Static Structural Analysis of Checking Fixture Frame of Car Interior Using Finite Element Method

Cloacal Gland Growth Differences in High and Low Plasma Corticosterone Stress Response Line Male Quail Reared Under Short Daylengths

Creep substructure formation in sodium chloride single crystals in the power law and exponential creep regimes

The performance of the stability chart (SC), limit equilibrium (LE), and finite element (FE) methods for stability analysis of weathered volcanic rock slopes under static and earthquake loads is not fully understood. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of the SC, LE, and FE methods for slope stability analyses by studying a case of a weathered volcanic rock slope at the Leuwikeris Dam diversion tunnel in Indonesia. Site characterisations were carried out to obtain the input parameters for the static and pseudostatic slope stability analyses. The results showed that using various search methods of failure surface and the suggested optimum number of finite elements, multiple non-circular failure surfaces were predicted from the LE and FE methods that were not anticipated in the initial slope design based on the SC method. The location and shape of the failure surfaces from the LE method agreed with those from the FE method. The difference between the Fs values from the static LE analysis and those from the static FE analyses was less than 14%, but the discrepancy increased up to 78% in the pseudostatic analyses. This study highlights the importance of validating the results from one method with the other methods to prevent slope failures.

This research work presents an innovative utility of Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite with Silicon Carbide as a friction material in clutches’ plate since it has an acceptable friction coefficient and a high wear resistance which may lead to longer working life. Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite’s properties are calculated using rule-of-mixture and power law, and simulated as layered geometry. Clutches designed based on the standard size and working conditions of clutches in mid-size and heavy automobiles. Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite’s behavior is examined considering statics, dynamics, thermal and wear. Analyses are done using Finite Element method, by ANSYS with boundary conditions that represent the actual working conditions of clutch in automobiles. The developed finite element model is validated by comparing it to literature and has achieved good agreement. Results are discussed by comparing functionally graded aluminum matrix composite’s clutch performance to aluminum matrix composite with 20% of silicon carbide clutch and e-glass clutch performances. FGAMC clutch showed excellent behavior considering static analysis where deformations were the least among the three materials. The thermal and free vibrational performance of the FGAMC were not the best but with very small differences compared to aluminum matrix composite and e-glass clutches. Very unwanted performance of FGAMC is recognized in forced vibration analysis, as it has very high stresses, strain and deformation compared to the other two materials. Structural transient behavior of FGAMC is acceptable as it has the lowest deformations and strains from the highest stresses but in small area of the contact surface of the clutch. Volume loss in FGAMC due wear is less compared to traditional aluminum matrix composite by more than 4 times.

Vitamin E is an essential human nutrient that was first isolated from wheat. Emmer wheat, the cereal of Old World agriculture and a precursor to durum wheat, grows wild in the Fertile Crescent. Evolution Canyon, Israel, provides a microsite that models effects of contrasting environments. The north-facing and south-facing slopes exhibit low and high stress environments, respectively. Wild emmer wheat seeds were collected from both slopes and seed tocochromanol contents measured to test the hypothesis that high stress alters emmer wheat seed tocol-omics. Seeds from high stress areas contained more total vitamin E (108±15 nmol/g) than seeds from low stress environments (80±17 nmol/g, P=.0004). Vitamin E profiles within samples from these different environments revealed significant differences in isoform concentrations. Within each region, β- plus γ-tocotrienols represented the highest concentration of wheat tocotrienols (high stress, P<.0001; low stress, P<.0001), while α-tocopherol represented the highest concentration of the tocopherols (high stress, P=.0002; low stress, P<.0001). Percentages of both δ-tocotrienol and δ-tocopherol increased in high stress conditions. Changes under higher stress apparently are due to increased pathway flux toward more tocotrienol production. The production of more δ-isoforms suggests increased flow through a divergent path controlled by the VTE1 gene. Hence, stress conditions alter plant responses such that vitamin E profiles are changed, likely an attempt to provide additional antioxidant activity to promote seed viability and longevity.

Echo-planar brain images (1.5 T, 1-shot GRE, TR/TE = 3000/45) were acquired during 30-60 s cycles of repetitive (1.3-1.7 Hz) finger flexion exercise against light (0.24) vs heavy (1.40 kg) weights. In protocols during which exercise was alternated with periods of rest, active voxels were identified in the contralateral motor and somatosensory areas by cross-correlation against an on-off waveform. However, there was no significant difference between the responses to light vs heavy weights. In a continuous repetitive exercise protocol, in which only the weights were cycled, no force-correlated voxels were identified. Inasmuch as force-correlated neurons are known to be present in the primate cortex, the results illustrate a potential limitation of functional MRI studies based on the BOLD effect.

Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions. Keywords - ANSYS Workbench, connecting rod, Finite Element analysis, PRO/E (creo-parametric). I. Introduction Connecting rod is among large volume production component in the internal combustion engine. It connects the piston to the crankshaft and is responsible for transferring power from the piston to the crankshaft and sending it in to transmission. They are different types of materials and production methods used in the creation of connecting rods. The major stresses induced in the connecting rod are a combination of axial and bending stresses in operation. The axial stresses are produced due to cylinder gas pressure (compressive only) and the inertia force arising in account of reciprocating action (both tensile as well as compressive), where as bending stresses are caused due to the centrifugal effects. It consists of a long shank, a small end and a big end. The cross-section of the shank may be rectangular, circular, tubular, I-section or H-section. Generally circular section is used for low speed engines while I-section is preferred for high speed engines. The most common type of manufacturing processes is casting, forging, and powdered metallurgy. Connecting rod is subjected to a complex state of loading. It undergoes high cyclic loads of the order of 10^8 to 10^9 cycles, which range from high compressive loads due to combustion, to high tensile loads due to inertia. Therefore, durability of this component is critical importance. Due to these factors, the connecting rod has been the topic of research for different aspects such as production technology, materials, performance, simulation, fatigue etc. Vivek.c.pathade et al(1) performed stress analysis of I.C Engine connecting rod by finite element method. They modeled connecting rod using pro/E Wildfire 4.0 and ANSYS Workbench 11.0 software. They reported from the theoretical and finite element analysis then the stresses induced in the small end of the connecting rod are greater than the stress induced at the big end. K.surdershn Kumar et al (2), reported on modeling and analysis of two wheeler connecting rod. In this connecting rod is replaced by aluminum reinforced with boron carbide for Suzuki GS150R motor bike. A parametric model of connecting rod is modeled using pro/E Wildfire 4.0. Analysis is carried out by using ANSYS software. They presented the results of materials and reported that the working factor of safety is nearer to theoretical factor of safety in aluminum boron carbide. Anil Kumar et al (3), presented the optimization of connecting rod parameters using CAE tools. They reported on optimizing weight and reducing inertia forces on the existing connecting rod, which is obtained by changing design variables in the existing connecting rod design. The model was developed in pro/E Wildfire 5.0 and then imported as a Para solid (xt) from in ANSYS Workbench. The stress was found maximum at the piston end. This can be reduced by increasing the material near the piston end. The weight of the connecting rod was also reduced by 0.004kg which was not significant but reduces the inertia forces. Suraj pal et al (4), reported on design evaluation and optimization of connecting rod parameters using Finite element method. Proper finite element model is developed using pro/E Wildfire 4.0. The weight of the connecting rod is also reduced by 0.477g. The stress is found maximum at the piston end so that material is increased in the stressed portion to reduce stress. Dr. S B Jaju et al (5), performed modeling and analysis of connecting rod of four stoke single cylinder engine for optimization of cost and material. Their study has dealt with two subjects first static load stress analysis of the connecting rod, and then second optimization for weight.

In the process of maintaining security and maintenance of the approach lighting system (ALS) at the airport area in Natuna which was built on the Natuna coast. So we need a patrol boat that can meet the criteria in terms of the strength of the ship's structure to maneuver properly and accept internal and external loads. Structural capabilities that are sufficiently safe are permitted according to BKI rules for ships made of fiberglass reinforced plastic. Case of slamming loading, it will be analyzed whether it is sufficiently safe in terms of the strength of the construction structure on the 13-meter patrol boat that loading may occur due to ship operations in the area around the airport. The initial calculation is to calculate the scantling with a scantling weight of 2,226 tons and then draw the construction in accordance with the lines plan and general arrangement of the 13 meter patrol boat. Followed by the provision of a static load from slamming loading of 15,237 KPa when the ship is at full speed of 20 knots to find out the response from the ship's construction made of FRP. The value analyzed is the maximum stress (von mises) using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with static structural analysis and slamming loading in the form of pressure on the software as the method chosen in this study. Then raises the stress value in the ANSYS software, the maximum stress value that occurs in the construction is 13.808 MPa and from this maximum stress value the safety factor value can be calculated to find out how safe the ship's construction is if it is given a slamming load on the ship. The safety factor value in this study is 7,097. From the value of the safety factor it is known that the ship is still able to accept slamming loads at full speed.

The settlement of a surface strip footing on dense sand due to long-term repetitive load (1 million cycles) is analyzed with the help of finite element method (FEM). The analysis is performed by applying both static and cyclic load on the center of footing, in the vertical direction and observing the corresponding settlement. The intensity of the static load is determined by dividing the ultimate static load by the factor of safety (FS). The static load is calculated for different values of FS i.e., 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5. The intensity of the dynamic load (qd(max)) is some percentage of the ultimate bearing capacity (qu) of the foundation. Three values of (qd(max)/qu) have been considered in the study, i.e., 5%, 10%, and 13%. Three different frequencies of cyclic load (0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, and 2 Hz) have also been considered. Based on the settlement pattern of the foundation, the critical number of load cycles (ncr) for each case is determined beyond which the increase in settlement becomes insignificant for further load cycles. The study reveals that even a minor change in the frequency of loading can result in major variations in the ncr.

Design, static structural analysis and topology optimization of a four wheeler connecting rod

This study was conducted to compare the difference between left and right extension and flexion isokinetic muscular strength of the knee, shoulder, and trunk to compare absolute and relative strength in lightand heavy weight Ssireum athletes. Fourteen professional Ssireum athletes were divided into the light (Taebaek and Geumgang) and heavy (Halla and Baekdu) groups according to the body weight. Anthropometric measurements and isokinetic strength (knee: 60o/sec, shoulder: 30o/sec, and trunk: 30o/sec) were assessed for the absolute and relative peak torque values. Left (227.6±48.7 vs 247.0± 23.1 Nm, p=0.05) and right knee (233.7±32.0 vs 266.1±20.5, p=0.05) extension strength in absolute values were significantly different between the groups. Trunk’s extension (318.7±37.9 vs 351.2±57.4 Nm, p=0.03) and flexion (249.8±33.0 vs 302.1±42.4 Nm, p=0.03) strength also showed significant difference between the groups. Significant differences were observed for all relative values except for the left knee and trunk flexion. As for the flexion and extension strength ratios, the shoulder extension to flexion ratios of the light group was 1.32 (p=0.02) times and the heavy group was 1.01-0.98 (p=0.34). The trunk extension strength was 3.6 times that of the body weight in the light group and 2.8 times that of the body weight in the heavy group. Heavy Ssireum athletes’ absolute flexor peak torques were higher in the knee and trunk than in the light athletes. Also, the weight per weight of light athletes had relatively higher strength than the heavy athletes. In addition, the muscle strength ratio was higher in the light athletes. This study suggests that isokinetic strength is different in heavy and light weight class Ssireum athletes.

Composite insulator has advantages in antifouling property, light weight, easy installation and transportation. It has been widely used in 1000kV UHV transmission lines. As the increase of operating voltage, the nonuniformity of potential and electric field distribution on the high voltage end of composite insulator is more serious due to its geometry configure, and the aging problem is easier to occur. Porcelain insulator has higher permittivity and better electrical erosion resistance when compared with composite insulator. Therefore, in order to improve the voltage-sharing and anti-aging performance, this paper proposed a novel configuration scheme of composite insulator with series connection of several porcelain disc insulators for 1000kV AC transmission line. One type of 1000kV suspension composite insulator string was taken as an example. Porcelain disc insulators of different number were installed to the high voltage end respectively, while the length of composite insulator string was decreased in order to guarantee the same total insulation length. The three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method (FEM) models of combined insulator strings were built with software ANSYS. The potential and electric field distributions on the whole insulator string were calculated, and the influence of the number of porcelain disc insulators was analyzed. The grading ring configuration for the whole insulator string was also put forward in order to decrease the surface electric field strength on sheds and fittings of insulators. The analysis result shows that the composite insulator with series connection of several porcelain disc insulators could improve the uniformity of potential and electric field distribution effectively. This research could provide valuable references for application of combined insulator string in the 1000kV UHV AC transmission line.

The artificial lightweight aggregate (ALA) was fabricated using a sewage sludge produced from a municipal wastewater, and impact sound reduction analysis for concrete slab made with the ALA was done. Specific gravity of ALA decreased with the sewage sludge content due to the gas bloating caused by melt films on the surface of ALA, which is formed easily because of low temperature melting P2O5 and modifiers, CaO, MgO and K2O contained in the sewage sludge. And water absorption of ALA increased with the sewage sludge content owing to open pores which were formed by connecting an inside pore to a surface. A specific gravity of 10mm diameter ALA was lower than that of 7mm ALA since a trapped gas could not escape from the core to the surface of ALA due to longer moving distance. The ALA containing 20 wt% sludge sintered in a electric furnace showed a specific gravity 15% lower and water absorption 50% higher than that of ALA sintered in a rotary kiln. It might be attributed to easy release of gases during the pre-heat zone (600-1000oC) in the rotary kiln, resulting in densification of ALA. Light and heavy weight floor impact sound of concrete slab made with ALA were 63-72dB and 44-76dB respectively, similar to a general concrete slab. The unit weight of concrete slab made with ALA, however, was 18% lower than that of general one owing to the lightweight of ALA, so it could be suitable to applying for high-rise building.

Differences in stress levels between junior high school students and college students during online learning

Research was conducted to determine the reliability of several techniques for measuring the response of cucumber to low-moisture stress. Low and high moisture stress levels were imposed in field plots by differential irrigation. Plots under low stress (high soil moisture) had a mean tensiometer reading of 9±1.0 cb during the evaluation period, and plots under high stress had a mean tensiometer reading of 37±2.3 cb. Six genotypes of diverse backgrounds were evaluated for their stress response. The drought-tolerant cultivars `Alagi', W142121, and WI1983LL (Little Leaf) showed least response to the imposed stress. Visual ratings and stress index were correlated with moisture stress levels and they detected differences in stress response among cultivars. Plant water content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were least reliable for measuring moisture stress. Visual ratings appeared to be as reliable as the other more quantitative types of measurements for detecting stress tolerance.