Some Obstacles to Industrial Forestry

Ecological and cultural forestry need to be integrated for successful rural revitalization. A proper rural revitalization strategy should be linked to the value of the eco-cultural forestry industry. To adjust and optimize the structure of this industry, we need to develop the primary and tertiary industries and structurally optimize the secondary industry. The sustainable development of forestry requires us to promote the unity of the ecological, social, and economic benefits of forestry. By unifying ecological forestry and the cultural industry, we can capture consumer market trends, enhance industrial development policies, and increase the training of high-level talents to better deal with the danger of industrial hollowing out and resolve the embarrassment of the low end of the value chain. By integrating and promoting the two systems of ecological forestry and the cultural industry, we can converge their respective values and allow more nuanced value cognition when exploring the development paths of industry integration. In the period of overall transfer of forestry development strategy, it is of great significance to develop a forestry economy according to the evolution law of forestry industry, give full play to the advantages of forestry ecological culture resources, and vigorously develop forestry ecological culture industry under the background of rural revitalization strategy. Based on the integration of forestry industry, the aim of this study is to summarize the forestry ecological culture industry development mechanism, summarize the value of forestry ecological culture industry development strategy, put forward building a new era forestry ecological culture industry system, capture the consumer market trend, optimize industrial development policy, increase the high-level talent training industry integration development path, improve rural ecological advantages into ecological economic advantages, provide more and better green ecological products and services, promote the ecological and economic virtuous cycle, and realize the sustainable development of the forestry economy.

Within the furniture and forestry industries, there is a need for high value products to be developed for international markets utilising Australian hardwood timbers. This investigation has addressed this requirement, with a focus upon a particular timber species - Spotted Gum (corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata), a diversely eminent species of Queensland hardwood timber. The investigation was initiated by collaborating parties within the Co-operative Research Center for Wood Innovations (CRCWI) particularly the Department of Primary Industries – Forestry Research (DPI&F) in Queensland. It was decided by the DPI&F that an industrial design contribution, through the instigation of a design research led investigation would be a beneficial avenue for addressing prevalent issues in the forestry and furniture industries. Background research processes undertaken in both the forestry and furniture industries in a geographically specific area of Queensland were vital in establishing immediate investigation parameters. Following the establishment of these parameters and their accepted relevance to broader national industry concerns, the consequent development of an appropriate research method in this investigation was undertaken. The method generated needed to address two major issues. First, to address technical problems in the application of Spotted Gum timber to the production fine furniture, surpassing various initiatives to resolve these issues in the past, secondly, to address a lack of market knowledge, with regard to product design parameters for export markets within the participating Queensland furniture manufacturing industry. The method employed seeks to establish the degree of cultural difference that must be accounted for by manufacturers in developing products specifically for export market integration. This theory was tested by the development of two experimental indoor dining chairs, that were designed and prototyped, recognising to the best degree possible the exceptional technical requirements of Spotted Gum timber. Each of the two chairs were developed to the requirements of pre-determined market and user oriented needs of a separate case study destination, determined through qualitative and quantatative information generation. The specific niche market design parameters applied to design development, created a precursory theory that the products would have a greater degree of success in market integration if they were designed for specific niche market parameters.Each of the chairs was then exhibited in an appropriate market arena for the destination for which it was designed. A series of questions seeking preferences for each of the chairs, and the reasons for those preferences were solicited from those attending both of the exhibitions. The testing process resulted in a conclusion that there is little cultural difference that must be accounting for in approaching design development for the two international markets identified tested as case studies. The initial chair designs, developed and used in the testing role within the investigation, were according re-designed given the findings of the market testing process.

With the support of the total output of primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry and industry value of cultivating industry, forestry industry, animal husbandry industry and fishery industry of 19 country-level units in Yellow River Delta in 2007, the paper calculated the variation index of economic development based on country level, the MDS analysis was explored for primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry and compared with spatial difference characteristics of 19 country-level units in Yellow River Delta. The study carried out the analysis of combination analysis of primary, secondary and tertiary industry, and optimized the cultivating industry, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industry. Autocorrelation characteristics was clarified by Moran‘s I calculation, the new development mode of agricultural industrial structure was systemically concluded that the different mode presented in the different country units. The results showed that the industry evolution stage of primary, secondary and tertiary industry structure of 19 country units is in primary and tertiary industries stage and secondary, primary and tertiary industries stage according to industry structure stages theory, the obvious characteristics is that the cultivating industry value has spatial variability based on classical statistics combinig with universal Kriging. The emphasis of industry adjustment should be the focus on the secondary industry driving transformation into the primary, secondary and tertiary industries jointly driving economic growth, straight-pushing mode and tilting mode were put forward to new ideas about promoting industrial optimization and coordination development in Yellow River Delta. The study drew a conclusion that the measures were took to optimize industrial structure of cultivating industry, forestry industry, animal husbandry and fishery industry by combing straight-pushing mode with tilting mode, during the coordination development, focused on association effects of land and marine industry, extended agriculture industrialization chain and formed the diversification mode.

Forestry is an important part of our national economy. In order to improve the technological innovation capability of the forestry industry, based on relevant research, a four-dimensional forestry industry technological innovation capability index system has been established, including the forestry industry technological innovation resource utilization capability, the forestry industry market innovation capability, the forestry technological innovation support capability and the forestry industry management Creativity. Through the entropy method and TOPSIS method, the forestry industry of 29 provinces in my country was evaluated statically and dynamically. The results show that Guangdong, Sichuan, and Zhejiang have the relatively high static capacity for forestry industry technology innovation; the contribution of the growth rate of total forestry output value, timber sales in state-owned forest areas, the number of college graduates, and the number of school faculty and staff to the forestry industry’s technological innovation capacity Relatively weak, it cannot be a major factor in increasing the overall growth rate of the forestry industry.KeywordsForestry industryTechnological innovation abilityEntropy weightTOPSIS

As freight rail transportation in the U.S.A. increasingly concentrates on high-volume and longer distance train movements, shippers in rural areas with fragmented freight volumes, lighter line densities, and shorter distances have struggled to maintain the rail share of their shipments. The forest products industry in the mostly rural Lake Superior region is no exception and has seen a transition toward truck transportation for its main raw material, logs. The forest industry has attributed the phenomenon to reduced rail access and increased rail rates, and asked us to use their log shipment and rail operations network data to explore if (1) improved access through shared sidings, re-opened sidings, or both, and (2) rail rate reductions would encourage a modal shift from trucks back to rail. We developed four integer/mixed-integer programming models and several scenarios to research the problem. We concentrated on (1) allowing log consolidation from multiple companies at rail sidings and (2) rail rate reductions with and without volume thresholds. Our results showed that additional flexibility through shared rail sidings, re-opening of unused/closed sidings, or both, has minimal impact on increasing the rail modal share. Rail rate discounts with or without minimum volume thresholds were able to encourage a modal shift, but growing volume through rate reductions may not be attractive from the rail service provider perspective. While the results were not encouraging, our models offer the industry a data-based approach for further investigations, such as the impacts of potential shifts to a shortline cost model, or targeted analysis of specific mills that showed greater promise for a modal shift.

Arkansas' timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 2002

In this article, the author examines methods for assessing the effectiveness of the export potential of the timber industry complex of various authors based on qualitative and quantitative criteria, factor components, taking into account the specifics of production. The advantages and disadvantages of the models are identified, and the need for author's adjustments is justified. The author calculates the assessment of export potential using the example of the Khabarovsk Territory using the models of S.A. Dubkov, which shows how to most accurately assess the effectiveness of export potential, taking into account the use of factor indicators; A.P. Gevraseva — on the basis of diversification of the region’s export activities; E.V. Volkodavova, whose model combines quantitative criteria affecting the export of products within the boundaries of an industrial enterprise; I.N. Moseyko, Yu.M. Azmina, whose model is based on a multifactor assessment of export potential, taking into account all factor-forming indicators. Based on the model of K. Pearson and C. Spearman, the author of this study has developed a model for assessing the export potential of the timber industry, which shows the effectiveness of using correlation analysis. The study of methodological approaches to assessing the export potential of the timber industry complex at the regional level and at the enterprise level shows: • how the indicators for the formation of export potential are assessed, taking into account the integral assessment of export potential at the enterprise level, which allows a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of export potential; • how to calculate a comprehensive assessment of the internal export potential of an enterprise, based on the diversification of the region’s export activities, based on quantitative characteristics that take into account the volume of exports of products, works/services of an industrial nature, intangible assets; • how can an assessment of the effectiveness of export potential be calculated on the basis of a multifactor assessment of export potential, private indicators of export potential, which take into account the following criteria: the efficiency of production of export products (the cost of export products in domestic prices for the cost of export products, etc.); • how these methods allow us to assess the level of development of the export potential of both the region and the enterprise. As a result of the author’s development of an assessment of the effectiveness of the export potential of the timber industry complex, the following results were obtained: • a developed model for assessing the effectiveness of export potential, which shows the result expressed as a percentage of profitability indicators to the total costs of developing export potential, taking into account the impact of a combination of factors (external and internal); • the model shows how important factors are for export potential, that it is necessary to take into account each factor in order to understand how to further develop timber industry production; • which factor components have a stronger influence, which ones have a weaker influence, what should be paid special attention to in the future in order to correct the situation and optimize the processes of developing the export potential of the timber industry. The model developed by the author can be used in practice when calculating the efficiency coefficient of export potential both at the regional level and at the enterprise level, taking into account all factor components, identifying problem areas (factors) in the activities of the timber industry at the regional level.

In the world and national scientific literature, industrial policy is recognized as one of the key elements of economic policy. In the practice of the government, an active industrial policy is seen as an important factor to increase the competitiveness of the industry, its branches and individual businesses. Sectoral aspect of industrial policy is significant in terms of the diversification of the industrial potential of the territories, the development of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as providing employment. In practice and in theory it offers a variety of mechanisms for the implementation of industrial policy, including cluster mechanism, which has shown to be highly effective in the past two decades, especially at the regional level. The Russian timber industry is not structure-forming sector of the economy. At the same time, this industry has a significant impact on the prospects of economic development of number of regions, and is practically non-alternative basis for the economic development of many municipalities, remote settlements, towns and villages, being the only employer in such territories. In addition, timber industry can play a significant role in the diversification of the regional economies of monospecialized areas to which it relates and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra. In this regard, given the relevance and importance the problem of efficiency increase of the sectoral industrial policy as a whole, and in the context of timber industry in particular, the authors analyze objectively established prerequisites for the formation of the territorial timber industry cluster in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra. Next, the developed regional industrial policy tools for creation and development of a sectoral cluster in the timber industry are considered and conclusions about the expected positive economic effects are made.

Many materials used in wood industry are considered to have carcinogenic or mutagenic effects, which is a health risk for workers in production. Carcinogenic chemical compounds, apart from causing cancer, also pose a great risk for human health in other terms like respiratory issues, skin irritation, allergic reactions, congenital abnormalities in women, visual impairments, immune system and neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, etc. Carcinogenic pollution in the wood industry is associated with activities related to the emission of wood dust, production of panel materials, drying and steaming of wood, sharpening tools, the activities of handling glues, paints, varnishes, coatings, wood preservatives, exposure to fossil and biofuel exhaust gases, and many others. The purpose of this paper was to present the carcinogenic substances to which workers in the wood industry are professionally exposed, to present previous research and currently valid regulations and protection measures in the EU. By reviewing the sources, it can be concluded that, although legislation often requires clearly defined etiological factors, scientists agree that the understanding of the relationship between occupational exposures and cancer is not yet complete and that occupational carcinogenic factors are considered occupationalexposures if a significant number of workers were exposed to significant levels.

The role in the economy and the structure of the forest industry are presented. The key problems of forest management and innovative development of the forest industry in Russia are highlighted. Namely, these are the following: 1) production and technological; 2) natural and ecological; 3) institutional and organizational; 4) problems of forest protection and reforestation. The ways of their solution are proposed for the forest industry of Russia. The innovative development of the forest industry of Russia is discussed. The implementation of the Forest innovation system is suggested for the sustainable forest industry management and based on the feedback of the experts in the forest industry.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by forest companies has increased rapidly in the 1990s. An interesting question is to what extent FDI and traditional trade in the forest sector are substitutes or complements to each other. For example, does FDI lead to increased or decreased exports of forest products from the home country in the long run? This article explores the dynamic relationship between FDI and exports of forest industries with U.S., Finnish, and Swedish data. Both short-term and long-term interrelationships between FDI and exports are studied, as well as the short-term and long-term effects of exchange rate movements and exchange rate variation. The results show that for the U.S. forest industries, FDI and exports of forest products may have become full substitutes in the 1990s. In the case of the Finnish and Swedish forest industries, exports seem to affect negatively the investments abroad, while FDI does not affect exports in the long run. Both the FDI and exports by the U.S. forest industries are unaffected by dollar variability. In the 1980s, the strengthening value of the dollar increased the FDI by the U.S. forest industries. FOR. SCI. 47(4):577–586.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the technical and economical viability of the insertion of two renewable energy sources in a timber industry. It proposes a hybrid system PV/Wind/Grid, following the concepts of Distributed Generation (DG). It is presented the local energy profile, and the response of the equipment selected for these features. It also presents two case studies that would facilitate the adoption of renewable energy solutions in the national energy scene. It uses Homer Energy software to analyze all relevant costs and define the best association between the proposed sources.

Analyze the psychosocial aspects of workers in the timber industry and its relationship with the social support. The study sample was composed of 146 workers from the production sector of two furniture industries which was divided in two groups: Group 1 (study) and Group 2 (control). The Group Study was formed by 80 workers and the Group Control of 66 workers. The instrument used to assess the common mental disorders was the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was used to evaluate the psychosocial factors at work environment. The results showed significant differences at the Decision Latitude (p=0,04) and Job Insecurity (p=0,01) dimensions when comparing the groups of workers. There were not significant differences in the others variables. The study had significance for the variables decision latitude and job insecurity for those aspects of professional workers in the work environment.

Background and Objectives: Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of Thailand's most valuable economic tree species, prized for its exceptional qualities such as durability, aesthetic appeal, and resistance to pests and diseases. Its popularity spans both domestic and international markets, making accurate estimation of merchantable teak volume essential for forest management and the timber industry. Precise volume estimation facilitates accurate economic valuation and minimizes resource losses associated with traditional destructive tree-felling methods. Recent advancements in technology, light detection and ranging or LiDAR, have provided opportunities to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of forest resource data collection. Among these tools, the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) stands out for its ability to generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models of individual trees and forest stands in a non-destructive method. Unlike traditional methods, TLS enables data collection without damaging trees, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative for forestry applications. This study aimed to develop a methodology for utilizing TLS to construct 3D models of teak trees to estimate merchantable wood volume. The results were compared with the traditional felling method, which is considered the most accurate but destructive. In addition, the study attempts to establish predictive equations and volume tables for estimating merchantable teak volume. These outputs aimed to support sustainable forest management practices, reduce resource wastes, and facilitate the economic valuations of teak for the timber industry. Methods: The study was conducted in the Mae Chang forest plantation, located in Mae Mo district, Lampang province, Thailand. The stratified random sampling was employed to establish 12 sample plots, each sizing 40 m × 40 m. The plots were divided into two age groups based on plantation year: 18 years old (planted in 2006) and 39 years old (planted in 1985), with six plots in each group. Data collection involved using a Faro Focus S150 TLS to scan individual trees in each plot. The TLS data were processed to create detailed 3D tree models for further analysis. Merchantable timber volume was calculated using two methods: the stem curve method and quantitative structure models (QSM), both implemented through the 3D forest software. The TLS-derived volume estimates were validated by felling selected sample trees. The diameters and merchantable lengths of these felled trees were measured, and their volumes were calculated using Huber’s formula. Statistical analysis was performed to compare TLS-derived volumes with traditional felling-based volumes using paired t-tests. The accuracy of TLS-derived estimates was evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE). Additionally, predictive equations for merchantable volume estimation were developed using regression analysis. Two types of equations were created: one using diameter at breast height (DBH) as the sole variable and the other incorporating both DBH and merchantable height (HM). A volume table was constructed based on these equations, enabling non-destructive volume estimation for teak trees of varying DBH and HM ranges. Results: The 3D models generated using TLS provided merchantable volume estimates that closely aligned with volumes derived from felled trees. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between TLS-derived volumes and traditional felling-based volumes (p > 0.05). The RMSE values for TLS-derived estimates were 0.02 and 0.03 cubic meters when using the stem curve and QSM methods, respectively, indicating high accuracy. Two predictive equations for merchantable volume estimation were developed. The first equation utilized DBH as a single predictor variable and demonstrated a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.966. The second equation incorporated both DBH and HM, achieving a higher R² value of 0.988. Validation of these equations using data from felled trees showed mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of 17.81% and 11.01%, respectively, confirming their suitability for practical applications. The most accurate equation was subsequently used to construct a merchantable volume table, which estimating based on DBH and HM ranges without requiring tree felling. This table provides a practical tool for forest managers and timber industry stakeholders to assess teak volume efficiently and sustainably. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that TLS is a reliable and effective tool for non-destructive estimation of merchantable teak volume. The 3D models generated using TLS data enable precise volume estimation through methods such as stem curve and QSM, producing results that are statistically comparable to traditional destructive felling methods. The acceptable error margins and high accuracy of TLS-derived estimates highlight its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional volume estimation techniques. By minimizing the need for destructive sampling, TLS-based methods contribute to sustainable forest management practices, preserving valuable tree resources while maintaining economic productivity. Furthermore, the development of predictive equations and merchantable volume tables offers practical solutions for forest managers and timber industry professionals, streamlining the assessment of merchantable volume and economic valuation. Overall, this study underscores the importance of integrating advanced technologies such as TLS into forestry practices. By improving the accuracy and sustainability of resource assessments, these innovations can support long-term forest conservation and enhance the economic potential of Thailand's teak plantations.

The tax burden indicator is one of the criteria for tax risk assessment used by tax authorities for making the decision to conduct an on-site tax audit. The dynamics of the tax burden indicator is considered to be a catalyst for the development of positive or negative tax relations between the taxpayer and the tax authority. It is very important to understand the relationship between the tax burden indicator and the firm's size in order to form an objective approach to tax control of micro, small and medium-sized businesses in different industries. The purpose of the research is to define a relationship between the level of tax burden and the firm's size in the Russian timber industry. The hypothesis of the research is that the tax burden increases as the size of the firm grows in the timber industry in Russia. Firms belonging to the categories of micro and small businesses were selected randomly, taking into account the priority characteristics of the firm's size by the average number of employees. The tax burden was calculated using the official methodology of the Federal Tax Service of Russia. The calculation of the tax burden level was performed for each respondent. The average values of tax burden indicators were also calculated by industry and for each category of business activity. We found that the average level of the tax burden increases when the size of businesses increases generally for all branches of the timber industry. At the same time, the researched characteristics of the firm's size (revenue and average number of employees) have a significant impact on changes in the level of the tax burden both in general and individually in such branches of the timber industry as logging, woodworking and furniture production. The tax burden level in the above-mentioned industries increases as the firm's size increases. In the pulp and paper industry, the tax burden level increases as from micro firms to small firms, but the tax burden level decreases as firms continue to grow from small to medium-sized ones.