Strategic planning and industrial policy

Selective industrial policy in the United Kingdom is conventionally believed to have vanished prior to the global financial crisis. This article, in contrast, argues that industrial policy remained an intrinsic, if seldom acknowledged, element of neoliberal statecraft. The basis of this is a subterfuge, conceptualised here as a ‘dual industrial policy’, which we explore via an empirical focus on the Thatcher governments. Throughout this time, actions explicitly endorsed by governments as industrial policy generally corresponded with neoliberalism’s hostility to intervention. These conveniently distracted attention from a second set of policies which, although never codified by government as industrial policy, were intended to affect the allocation of resources between economic activity. Analysis of official government publications and expenditure reveals that industrial policy expenditure under Thatcher was far higher than customarily reported. The United Kingdom’s approach has important implications for debates about neoliberal resilience, especially neoliberalism’s capacity to conscript apparently contradictory ideas.

Japan has basically a market economy and in a market economy the market mechanism is the most fundamental institution in which enterprises are free to decide the prices they charge, the quantity they produce, and other terms of business, and government regulation of business is kept minimal. However, in every country in the world with a market economy, there are always some measures taken by the government which affect business activities. Even in a market economy in which the market mechanism operates and government intervention should be kept minimal, there is need for supplemental measures to deal with market imperfections.

One Theoretical and Statistical Questions in Industrial Organization.- I. Theory comes to industrial organization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The role theory has played in industrial organization.- 3. Uncertainty and interpretation of evidence in industrial organization.- 4. Certainty through uncertainty.- 5. Coherent theory for industrial organization.- II. The dominant firm in relation to market structure.- 1. The firm and its setting.- 2. Several implications.- 3. Conclusion.- III. The ownership and control of industry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Previous studies.- 3. A critique of the conventional view.- 4. Recent studies.- 5. Ownership and control of the 'Top 250' UK firms.- 6. The stages of corporate control.- 7. The behaviour consequences of types of control.- 8. Historical case-studies.- 9. Conclusion.- Two Stagflation and Industrial Structure.- IV. Inflation and competition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Relating monopolization to inflation.- 3. Price rigidity and inflation.- 4. Price rigidity and competition.- 5. Price fluctuation and stability of relative prices.- 6. The phenomenon of specialization or division of labour.- 7. Specialization and risk.- 8. Ruinous competition.- 9. Price competition.- 10. Vertical integration.- 11. Price flexibility and anti-inflationary policies.- 12. Conclusion.- V. Oligopoly and inflation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A theoretical approach.- 3. Applying the analysis to present-day reality.- VI. Stagflation problems in a workers' self-management socialist economy: the Yugoslav case.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Decisions on employment problems.- 3. Policies to promote growth and employment.- 4. Conclusion.- Three The International Economy and Industrial Organization.- VII. International trade and industrial organization: some statistical evidence.- 1. Trade structure and industrial structure in the USA.- 2. Trade and market power in the UK.- 3. Summary and conclusions.- VIII. Large industrial firms of the Atlantic community: production methods, asset finance, profitability, and growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The data.- 3. Statistical results.- 4. Implications.- 5. Conclusion.- IX. Import quotas and industrial performance.- 1. Some representative US import quotas.- 2. The political economy of protectionism: a case study of steel.- 3. Imports, injury and relief: the question of standards.- 4. Import quotas and industry performance.- 5. Conclusion.- X. UK industry and the world economy: a case of de-industrialization?.- 1. The phenomenon known as 'de-industrialization'.- 2. The effects of foreign competition on domestic manufacturing industry.- 3. Ways in which participation in the international economy could lead to deindustrialization.- 4. The de-industrialization of the UK economy.- 5. The nature and extent of the decline in UK manufacturing industry.- 6. Trends in the UK's price competitiveness and trading position.- 7. Implications of the above analysis.- Four Monopoly and Economies of Scale.- XI. Monopoly welfare gains and the costs of decentralization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Literature review.- 3. Williamson's trade-off approach.- 4. The importance of economies of scale.- 5. Empirical estimates of economies of scale.- 6. The model.- 7. Numerical computations and results.- 8. Some further empirical observations.- 9. Qualifications and conclusions.- XII. Economies as an antitrust defense revisited.- 1. Operationality.- 2. Tradeoff analysis.- 3. Monopoly rent transformation.- 4. Transactional efficiencies.- 5. Public policy.- 6. Conclusions.- XIII. Economies of scale, industrial structure and efficiency: the brewing industry in nine nations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure comparisons.- 3. Economies of scale.- 4. Scale economies and technical efficiency.- 5. Scale economies and competition.- 6. Summary.- XIV. Economies of scale and technological change: an international comparison of blast furnace technology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The blast furnace process.- 3. An international comparison of the development of average practice in blast furnaces 1950-1973.- 4. Cost implications of differences in raw material input requirements.- 5. Calculation of total cost differences.- 6. Some conclusions.- Five Industrial Policies.- XV. An investigation into the effectiveness of a capital market sanction on poor performance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Capital market discipline.- 3. Data and method of assessment.- 4. Profitability and survival ability of firms.- 5. Difficulty of recognizing survival potential in low performance firms.- 6. Examining propositions on takeover and bankruptcy.- 7. First conclusions.- 8. Implications of ownership and of firms in declining industries.- 9. Implications of this examination of poorly performing firms.- XVI. The abolition of cartels and structural change in the United Kingdom.- 1. The post-war legislation.- 2. Implementation 1948-1956.- 3. Conclusions on cartel investigations.- 4. The Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1956.- 5. Action on agreements.- 6. The effects of abandonment.- 7. The present study.- 8. Regression results.- 9. Conclusion.- XVII. The regulation and control of public utility prices: British experience 1960-1975.- 1. Developments in normative price theory.- 2. Policy framework for the nationalized industries in Britain.- 3. Management of the economy via the nationalized industries.- 4. Conclusions.- XVIII. French antitrust legislation: an exercise in futility.- 1. Prohibited agreements.- 2. Exemptions.- 3. The Commission's recommendations.- 4. Overall appraisal of the current system and policy implications.- Index/.

Review Paper Two: The Links between Competition Policy, Regulatory Policy and Trade and Industrial Policies.

The article analyzes the main indicators of the evolution of the domestic economy and its industrial complex in the past year (in January — November 2019). It Identifies trends in this evolution, including negative trends that determine the preservation of reproductive threats in 2020: sluggishness, instability and low quality of economic growth. The main reasons for the fact that the objective resource capabilities of the macro level were clearly not used enough to effectively solve the urgent problems of technological modernization of the economy and increase people’s welfare are established. The main reason is the poor quality of public administration, including imperfect strategic planning and industrial policy; there is still no modern national innovation system in the country. Accordingly, recommendations for improving the quality of state regulation in its specified components are justified. The recommended measures, according to the author, will help the economy to move to a trajectory of rapid, sustainable and high-quality growth.

The shipping industry is featured by high carbon emissions. The 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships sets forth the global goals of shipping decarbonization. Shipping decarbonization involves complicated issues of economy, technology, policy and law etc., and implies the conflicts between economic interests and environmental interests, between individual interests and public interests, between individual States’ interests and international common interests and between current interests and long-term interests. This research suggests that balancing such conflicting interests need to follow the principle of prioritizing the international public environmental interests while taking into account the other interests because protection of environmental interests should be taken as the basic value orientation in shipping decarbonization governance and the principle of collaborating governmental intervention and market mechanisms by reference to the theory on the relationship between government and market in economics. Under the guidance of these principle, by reference to the equilibrium analysis method in economics and following the progressive decision theory in management, this research demonstrates that the main pathways in achieving such balance may include: making strategic plan and basic policy for reducing GHG emissions from ships by the government, implementing economic incentive policies such as tax incentives and fiscal subsidies, implementing ship energy efficiency measures, prudently implementing shipping carbon emissions trading mechanism, accelerating the establishment of alternative marine fuel supply chain, innovating alternative marine fuel technology and ship propulsion technology, and actively engaging in international cooperation.

In this paper, authors examine the political economy and consequences of industrial policy in the MENA region. How can the features of MENA’s industrial policy be explained? And what accounts for the fact that, against world trends, industrial policies in MENA countries didn’t followed the evolutionary path of industrial policies of other countries? Unlike in many other regions, industrial policy in MENA developed within the context of the region’s strong ‘social contract’ between the government and its people. Although industrial development was an objective, it at times took a backseat to the more important goals of social transformation and economic redistribution, which influenced not only the types and success of industrial policies adopted, but also critically influenced the balance of power among interest groups. Section two of the paper provides the theoretical framework for understanding the experience with industrial policy. Starting with a brief survey of the arguments used to justify industrial policy interventions, and drawing on various strands of the literature it provides a review of the various mechanisms and arguments which help understand the factors which determine the emergence and type of industrial policies observed and how they change. Using this framework section three reviews the experience of MENA countries during the 1950s to the 1970s and the emergence of state-dominated vertical industrial policy, where traditional/sector selective and sector specific policies have been used extensively. Section four attempts to explain the failure for industrial policy to change during the 1980s and 1990s. While the developing world has moved toward more market oriented policies and production systems that are dominated by the private sector and rely on market signals, MENA has maintained much of the old style industrial policies and high state intervention in the economy that characterized much of the developing world in the past. The final section five makes concluding remarks on the likely directions of industrial policy in the region. As internal and external forces shape the way industrial policies can be used in the globalized economy, the MENA region’s old style of industrial policy will need to adjust. The ultimate path of change will be determined greatly by each country’s initial conditions and individual political economy factors.

American Association of Heart Failure Nurses’ mission, vision, and strategic plan: What do these mean to me—the member?

Introduction: British Business in the Twentieth Century: What Sort of Decline, What Sort of 'Renaissance'? 1. Strategic Games, Scale, and Efficiency, or Chandler goes to Hollywood 2. Industrial Policy in Twentieth Century Britain 3. Business in the Regions: From 'Old' Districts to 'New' Clusters? 4. Elites, Entrepreneurs, and British Business in the Twentieth Century 5. Invisible Entrepreneurs? Women and Business in Twentieth Century Britain 6. From a Solution to a Problem? Overseas Multinationals in Britain during Economic Decline and Renaissance 7. British Management since 1945: 'Renaissance' and Inertia, Illusions and Realities 8. Not 'Decline and Revival': An Alternative Narrative on British Post-War Productivity 9. Marketing Management in Britain: What Is the Evidence for 'Failure'? 10. British Retail Banking in the Twentieth Century: Decline and Renaissance in Industrial Lending 11. The Decline and Renewal of British Multinational Banking 12. Back to the Future: The Aircraft and IT Industries in Britain since 1945 13. Industrial Research and the Employment of Scientists in British Industry before the 1970s 14. Increasing Value? Modern British Retailing in the Late Twentieth Century 15. Predicting, Providing, Sustaining, Integrating? British Transport Policy since 1945 16. The Film Industry in Twentieth Century Britain: Consumption Patterns, Government Regulation, and Firm Strategy 17. British Sport Transformed: Sport, Business, and the Media since 1960 18. Ethics, Religion, and Business in Twentieth Century Britain

An assessment is provided of the extent to which industrial development policy and manufacturing firms in Ireland have embraced the four principles of the ‘New Competition’ outlined by Professor Michael Best. Comparisons with Germany arc made throughout the paper. A functional analysis of industrial development spending in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland suggests that less than a tenth of all expenditure is targeted at improving sectoral competitiveness. Less than 2% is aimed directly at developing collaboration and cooperation between firms, The remainder is counterstrategic, grant aiding the development of individual firms. Although plants in Ireland are found to have more extensive network linkages than those in Germany, these were predominantly between companies which were part of the same group rather than collaborative relationships between independent plants. The limited information available suggests that the production operations of manufacturing plants in Ireland are less flexible than those of German plants. In terms of product development, plants in Ireland had more multifunctional involvement and less functional demarcation than plants in Germany. Plants in Ireland also had similar product-quality aspirations to their German counterparts. Political and operational difficulties are likely to arise in the adoption of a more strategic industrial policy. Firms in Ireland may also be constrained by available human and financial resources in their attempts to embrace the principles of the New Competition.

What is the most appropriate framework, the most appropriate economic model, for designing an effective industrial policy? This article examines the evolution of both general policy opinion and economic literature related to this issue. After a brief summary of the tools needed in economics for an appropriate framework of analysis, the first section articulates the latest positions in policy opinion along the spectrum from state interventionism to anti‐regulationism. The section then presents the arguments behind the new trade theory and those of complementary theorizations to help us recognize the importance of the new trade theory as a suitable framework in favour of state intervention. The article states, however, that this is not sufficient, and the second section outlines the merits of an emerging systemic approach. It provides insights beyond the scope of the new trade theory which could serve as a foundation for the design of strategic industrial policies in a global industrial system.

This paper examines a simple general equilibrium model that considers problems related to agglomeration, technology, and the environment. First, it is shown that the manufactured goods sector converts from classical technology with constant returns to scale to modern technology with increasing returns to scale as the regional population increases. The optimal pollution level might be an inverted‐U shape with respect to population if optimal environmental policy is adopted. Second, the optimal population level of conversion is not attained in the market economy. The labour that is devoted to the manufactured goods sector in the market economy is too small. So, we derive the optimal subsidy rates to the manufactured goods sector to make resource allocation optimum. Third, we consider migration using the two‐region model. One region becomes a large city and the other region becomes a rural area if the total population is large. The industrial policy tends to extend the population difference between city and rural areas. On the other hand, if the total population is small, a symmetric point will be stable equilibrium.

My research explores the theoretical relevance of the Japanese intellectual historian Fujita Shōzō’s later concept of contemporary totalitarianism, the theoretical essence of which is captured by his concepts of ‘totalitarianism towards unruffled ease’ and ‘totalitarianism as market economy’. His conception of totalitarianism is clearly different from the concept as it is generally understood that his theoretical focus on totalitarian orientations can be seen particularly in his views of contemporary life and the market mechanism. Fujita essentially divides the semantic scope of contemporary totalitarianism into these two socio-political concepts, although he did not build a clear theoretical bridge between them. In this research I argue that Fujita’s concept of contemporary totalitarianism reveals totalitarian orientations in contemporary life under the dialectical social conditions involving the rationalised system of a market economy and the strong narcissistic impulse to satisfy unruffled ease, particularly through seeing twentieth-century society in continuity. Furthermore, I argue that this leads us to critically understand contemporary social and political phenomena, thereby bringing us self-criticism and self-reflection in socio-pathological terms.

The effectiveness of administering government affairs is largely determined by the quality of public services by the government agency concerned. The government sector continuously needs to carry out strategic planning, and evaluate itself and improve performance on an ongoing basis so that government goals according to their main tasks and functions and authority can be achieved effectively, efficiently and accountably. In order to create a clean and good government, synergy between three basic elements is needed, namely participation, transparency and accountability. The element of accountability has been outlined in Presidential Instruction No. 7 of 1999 concerning Accountability for the Performance of Government Agencies (AKIP), which essentially requires every government agency as an element of state government administration to be responsible for the implementation of its main tasks and functions, as well as resource management authority based on strategic planning determined by each agency. The accountability in question is in the form of a report submitted to each superior, supervisory institutions and accountability assessors, and finally submitted to the President as Head of Government. The report describes the performance of the government agencies concerned through the Government Agencies Performance Accountability System (SAKIP). It is hoped that this article can add to the repertoire and understanding of related concepts at theoretical and practical levels.

Revenue-constrained strategic trade and industrial policy