Solar Powered IoT based Smart Solid Waste Management System

Burglar and fire are the two dangerous life events. An IoT based intruder and smoke monitoring system is proposed to protect us from these events. The proposed system is a low cost and energy efficient alternative to the existing systems. It is an integrated system that can detect and monitor theft and fire. The system consists of hardware and software parts. The hardware parts have two separated subsystems, smoke and intruder subsystem. The smoke subsystem uses an ESP8266 Arduino board with a smoke sensor (MQ2) and a buzzer. The intruder subsystem uses an ESPIno32CAM board with an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04). The software parts consist of three applications that are web, android, and LINE application. Both subsystems share the same web, android, and LINE application. When a smoke is detected by the sensor, the alarm sounds. The smoke subsystem sends a notification to the web and LINE application and the gas concentration level is sent to MySQL database. When an intruder is detected by the sensor, the intruder subsystem captures his photo and sends it to the LINE application for notification. The system also has the ability to recognize faces so that when a homeowner is detected by the sensor, no notifications are displayed in LINE and web application. Web application shows an alert message when there is an intruder and a smoke. It also shows a graph of gas level values. Android application can turn on and off the device in the system.

As of late, it is seen that dustbins set at a different spots like open places, for example, healing centers, instructive Institutes and Industries are flooding. This flooding of refuse canisters make unhygienic condition which can spread the sicknesses .Also fast increment in populace squander offer ascent to inappropriate waste administration. To maintain a strategic distance from this circumstance, we proposed new framework Smart City Garbage Collection and Monitoring System. In the recent decades, Urbanization has increased tremendously. In the meantime there is an expansion in waste creation. Waste management has been a pivotal issue to be considered. This paper is a way to deal with achieve this incredible inspiration. In this paper, smart bin is built on a microcontroller based platform Raspberry pi Uno board which is interfaced with GSM modem and Ultrasonic sensor and also the weight Sensor which is used for calculating the weight of the dustbins. The weight sensor is placed at the bottom of the dustbins which will measure the weight of the dustbins and also The Ultrasonic sensor is placed at the top of the dustbin which will read the status of the dustbin. The threshold limit is set as 10cm. Raspberry will be programmed in such a way that when the dustbin is being filled, the remaining height from the threshold height will be displayed. When the junk achieves the limit level ultrasonic sensor will trigger the GSM modem which will persistently caution the required expert until the trash in the dustbin is squashed. As indicated by the area, expert will sends the message to the separate administrator; waste vehicle can gather the refuse, which is finished with the assistance of robot component.

Organic farm waste management in degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems in NW Tanzania

Agriculture and food industries are the sources of survival for human lives. Globally, these sectors provide 24 million tons of food and are estimated to increase the production up to more than 10 billion by 2050. The exponentially growing population has put immense pressure to further increase Agricultural production. Unfortunately, in the overall process from farming to product utilization, huge quantities of waste are produced that increase around 7.5% annually. These wastes are mainly in the form of farm agricultural waste, industrial agricultural wastes, livestock (meat) production and processing wastes, fertilizers and on-farm medical wastes, horticultural and other chemical waste, packaging and manufacturing waste, kitchen waste etc. The improper management of these wastes causes various ecological hazards like increased soil and water contamination, air pollution, smog formation, increased greenhouse gases, damage to aquatic biomes, increased loads on landfills, etc. This creates both environmental deterioration and economic loss to the population. Open dumping of these wastes causes stinky odor on decomposition, attracts fleas and pests, forms leachates that flow and contaminate the soil and nearby water resources, causing serious health issues for humans. This problem increases further due to a lack of knowledge about the hazardous impacts of agricultural and kitchen wastes on the environment when they are disposed of in an unplanned and unprocessed manner. But these waste products have some crucial physiochemical and biological properties that make them cheap, feasible, economical, and eco-friendly materials for utilization in some industries like construction, energy and fuel, packaging, water purifying, skincare, fertilizer, etc. The purpose of this review study is to understand the effects of agricultural and kitchen waste on the surrounding environment. The review of prevailing and advanced techniques for proper utilization and management of this waste in other industries may help in spreading awareness for a better ecological and economically stable future of the earth.

There is relatively little evidence of health effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related pollution in susceptible populations. We investigated whether long-term exposure to traffic air and noise pollution was associated with all-cause mortality or hospital readmission for myocardial infarction (MI) among survivors of hospital admission for MI. Patients from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project database resident in Greater London (n = 1 8,138) were followed for death or readmission for MI. High spatially-resolved annual average air pollution (11 metrics of primary traffic, regional or urban background) derived from a dispersion model (resolution 20 m × 20 m) and road traffic noise for the years 2003-2010 were used to assign exposure at residence. Hazard ratios (HR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Most air pollutants were positively associated with all-cause mortality alone and in combination with hospital readmission. The largest associations with mortality per interquartile range (IQR) increase of pollutant were observed for non-exhaust particulate matter (PM(10)) (HR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.00, 1.10), IQR = 1.1 μg/m(3)); oxidant gases (HR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.00, 1.09), IQR = 3.2 μg/m(3)); and the coarse fraction of PM (HR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.00, 1.10), IQR = 0.9 μg/m(3)). Adjustment for traffic noise only slightly attenuated these associations. The association for a 5 dB increase in road-traffic noise with mortality was HR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.99, 1.06) independent of air pollution. These data support a relationship of primary traffic and regional/urban background air pollution with poor prognosis among MI survivors. Although imprecise, traffic noise appeared to have a modest association with prognosis independent of air pollution.

As carbon sources for the denitrification process, agricultural wastes have some problems, such as excess release of organic carbon; unclear release characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, and colorimetric substances; and unclear components, release mechanisms, and potential effects of the released dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the start-up period. To resolve those problems, rice straw, wheat straw, corn stalk, corncob, soybean stalk, and soybean hull were selected as denitrification carbon sources to investigate the release mechanisms and potential influences of the organic matter, secondary pollutants, and DOM. The results showed that the six agricultural wastes could be used as the denitrification carbon source. The carbon content in the wheat straw was the highest and the secondary pollution risk from the corncob was the lowest. For the six carbon sources, the second-order kinetic equation and Ritger-Peppas equation were followed during the 1-120 h carbon release process. The fitting results demonstrated that corncob was more suitable for use as the denitrification carbon source because of its moderate cm value and longer t1/2 value, and the release mechanisms of the six types of carbon sources were mainly controlled by the diffusion process. The NH4+-N, TN, and TP contents in the immersion water of the rice straw were higher than those of the five other agricultural wastes, and there was heavy chromaticity in the immersion water of the wheat straw and corn stalk. The amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and chromatic substances released from the corncob were the lowest. The leachates of the corncob and soybean hull had higher biodegradability and lower risks of secondary pollution than those of the other sources. The aromaticity and molecular weight of DOM increased as the reaction time increased, and the humification of DOM was low. Five components were identified by PARAFAC. The main component was protein-like matter, which was mainly composed of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like substances. There was less humic acid-like matter in the immersion water. The component characteristics of DOM might have had an adverse effect on the subsequent water treatment process. These results could provide theoretical support for the impact on effluent water quality and risk assessment when the agricultural wastes are used as an additional denitrification carbon source at the start-up stage.

Today’s society is faced with many upfront challenges such as the energy crisis, water pollution, air pollution, and global warming. The greenhouse gases (GHGs) responsible for global warming include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NOx), water vapor (H2O), and fluorinated gases. A fraction of the increased emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere is due to agricultural and municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. There is a need for a sustainable solution which can degrade the pollutants and provide a technology-based solution. Hence, the present work deals with the custom design of a loop photobioreactor with 34 L of total volume used to handle different inlet CO2 concentrations (0.03%, 5%, and 10% (v/v)). The obtained values of biomass productivity and CO2 fixation rate include 0.185 ± 0.004 g L−1 d−1 and 0.333 ± 0.004 g L−1 d−1, respectively, at 10% (v/v) CO2 concentration and 0.084 ± 0.003 g L−1 d−1 and 0.155 ± 0.003 g L−1 d−1, respectively, at 5% (v/v) CO2 concentration. The biochemical compositions, such as carbohydrate, proteins, and lipid content, were estimated in the algal biomass produced from CO2 mitigation studies. The maximum carbohydrate, proteins, and lipid content were obtained as 20.7 ± 2.4%, 32.2 ± 2.5%, and 42 ± 1.0%, respectively, at 10% (v/v) CO2 concentration. Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b were determined in algal biomass as an algal physiological response. The results obtained in the present study are compared with the previous studies reported in the literature, which indicated the feasibility of the scale-up of the process for the source reduction of CO2 generated from waste management systems without significant change in productivity. The present work emphasizes the cross-disciplinary approach for the development of bio-mitigation of CO2 in the loop photobioreactor.

The reasonable and effective treatment and utilization of agricultural production waste is an effective way to deal with energy depletion and climate change. Agricultural waste, including crop straw, livestock manure, agricultural film, pesticide packaging, the waste if improperly handled, can lead to soil, water and air pollution, like remains in agricultural land contains various chemical elements of crop straw and livestock manure, if improperly handled will cause irreversible of soil erosion and pollution. Through resource utilization, these wastes can be converted into organic fertilizers, bioenergy, feed or other valuable products, thus reducing environmental pollution, improving the efficiency of resource utilization, and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. This study will discuss the technical progress of the treatment mode of agricultural waste in the current technical field, and find out the shortcomings and challenges of the existing technology. China, India, America, Japan, Thailand and many other countries are stepping up their research on biomass energy. The development and utilization of agricultural biomass have a strong competitiveness in the energy market.

Organic fertilization has been gaining increasing attention in recent years due to its significant soil health benefits and its alignment with European environmental and agricultural strategies. A considerable percentage (10.4% in 2022) of agricultural fields across Europe currently incorporate organic fertilizers into their management practices one or two times/year, and this proportion is projected to increase by 25% by 2030. Consequently, the environmental impacts associated with organic fertilization, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions, which tightly connected with air quality and health risk through their contribution to secondary pollutants, have become a critical area of study but remain poorly understood. To address these concerns, the SOFORA project was established to quantify agricultural gas emissions, including VOCs, nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH₃), ozone (O₃) and particle matters through laboratory measurements and field campaigns. The project also aims to develop robust models to estimate emission levels resulting from the application of various types of organic fertilizers under different agricultural conditions.During the laboratory measurements conducted as part of the SOFORA project, the dominant VOC profiles and their magnitudes were found to be highly dependent on the specific type of organic fertilizer applied. To investigate these emissions under real-world conditions, eddy covariance techniques and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) were utilized. Field experiments were carried out in the spring and autumn of 2023 at two agricultural sites in France: a wheat field and a white mustard cover crop field. Both experiments ensured consistent crop field footprints within the measurement zones, enabling reliable data collection and an accurate representation of emission dynamics in agricultural environments.Field measurements confirmed the short-term but significant release of gases and their potential impact on air quality following organic fertilization. VOC emissions were observed to persist for over seven days post-application for both fertilization types. Approximately 2% of the total applied carbon was estimated to be emitted as VOCs from green waste and digestates, respectively. Peak emission fluxes were approximately 85,000 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ and 53,000 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ for total VOC emissions at noon on the first day after application of green waste and digestates, respectively. VOC emissions were dominated by acetic acid, methanol, and acetaldehyde for green waste applications, and by methanol, isoprene, and acetone for digestates. These compounds are estimated to have a high potential contribution to ground-level ozone and/or aerosol formation.Volatilisation of organic fertilizers may contribute much more significantly than expected to atmospheric burden, leading to broader environmental impacts such as air quality deterioration and nitrogen deposition. Further high-resolution measurements are needed to refine our understanding of these processes and develop strategies to mitigate potential trade-offs between sustainable soil management and environmental protection.

Study question What is the impact of air pollution exposure on outcomes for couples having IVF treatment? Summary answer Environmental exposure to high levels of air pollutants may negatively influence IVF outcomes with potential implications for fertility treatment. What is known already Air pollutants are harmful substances in the atmosphere that have adverse effects on human health. Increased levels of air pollutants have been associated with respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disease, and increased morbidity in humans across all age groups. Existing evidence suggests that increased exposure to air pollutants may adversely affect fertility. The relationship between air pollutants and IVF outcomes remains poorly understood. Study design, size, duration This was an ethically approved prospective observational feasibility study conducted over a two-year period. Ten couples due to undergo an IVF cycle were recruited from a fertility centre in the UK. Environmental exposure to ambient air pollutant for particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and 10 micron size was measured using portable AirBeam monitors over the course of two weeks from commencement of the ovarian stimulation regime. Participants/materials, setting, methods Eligible participants were those aged 18-35 years old, undergoing fresh IVF, with a good ovarian reserve and ability to provide informed consent. Data of interest included: BMI, age, parity, ethnicity, smoking status. IVF data included: number of oocytes retrieved, embryo quality and cycle outcomes. AirBeam device data was extracted, analysed and correlated with IVF outcomes. Participants feedback was sought for qualitative input for future studies. Main results and the role of chance Total of 28,269 data points of ambient air pollutant data for PM 2.5 and 10 micron size were recorded amongst the ten participants. One participant was exposed to significantly high air pollutant levels during ovarian stimulation on certain days (PM2.5 - 81.06 µg/m³ and PM10 - 154.48 µg/m³) compared to standard annual air pollution level for the UK of 25 µg/m³ for PM2.5 and 40 µg/m³ for PM10. Two women did not have embryo transfer due to embryo arrest. Of those who had transfer, 50% (n = 4) had positive pregnancy tests however three experienced early pregnancy losses. At the time of writing there was one ongoing single viable pregnancy. On correlation of air quality data with clinical outcomes, the one participant who exhibited fluctuant very high exposure levels to the measured air pollutants, had unexpected low fertilization rate (20%) with IVF and no transfer due to embryo arrest. Of the nine participants returning the questionnaire feedback, all but one rated it acceptable to most acceptable to carry the device around. The main barrier was the size of device and battery life. All respondents were willing to recommend others to participate in a future similar study confirming feasibility to recruit. Limitations, reasons for caution As a feasibility study, with a limited sample size, our findings should be interpreted cautiously. The small cohort limits the generalisability of our results. Further research with larger sample sizes is required to validate our findings. Wider implications of the findings Understanding the impact of air pollutants on IVF outcomes is important for developing evidence-based guidance and interventions to optimise fertility treatment efficacy. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of personal air quality monitoring and emphasises the necessity for larger scale research and the practicality of pollutant exposure measurements in fertility treatments. Trial registration number REC reference: 21/NE/0233 IRAS project ID: 294240. Theramex BIRTH Grant

Due to urbanization and the development of cities, many forests have been cut down for the accommodation and conveyance of human beings. Demand for vehicles is growing exponentially due to the excessive use of resources. Due to how air pollution occurs from vehicles, we are using resources excessively, which is not good for us and our future generations. We are burning fossil fuel and coal for factories, which causes air pollution due to many diseases that occur in human beings, such as respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Smart sustainable cities are a good concept for every country using the internet of things. In this paper, we discussed air pollution and how it can be monitored using the internet of things. We use gas sensors and dust sensors, which are placed in street lights and signals along city roads, to sense the data. The Arduino is used for analysing the data; the data is displayed on an LCD display and sent to the cloud. People can know the status of air pollution using an Android application.

Airborne virus is a major concern in this pandemic era. Viruses can spread indoors even though health protocols have been implemented so the air quality in indoor environment need to be controlled. Air quality can be measured through several aspects, such as temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. Each aspect can be analyzed for its concentration according to the predetermined threshold value of Air Quality Standard. This study offers an IoT-based smart indoor air sterilization system that can be used to monitor air quality by adding a HEPA filter, UV lamp, and carbon in air purifier. The proposed system can be monitored through the android application in real time. The test results show that the proposed system can run according to the specified parameter values given. For UV lamp is turn on, temperature produces an average temperature of 24C, CO2 level is around 314ppm, and humidity level is 45 – 65%. For further analysis, the air purifier need to be placed in different location to determine the coverage of air purifier and to examine the size of product that suit the need.

For the fluctuation and disturbance problems of the reflective ultrasonic wind speed sensor in the process of data monitoring at different wind speeds, this paper analyzes the flow field characteristics of the reflective ultrasonic wind speed sensor through PIV experiments and CFD simulations, analyzes the internal flow field structure of the sensor at different wind speeds, and analyzes the velocity field, vortex field and other parameters of the flow field characteristics. The results show that the leeward area of the three reflector pillars is a low wind speed area, while the areas on either side exhibit high wind speeds. The wind speed in the windward area is lower than the standard wind speed but higher than the leeward area wind speed. The leeward zones of the three reflector pillars display distinct vortex areas, with vortex values peaking on both sides of the pillars. Additionally, the transducer recessed area is a low wind speed area, and there is a vortex in the reflux area, with the maximum vortex value in the boundary of the recessed area.

Concrete has been known to the world to be one of the most crucial components of a developing country but there some downsides to the environment in making the concrete. Mixing concrete needs water, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and cements as the main component. Cement is the main cause of the disadvantages of normal concrete mixing because in cement production, it will emit a lot of carbon dioxide to the environment. The emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is proven as one of the main problems that cause air pollution and greenhouse effect. Furthermore, in an agricultural dependent country like Malaysia, the agricultural waste had been concerning to the public whereby the Sugarcane Bagasse (ScB) is one of the agricultural wastes. Sugarcane Bagasse can be useful towards the civil engineering communities where the Sugarcane Bagasse can turn into ash by burning and grinding the Sugarcane Bagasse residual and turn into Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA). The Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) need to grind to make the particles of the ash to be cement-like of the particle size. Therefore, the purpose of the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) in this research is to replace some percentage of the cement to minimize the production of cements. So, the objective of the research is to identify the optimum percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash that can produce maximum value of compressive strength of concrete when it is being replace by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA). The percentage of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) that will replace the percentage of cements is 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%. Based on the results obtained the compressive strength of the concrete mix with 4% of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) is higher compared to the control sample which is 45.60MPa where the control sample only have 38.83MPa. In conclusion, by using the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) it is proven that with the agricultural waste, it can be useful to the not only civil engineering communities but also to the world with the invention of using the Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) as a replacement for cements where it can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions and the concern towards agricultural waste.

Biochar has received a great deal of attention during the last few years. This multifunctional biomaterial has multiple modes of interactions and distinctive characteristics, which enable its wider applications such as in carbon sequestration, contaminant immobilization, greenhouse gas reduction, soil fertilization, water filtration, etc. Variability and predominance of a specific interaction are attributed to feedstock types and conditions of biochar production. Biochar is a product of burning waste organic matter such as wood, grasses, crop residues, lignite and manure, under conditions of limited oxygen during pyrolysis processes. The production of biochar from agricultural wastes is able to significantly reduce the volume andweight of the wastes. Because of this character, biocharis considered as a promising means for managing the biomass wastes. The changes in the ratios of H/C and O/C occurred during pyrolysis processes transform the molecular structures and arrangement of the atoms and result in high stability, aromaticity and recalcitrant characteristics of the biochar.Biochar can therefore keep carbon content for 100s-1000s years in soil which is crucial for soil health. Those biochar characteristics play beneficial role to mitigate CO2 emission byenhancing long-term carbon sequestration and its strong sorption affinity for organic contaminants. Therecalcitrant and longer life time nature of biochar draw carbon from the atmosphere and stabilize organic carbon in soil providing a carbon sink whilst improvingwater and soil quality. In this paper we discuss recent research development on biochar application for soil carbon sequestration and its future prospects. The results of our research on amendment of biochar from low rank coal lignite to the soil of palm oil plantation in stabilization of soil dissolved organic carbon are also discussed.