Signal Processing Challenges in Cellular-Assisted Vehicular Communications: Efforts and developments within 3GPP LTE and beyond

Vehicular communication is regarded as a backbone for the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Recently vehicular communication has attracted researchers from both academia and industry all over the world, notably, in the United States of America, Japan and European Union. The rapid advances in wireless technologies provide opportunities to utilize them in vehicular communication in advanced road safety applications. The most important feature of vehicular communication is to improve the road traffic safety, efficiency, comfort and quality of everyday road travel. Networking in particular and communication in general are important rudiments in the development of ITS. Generally, in vehicular communication, the information exchange occurs among vehicles not only in an ad-hoc based vehicle-to-vehicle networking but also in a vehicle-to-infrastructure with possible intermediate infrastructure-to-infrastructure networking. Therefore, the infrastructure plays major role in order to realize the full potential of vehicular communications. This chapter provides an in-depth survey of the infrastructures and technologies that are recently proposed as part of future ITS developments as well as tested for vehicular communications in mobile environment. Specifically, we provide an in-depth analysis of wireless technology-applications such as ad-hoc networking and wireless local area network (WLAN), dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), cellular technology and NOTICE Architecture, and compare their characteristics in terms of their abilities to support vehicular communications for development of ITS.

Road's traffic management is an important topic which is more and more covered by various actors in the Intelligent Transportation Systems field via many proposed solutions. Thus, in order to achieve the dream of a smart city, special attention was given to the treatment of cities' traffic management problem; especially in junctions which constitute bottlenecks for traffic flow leading to a poor quality of urban mobility. The aim of this study is to examine further the RED approach for traffic lights management recently proposed for the design of an adaptive signal control system In the context of ITL (Intelligent Traffic Lights) systems, based generally on sensors, and communication technologies. Traffic management is a well known problematic in data networks. Thus, several researchers have studied methods for providing congestion avoidance at the gateway called also router. Inspired by advanced technologies in Internet traffic management, we propose a system based on the RED (Random Early Detection) mechanism widely used by routers to avoid congestion. Our contribution consists of the adaptation of this mechanism to the ITS context by applying it for traffic lights management. Our system will certainly contribute to decrease waiting times, fuel consumption and pollution. This paper will present the complete adaptation of the RED algorithm to the context of the intelligent transport systems. In addition, the RED-based design performance is compared with that of the pre-timed model to gain insights between the two systems.

Half of the world’s population resides in cities and this percentage is going to rise in the coming years. This rapid transformation of the economy and society is making traditional city management redundant. Intensive urbanization has brought with it some challenges. Scanty resources, population growth, increased carbon footprint, reduced air quality, congestion on roads, depriving health status, and falling food quality, all are prominent parts of cities. Does this bring a question in mind is accelerated growth sustainable? The answer and solution to this is an adaption of the Smart City Concept. A smart city integrates all the available technology with the requirements of city development and builds infrastructure which can improve the quality of life of citizens. Smart cities are designed in a manner to use minimum resources with maximum efficiency in all areas of urban life. It provides smart solutions using smart technologies. Urban needs and technological advancements meet in smart cities. It manages cities more quickly and effectively by using AI, IT technologies, and robotic process automation. Intelligent transportation, intelligent energy, intelligent governance, intelligent security, intelligent healthcare are all central to the idea of smart cities. The emphasis of this essay is on smart transit as a component of smart cities. The movement of people and goods across several geographical boundaries has been significantly aided by the transportation sector. Globally, the majority of smart cities face logistical and transportation issues. Both the fast growing human population and the increase in the number of cars on the road are to blame for this. In order to design and run a sustainable transportation system, technology may be of great assistance. Robotic systems for real-time vehicle data collection, traffic management, and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with traffic congestion. The transportation industry, which faces difficulties including traffic congestion, unanticipated delays, and routing issues that cause businesses to lose money, has successfully used robotic process automation. Robotic process automation provides reliable results and affordable solutions while reducing uncertainty in the decision-making process. It is very helpful in designing and running a successful transit system. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) systems for obtaining real-time data from vehicles, buses, and trucks for traffic management and using mobility on demand in trip planning through a single user interface have emerged as cities struggle with poor management and congestion. By examining different uses of robotic process automation, it is possible to evaluate precise prediction and detection models that are intended to forecast traffic volume, an appropriate route, traffic conditions, accurate information about timing, incidents, and which time and roadway for transport are suitable for running and mobility. The application of RPA in smart cities could be seen in Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Traffic Management, Public Transportation, Safety Management, Manufacturing, and Logistics. The research focuses on areas of concern for smart cities in the sphere of the transportation sector and related difficulties that may be solved via robotic process automation. The article emphasizes the challenges and solutions for making smart transportation more effective by using Intelligent Robotic Transportation Systems.

This paper proposes: 1) a traffic flow management policy, which allocates and organizes machine type communication (MTC) traffic flows network resources sharing within evolved packet system (EPS); 2) an access element as a wireless sensor network gateway for providing an overlaying access channel between the machine type devices and EPS; and 3) it addresses the effect and interaction in the heterogeneity of applications, services and terminal devices, and the related quality of service (QoS) issues among them. This paper overcomes the problems of network resource starvation by preventing deterioration of network performance. The scheme is validated through simulation, which indicates the proposed traffic flow management policy outperforms the current traffic management policy. Specifically, simulation results show that the proposed model achieves an enhancement in QoS performance for the MTC traffic flows, including a decrease of 99.45% in packet loss rate (PLR), a decrease of 99.89% in packet end to end (E2E) delay, a decrease of 99.21% in packet delay variation (PDV). Furthermore, it retains the perceived quality of experience of the real time application users within high satisfaction levels, such as the voice over long term evolution service possessing a mean opinion score (MOS) of 4.349 and enhancing the QoS of a video conference service within the standardized values of a 3GPP body, with a decrease of 85.28% in PLR, a decrease of 85% in packet E2E delay and a decrease of 88.5% in PDV.

With the gradual maturity of geographical multimedia information system, applying geographical multimedia information system to urban intelligent traffic management information system and urban traffic sharing information platform can realize unified management and real-time update of traffic information. Through the urban traffic sharing information platform, it can increase the value of information. The multimedia information of the entire intelligent traffic management system can be stored, organized and processed by the shared multimedia information platform. It can more effectively ensure the correctness, comprehensibility and avoid redundancy of data relationships. Then it improves the utilization and transmission speed of multimedia information in the system. The urban traffic multimedia information management system has improved the use efficiency of urban road construction in China. And it also made the traffic multimedia information system more scientific and intelligent. It can also improve its management level and play an important role in urban traffic management. This paper first briefly analyzes the current traffic situation and the development of intelligent traffic multimedia information system in China. The basic concepts of GIS and urban intelligent transportation system based on GIS are introduced secondly. At last, the possibility about GIS as urban intelligent traffic management system sharing multimedia information platform is analyzed. The system framework and the basic function of GIS platform are put forward, and the application of GIS in urban traffic common information platform using the key technical support was discussed. It expounds the application of GIS in urban traffic common multimedia information platform.

From 3 lakh vehicles in 1985, to about 53 lakh now, vehicle population in Bangalore has increased more than five fold during the last two decades. While the vehicle population is growing by at least one lakh every year, total road length has remained the same. Many of the arterial roads and junctions are operating over the capacity and to upgrade the city's traffic management system and resulted in the creation of the Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project, B-TRAC 2010 by Bangalore City Traffic Police. The BTRAC Project was conceptualized to address traffic congestion in Bangalore by employing the latest traffic management technologies. The components of BTRAC which are a reality on ground include the state-of-the-art Traffic Management Center which is the hub of transportation management system in Bangalore, Intelligent Transport Systems, Surveillance and Enforcement Cameras, Signage, Road Markings, Street Furniture, Junction Improvements and Capacity Building. Various traffic and road safety education and training activities have also been conducted with citizens and traffic personnel throughout the city for generating awareness about traffic rules and familiarising them with the latest technologies being adapted. As a result of such consolidated traffic control and management effort, Bangalore today has a full-fledged traffic maintenance system. This has resulted in creating transparency in enforcing traffic rules and levying adequate and timely penalties. BTRAC has resulted in better management of traffic, ensuring safety and security on roads and prevention of road accidents, with the monitoring and regulation of flow of vehicles in a systematic manner. BTRAC has reduced the occurrence of road accidents in Bangalore and is creating a safe road environment for commuters. The absolute number of road accidents witnessed a growing trend till the year 2007 and then followed a declining trend over the consecutive years with 5230 cases being reported in 2013 and 5004 cases in 2014. Even the fatal accident rate is showing a declining trend over the past five years.

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) evolves towards high mobility and provides better provision for connected nodes in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) and that faces different challenges due to high dynamicity in vehicular environment, which encourages reconsidering of outdated wireless design tools. Several applications like traveler evidence system, traffic management and public transportation systems are supported by intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In order to improve traffic safety, public transportation and compact eco-friendly contamination ITS supports well using smart city urban planning scheme. In this survey we reviewed more number of papers and extracted various insights about the high mobility node and its environment. Parameters like packet delivery ratio, traffic security, traffic density, transmission rate etc. are considered and measured its contribution towards the attainment of parameter in the scale of high, medium and low.

This paper builds on top of a collaborative ATFM framework previously published, which demonstrated a potential in significant pre-tactical system delay reduction over the current European ATFM practices. In this paper, we aim to raise the technology readiness level (TRL) of the original works, focusing on improving the tractability of its DCB optimizer. To this end, we apply a Dantzig-Wolfe (DW) decomposition approach and use high performance computing (HPC) techniques to attempt the solution in a short time. The main contribution of this paper is to mitigate the computational burden faced by previous approaches, which will make all the contributions demonstrated therein more operationally feasible.

Research efforts carried out on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improving safety and efficiency of road transportation have been focused on cars, where vehicular communications have demonstrated to enhance the driver awareness with active services that improve fatality statistics. Although common vehicles accidents have been reduced in the last years, those involving vulnerable road users remain. Cyclists and motorcyclists cover a whole area where ITS and telematics should be embedded with no doubt, given the incremental popularity of bikes and motorbikes in urban mobility and short interurban routes. For this reason, this work takes the key objective of integrating two-wheelers within the future cooperative ITS network. Hence, a novel communication device especially adapted to cyclists and motorcyclists has been designed, by integrating vehicular wireless communications (i.e. IEEE 802.11p) and considering interface limitations. From the protocols perspective the work is focused on IPv6, and considers two-wheelers as part of the Future Internet. In fact, a great success of the proposal is exploiting the synergy between IETF (Internet) and ITS-specific protocols coming from ISO and ETSI, creating a novel active system to improve two-wheel transport safety through Cooperative Awareness Messaging (CAM) over IPv6. The embedded communication node for two-wheelers includes the proper software to warn the driver about the approaching of a regular vehicle through audio and visual notifications. Moreover, its counterpart for common cars has also been developed, but using an Android application running on a handheld device connected to a regular IPv6 in-vehicle network.

Emerging real-time applications such as those classified under ultra-reliable low latency (uRLLC) generate bursty traffic and have strict quality of service (QoS) requirements. The passive optical network (PON) is a popular access network technology, which is envisioned to handle such applications at the access segment of the network. However, the existing standards cannot handle strict QoS constraints for such applications. The available solutions rely on instantaneous heuristic decisions and maintain QoS constraints (mostly bandwidth) in an average sense. Existing proposals in generic networks with optimal strategies are computationally complex and are, therefore, not suitable for uRLLC applications. This paper presents a novel computationally efficient, far-sighted bandwidth allocation policy design for facilitating bursty uRLLC traffic in a PON framework while satisfying strict QoS (age of information/delay and bandwidth) requirements. To this purpose, first we design a delay-tracking mechanism, which allows us to model the resource allocation problem from a control-theoretic viewpoint as a model predictive control (MPC) problem. MPC helps in making far-sighted decisions regarding resource allocations and captures the time-varying dynamics of the network. We provide computationally efficient polynomial time solutions and show their implementation in the PON framework. Compared to existing approaches, MPC can improve delay violations by 15% and 45% at loads of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively, for delay-constrained applications of 1 ms and 4 ms. Our approach is also robust to varying traffic arrivals.

The burgeoning growth of vehicular traffic, fuelled by rapid urbanization and an ever-expanding population, has resulted in congested road networks. Traditional and sensor-based adaptive traffic light management systems have shown commendable progress in some scenarios, but they suffer from inherent disadvantages that hinder their effectiveness and scalability. To combat these challenges, a dynamic and adaptable traffic control system is imperative to optimize traffic flow. The present paper explores the limitations of sensor-based adaptive traffic light management and advocates for integrating a novel algorithm to overcome the existing drawbacks. It proposes an intelligent traffic management algorithm called IntelliSignal that leverages the map service for fetching real-time traffic information to calculate the optimal green time and a penalty-based road selection to optimize traffic flow. The proposed IntelliSignal is designed to provide equal chances for all roads while prioritizing higher-density roads with more green time, effectively mitigating traffic congestion and improving overall transportation efficiency. It incorporates Q-learning, a reinforcement learning technique that enables the system to adapt and learn from traffic patterns. The proposed IntelliSignal’s performance is assessed through rigorous evaluations conducted on the simulation platform SUMO. The acquired results demonstrate substantial enhancements across various crucial metrics, including average waiting time, vehicle density, travel time, CO2 emissions, and queue length. Furthermore, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IntelliSignal algorithm exhibits a remarkable 30.52% increment in system throughput compared to the traditional approach. This significant enhancement underscores the efficacy of the proposed IntelliSignal in optimizing system performance and merits consideration for practical implementation.

Theoretical and applied ideas and tools of traffic intelligent management on the basis of fuzzy situational management and virtual cyberspace are developed through the system approach, artificial intelligence methods, modern achievements in the field of the creation of intelligent transport systems (ITS). The proposed scientifically-methodical foundations and software and hardware tools allow the creation of intelligent transport systems at a new level, synchronizing the development of road traffic infrastructure and virtual cyberspace, allowing to solve effectively a rather large range of theoretical and applied problems in the field of traffic management, transport modelling and planning.

The Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles (Ports) have recently implemented their Advanced Transportation Management Information System (ATMIS) to improve roadway vehicular traffic and incident management within the Ports and their surrounding area. The ATMIS allows for the real-time monitoring and control of connected intelligent transportation system (ITS) field devices. It also allows for real-time communication with external systems involved in travel information dissemination, cooperative traffic management, and coordinated response to incidents and special events on the Ports' surrounding arterials streets, highways, and freeways. Considering that the Ports-related truck traffic is expected to double in the next 10 years with only limited number of access routes to and from the Ports and two of the three access bridges to be in construction for replacement over the next five years, the ATMIS provides the necessary real-time traffic management tool to ensure effective goods movement.

On Industrial MAC Protocols: State of the Art Systems and Recent Approaches

his study assessed the impact of telecommunications infrastructure in enhancing smart transportation systems in urban cities of Nigerian, focusing on its role in enhancing mobility efficiency. The objectives were to examine the contribution of telecom infrastructure to smart transport development and evaluate its impact on traffic management, commuter safety, and realtime transport information. Two hypotheses were tested: Ho1, that telecommunications infrastructure does not significantly contribute to the development and efficiency of smart transportation systems in Nigeria’s urban areas, using Multiple Regression; and Ho2, that telecom-enabled technologies have no significant impact on traffic management, commuter safety, and real-time transport information, tested using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).A descriptive survey design was adopted. The study population comprised 40,634,160 residents in five major urban centres; Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Enugu, and Kanowith a sample size of 400 determined using Taro Yamane’s formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics.Findings revealed that telecom-based traffic control (mean = 3.0), GPS for safety (mean = 3.1), and emergency response (mean = 3.1) were positively rated, while real-time public transport information was poorly perceived (mean = 2.2). Overall, telecom infrastructure was accepted (mean = 2.9) as enhancing smart transport. Regression results for Ho1 yielded an F-value of 531.26, p < .001, indicating a significant contribution of telecom infrastructure to smart transport development and efficiency. MANOVA results for Ho2 (Wilks’ Λ = 0.017, F(21, 1120.42) = 168.142, p < .001) confirmed that telecom-enabled technologies significantly influence traffic management, commuter safety, and real-time information.The study concludes that telecommunications innovations are central to improving urban mobility, though challenges persist due to infrastructural and policy gaps. It recommends improved broadband access, policy alignment, and capacity-building to maximise telecom infrastructure’s role in smart transportation