members and an outline of their positions is given below.Susan L. GerhartCertain things are understood to be needed for applying verification technology to actual software. The basic knowledge needed to apply verification methods using current technology to large-scale problems will be discussed, based on actual experience in using the technology in such areas as database systems, operating systems, and communications systems.Eric C. HehnerThe Dijkstra/Gries approach to program development is an important and useful component of the computer science curriculum. Good programmers use this approach informally, and instruction in the formal methods can provide the understanding that will improve average programmers. Although the subject matter is currently taught at the senior/graduate level at Toronto, it should be taught earlier, for example during the second year. Teaching the material earlier does require a different approach, however, and good student preparation in logic would be essential for success.Harlan D. MillsFormal methods and a large structured set of principles for program design and verification should be taught early in the computer science curriculum. Instruction in programming can be improved by teaching a large set of small principles, and teaching by apprenticeship. Students learn easier and faster when they are freshmen than later after they have become hackers.