IoT based Waste Collection Management System for Smart Cities: An Overview

The government of India aims at “Swachh Bharat Mission” and for that we need smart city with smart streets enabled with smart garbage monitoring system. We see garbage bins around us placed at public places overflowing with due to increase in waste and results into unhygienic conditions for people and leads to deadly diseases. Thus to improve this situation, we proposed this project. In our proposed system, there are multiple smart garbage trash bins on a microcontroller board platform (Arduino Board) located throughout any city or the campus or hospital. The Arduino Board is interfaced with GSM modem and ultrasonic sensor. Once the level of threshold is being crossed, then ultrasonic sensors will trigger the GSM module which in turn continuously alert the authorised person by sending SMS reminder after until the dustbin is cleaned. Beside this, we will also create the central system that will keep showing us the current status of garbage on mobile web browser with html page by wi-fi. With the help of this, we will create shortest path for garbage collection vehicles using Dijkstra Algorithm. This is real time waste management by using smart trash bins that can be accessed anytime anywhere by the concerned person. Keywords: IoT; Smart city; Smart Garbage Bins; Arduino; Ultrasonic Sensors; GSM; Real time Analytics; Route Optimization

Introduction: Biomedical waste (BMW) management is crucial for mitigating environmental and human health risks. Conventional methods, which include segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal, often fail to address the growing volumes of waste and the associated hazards. Aim: This article examines existing regional and worldwide practices, trends, challenges and the way forward in BMW management. Methodology: Peer-reviewed publications, conference papers, systematic reviews, and reports published in English that were searched using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were among the sources of information that were been synthesized in this review. Search terms included waste management, medical waste management, smart bins, AI, machine learning, and IoT. Results: Globally, disparities in BMW management practices persist, influenced by socio-economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and resource availability. Developing regions often lack adequate infrastructure, leading to improper waste segregation, unsafe transportation, and open dumping, thereby exacerbating health and environmental risks. With approximately 75–90 percent of BMW being non-hazardous and the remainder requiring specialized handling, technological advancements. In India, for instance, it generates 1.5–2 kg of waste per bed daily, with an additional surge during the COVID 19 pandemic. Conclusion: Emerging AI-enabled solutions, such as smart bins, real-time monitoring, route optimisation, and blockchain technologies, demonstrate the potential to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability in BMW management. From Waste to Smart Transformations, AI-driven biomedical waste management has become a critical necessity at the global and regional levels, underscoring the urgent need for further extensive research in this field.

Many cities in India are being expanded as smart cities. In such a way, Waste management is also a big challenge in India. Researchers are continuously working on this problem in so many ways. But, the revolution of Internet of Things will play an important role as well as give way to develop an effective and efficient Smart Waste management system for the upcoming smart cities in India. The following factors are causing the problem: growth of population density and existing congested infrastructure. This paper reviews the waste management system proposed by the researchers in the past for different smart cities and then proposes an Effective and efficient smart waste management system. The proposed model developed in this paper is with respect to the Indian infrastructure and complete integration of the different stakeholders of the Waste Management System such as Smart bins, Sensors, Source areas, and Vehicles. The proposed system is efficient and effective because the system works dynamically with respect to Smart bins, collection vehicle, and routes.

Waste management is one of the vital role of a smart city. Nowadays smart cities are rapidly increase at the same time the pollution rate was also increased highly. So people are doing the things smartly to reduce the pollution. Since the generation of waste is active in nature, it often outcomes in some garbage cans getting overloaded and leaking while other remains almost vacant. An overflowing waste bin cannot only produce pollution but also provide health threats, especially in warm surroundings. Waste management is one of the major issue in our society which would affect predominantly. This project reduces the trash bin waste smartly. The Passive Infrared sensor (PIR) is used to identify the existence with the assistance of motion. The DC Gear motor is used to open and close trash bin by means of rotation and it is placed inside the trash bin. Infrared (IR) sensor is located inside the trash bin which is used to sense the garbage level within its range. If the trash bin is full the buzzer will be on and GSM modem is used to send the message to the respective authority. The trash bin is built with a microcontroller which is interfaced with GSM, PIR sensor, DC gear motor and IR sensor. Once the waste reaches its limits, IR sensor will activate the GSM modem which will aware the involved authority until the trash in the bin is removed. Once these garbage bins are executed on a large level, by replacing our traditional bins present-day it has decrease the pollution level, remove the garbage with investing less time and keep our environment clean. Keyword: PIC16F877A Controller, PIR, Sensor, Microcontroller, GSM Cite this Article: M. Lizzy Nesa Bagyam, S. Mohamed Sameem, R. Nandhagopal, C. Priyanga. Self-Monitoring Automated Route Trashbin. International Journal of Software Computing and Testing. 2019; 5(1): 22–25p.

Waste collection is one of the essential tasks in a smart city. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology that offers potential solutions for transforming traditional systems. An IoT‐based smart bin is a modern technology that offers real‐time fill level information to a cleaning authority. However, high uncertainty associated with the smart bin's fill levels and improper operation hinder efficient waste collection. In order to tackle the uncertainty in a smart bin and improve the waste collection operation, the IoT sensor's usage must be combined with optimization procedures. The present work introduced two operational management approaches to define dynamic optimal routes and combined ant colony optimization with a k‐means clustering algorithm to solve the clustered vehicle routing problem for waste collection on a large scale. Operational management approaches reflect practical constraints when using IoT‐based smart bins. A hybrid metaheuristic is proposed and performed with these approaches thereby showing the potential of building a smart waste collection system.

Smart cities are an emerging technology that is receiving new ethical attention due to recent advancements in artificial intelligence. This paper provides an overview of smart city ethics while simultaneously performing novel theorization about the definition of smart cities and the complicated relationship between (smart) cities, ethics, and politics. We respond to these ethical issues by providing an innovative representation of the agent-deed-consequence (ADC) model in symbolic terms through deontic logic. The ADC model operationalizes human moral intuitions underpinning virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism. With the ADC model made symbolically representable, human moral intuitions can be built into the algorithms that govern autonomous vehicles, social robots in healthcare settings, and smart city projects. Once the paper has introduced the ADC model and its symbolic representation through deontic logic, it demonstrates the ADC model’s promise for algorithmic ethical decision-making in four dimensions of smart city ethics, using examples relating to public safety and waste management. We particularly emphasize ADC-enhanced ethical decision-making in (economic and social) sustainability by advancing an understanding of smart cities and human-AI teams (HAIT) as group agents. The ADC model has significant merit in algorithmic ethical decision-making, especially through its elucidation in deontic logic. Algorithmic ethical decision-making, if structured by the ADC model, successfully addresses a significant portion of the perennial questions in smart city ethics, and smart cities built with the ADC model may in fact be a significant step toward resolving important social dilemmas of our time.

Abstract— NavMorpho – Smart Vehicle Safety and Monitoring System is a cutting-edge, real-time intelligent safety solution designed to enhance road safety and reduce accident-related fatalities. The system aims to provide automatic crash detection, live vehicle tracking, obstacle monitoring, and instant emergency alert transmission.This innovative solution integrates IoT technology with advanced sensors to monitor vehicle movement and detect accidents in real time. The system provides immediate emergency communication by automatically sending live GPS location data to registered emergency contacts when a crash is detected.The ESP32-based system consists of multiple hardware components including an MPU6050 accelerometer and gyroscope for crash detection, ultrasonic and IR sensors for obstacle monitoring, and a GPS module for real-time location tracking. The system connects to the internet using WiFi, enabling real-time data transmission to a cloud-based backend developed using Node.js and MongoDB.The cloud platform processes vehicle data, stores crash history, and updates a live monitoring dashboard. Upon detecting a crash, the system automatically triggers WhatsApp alerts containing the vehicle’s live location. A manual emergency button is also integrated to allow users to send instant alerts when needed.NavMorpho provides a smart, scalable, and life-saving solution for modern vehicles by combining IoT hardware, cloud computing, and real-time communication technologies. The system has strong potential to transform vehicle safety systems into intelligent, automated emergency response platforms. Keywords: ESP32, MPU6050, NEO-6M GPS Module, Ultrasonic Sensor

The garbage is collected in dustbin bins. Home and human society trash from all around the world. Our system is set up in such a way that it runs indefinitely gathers real-time data in order to optimize operating time and efficiency. This data will be sent through a wireless mesh network. We offer Trash Management via a Smart Bin System that detects the quantity of waste in the bin in this article. The Smartbin technology was put to the test in the open air. The information gathered sense-making techniques were used to apply data from the trash to improve the efficiency of our smart bin It also contains the information on seasonality is sent to the Municipal Corporation on a daily basis. This allows them to gather data in a more efficient and structured manner. Plastic, recyclable, and organic trash are all types of waste. Human civilization is made of a range of waste products on a regular basis, the majority of which is dry trash, plastic garbage, and recyclable waste are all types of waste. Sewage wastes, household wastes, and so forth. At every corner of the street, in outdoor trash cans and organizations that the municipality maintains. Household Dustbins are used to gather a family's trash, which is then disposed of ensure the garbage is collected and disposed of in the public trash cans society. Because trash in roadside containers is not regulated and collected, our primary goal is to gather correctly most of the time to effectively arrange and manage outdoor trash cans for a clean environment and a sanitary atmosphere.

Digitalisation and intelligent robotics in value chain of circular economy oriented waste management – A review

Until now, waste management in an environment has not been evenly distributed in various countries. In fact, poor waste management can lead to negative things such as the emergence of several diseases. Therefore the automatic opening feature and monitoring system is a good thing to complete a trash can. Weight sensors and ultrasonic sensors can assist performance in part monitoring. The pear sensor will assist in detecting human movement, then closing the trash can will be moved with the help of a servo. A monitoring system with the help of fuzzy logic to determine the value of the obscurity will help in this regard. These main features will certainly help in improving waste management in an environment.

In many parts of India, the agricultural wastes are burnt in the open place, and it is used as a fertilizer to the soil. Once a year, the annual fire-related significant air pollution crisis that happens, due to India’s agriculturist flames the growth of the harvested paddy field yield. According to Government agency, the above method has resulted in 50% of air pollution to the India’s capital. A lot of smoke is created while burning it in the open place that causes pollution and also mixes toxic particles to the environment and also reduces quality of the soil. So, the proposed solution is Solar based heating method, that converts the wastes by burning it in the absence of oxygen and ash produced as a result can be used for many applications like fertilizer for soil, and also used as a component in purification of water etc. The Experimental setup is designed in such a way that it automatically senses the distance of the waste in the receptacle using ultrasonic sensor and speed of the heating process is adjusted by changing the switching frequency of the MOSFET switch. Also, it can be monitored in an Android application using IOT and the data can be viewed with the help of Wi-Fi from anywhere in the world.

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Public transportation is a major part of developing an advanced and modern city. Progress in public transportation is needed to be planned and realized to deal with the development of the city together with population and economic growth. The use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is not in line with the development and progress of the City of Pekanbaru, which wants to be a smart city, where the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) needs to be realized in building smart cities and currently the use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus in Pekanbaru is still becoming a problem. it needs to be resolved like the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus lane which still uses a shared lane which causes congestion and lack of good traffic regulations. Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is still weak in terms of arrival and departure times. Trans metro Pekanbaru has not yet been integrated in a system that can be monitored centrally through the application of an application system based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). To overcome this problem, it is necessary to have the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation in the form of a prototype line follower robot which is a solution to overcome this problem. The purpose of this research is to make the line follower robot as a trans-metro silmulation bus for Pekanbaru become a smart city that is able to serve and facilitate the public's need for public transportation towards the industrial revolution 4.0. Line follower robot is a robot that works by following a line in the form of a road such as a traffic lane, where the robot works using photodiode sensors and ultrasonic sensors as proximity sensors so that it stops automatically at every stop or place where passengers rise and fall. Line follower robots are automatically controlled so programming code and fuzzy algorithms are needed. Line follower robots are also equipped with Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) to determine passenger conditions.

Shoes for blind man help or assist optically handicapped person to reach their respective terminus. It presents a working conceptual model a concept to provide a clever automated wearable device for blind people. The structure is proposed to offer overall solutions which include artificial vision and object detection. Ultrasonic sensors help in calculating distance of the hurdles lying in the path of blind person. This device help in providing best available track to the user in the form of audio. The sensors are integrated with the shoe so that the blind person can not only detect obstacles in front but also detect the presence of any major pits on the way. Also it contains a panic button which can send SMS alerts in the case of emergency. The hardware consists of Arduino Lilypad based embedded system, ultrasonic sensors, IR sensor, GSM modem, Audio playback board with speaker/headphone. The voice output is generated by an Audio Processor using APR9600 module which can store, record and playback 8 different messages. These messages can be modified according to the user’s convenience and language preference.

24 - Current trends and future challenges in smart waste management in smart cities