Study of labor cost escalation in delay projects

Accounting for possible risks that affect the successful implementation of construction projects is one of the most important tasks in planning and managing construction. The main problem for risk accounting is that they arise under the influence of random factors under conditions of high uncertainty. Therefore, the vast majority of risk accounting methods in construction are based on probabilistic models. Given the fact that recently the level of uncertainty in almost all areas of economic activity has increased significantly, it is necessary to develop new approaches to risk analysis that would respond as accurately and quickly as possible to emerging threats. Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical model based on the theory of random Markov processes, which allows, in a probabilistic approach, to analyze the negative impact of adverse factors on the implementation of construction projects in the dynamics of their receipt under conditions of high uncertainty in order to increase the efficiency of construction work. Materials and methods. The risk assessment model of the influence of unfavorable factors on a construction project, presented in the paper, is based on the theory of Markov random processes, which makes it possible to assess the probability of the implementation of possible threats with varying degrees of damage, and to calculate risks during construction work. The model assumes that threats that cause different levels of damage to a construction project arrive at random times and require different times to eliminate them. To implement the model, a system of differential equations is given, which is solved by numerical methods. An analysis of the solution under various conditions of threats is carried out. The influence of negative factors on the construction project during its long-term implementation is considered separately. The analysis of the influence of temporal and probabilistic parameters of the task on the degree of risks in the implementation of construction projects was carried out. Results. The relevance of developing a risk assessment model for the implementation of construction projects is shown, goals and objectives for scientific research are set. The ways of solving the set tasks are given and substantiated. A mathematical model has been developed that makes it possible to estimate the probabilities of finding a construction project in various states, differing in different degrees of risk during the implementation of the project. On the basis of numerical methods, the practical implementation of the model is given for various parameters characteri¬zing the influence of negative factors on the progress of the construction project. The results of the practical implementation of the model are analyzed, recommendations are given for using the model in practice. Conclusion. The presented dynamic risk assessment model for the implementation of construction projects can serve as the basis for building an optimal control system for the progress of construction work and making decisions on the organization of construction activities.

Implementation of Construction Projects that run within a limited time must be removed from the factors that cause project delays to run optimally and appropriately. This study aims to analyze the factors causing delays in road rehabilitation and maintenance in Kejayan Purwosari (Link 197) construction projects due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The study population consist of 80 people and the number of research samples is the total population. The data collection technique is done by distributing questionnaires. Techniques for analyzing research data using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the study prove that the factors of Manpower, Materials and Equipment have no significant effect on Project Delay. Meanwhile, the factors of Construction Method, Relationship and Time and Control have a significant effect on Project Delay.

The role of risk management is of course very important in construction implementation management, for this reason there needs to be a study on the integration of disaster risk management into construction implementation. The purpose of this writing is to determine the risks that occur in the implementation of construction projects if a disaster occurs, compare the ranking results of risk factors that occur in the implementation of construction projects obtained with the results of previous research, manage risk management during ongoing construction projects related to disaster events, and compile a framework for integrating disaster risk management into construction projects. Data analysis in this research was carried out using methods, namely: descriptive statistical analysis to analyze the level of threat of danger caused by natural disasters, mean ranking analysis to analyze risks that occur in the implementation of construction projects if a disaster occurs, risk response analysis to analyze risk management. for disaster management, and creating a disaster risk management framework for implementing construction projects. After analyzing data on factors related to mitigating risk management in construction work in this research, it was found that the contractual, construction and technological design components were the most dominant factors related to mitigating risk management in construction work. Meanwhile, labor is a component that is not dominant in mitigating risk management in construction work.

Scheduling plays a fundamental role in construction projects’ success and thus has drawn attention from both academic researchers and industry practitioners. A large number of research articles tend to solve emerging challenges in construction project schedule (CPS). Therefore, there is a strong need of systematic review on existing studies. In this study, a total of 332 articles were retrieved from Scopus database using title, abstract and keywords with respect to CPS and filtered by document type, language type and abstract content. In particular, science mapping approach was adopted to analyse selected journal articles. These articles were examined using three sequential processes, including bibliometric search, scientometric analysis, and in-depth qualitative discussion. It could demonstrate the most influential journals, researchers, published articles, and active countries/regions in this area. In addition, major CPS knowledge areas were identified and summarized as CPS constructability, applications of variety of CPS methods, CPS optimization models and algorithms, identification and quantification of schedule risks and uncertainties, CPS performance management, and adopting new emerging CPS technologies and methods. Furthermore, knowledge gaps and future potential research directions were also discussed in detail. Finally, a comprehensive CPS framework was proposed as a sound reference in future research.

The construction industry has a dynamic and complex environment. The successful completion of a construction project depends on various factors. Accordingly, construction delay is observed to happen in construction projects. It is highly affecting the construction sector and the economy of the country too. Although previous research studies identified the causes, effects, and mitigation methods separately, this study adopts a linked approach and directs to identify the effective applicable mitigation methods and their practices on each significant cause of delay in construction projects. Moreover, contractors are noted as one of the main sources of construction delay from the previous studies. Hence, this research aims to develop a framework to determine the applicable mitigation strategies and the practices of each mitigation strategy for each significant cause of contractor’s delays in construction projects in Sri Lanka. A mixed research approach was adopted to generate the research process. A literature review was conducted on construction delays, organizational and project management factors, and professional competency, mitigation strategies in delay management. The significant causes of delays and effective mitigation strategies were ranked through a questionnaire survey using a Likert scale. Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors in the Sri Lankan construction industry were selected in the ratio of 1:3 respectively for the interview as they are mostly engaged with delay management. Also, the respondents were limited to 68 and the collected data were analysed through the Relative Important Index (RII) method, to rank the significant causes and mitigation strategies. Then techniques and possible mitigation strategies were found through interviews and content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings indicated that most of the contractor’s delays can be mitigated through applying proper mitigation strategies as effective management approaches in the construction projects such as effective project planning and schedules of construction works, maintain positive financial stability and well qualified and experienced professionals and staff, effective strategic planning, risk analysis, and management, selection of suitable sub-contractor and management and effective site management and supervision. In addition to that, inaccurate planning and scheduling of the project, financial dishonesty, poor procurement of construction materials, ineffective time management of contractors, and incompetence of management professionals and staffs were identified as the most significant contractor’s causes of delays in construction management.
 Keywords: Delays, Significant Causes, Mitigation, Construction Management, Construction Projects.

Time delay in the construction industry is a global problem and considered as one of the most significant problems worldwide. Libyan construction industry is also no exception to it, and it is known that to consider the project successful is complete on time within predicted costt. As a result of many reasons, this is more noticeably in developing countries as time delay is a normal result of poor project performance. In Libyan construction industry, budget overrun and time extension are the main problems facing all project parties including clients, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers. This research aims to determine the main causes that result in construction delays in Libya according to the owners, contractors and consultants participated in the questionnaire. The outcome of this study is that the main significant elements that often lead to time delay in Libyan construction projects are: delay in payment by client, financial difficulties by contractors, corruption, security issues, market inflation and frequent change by client during construction projects implementation.

Integrated carbon emission estimation method for construction operation and project scheduling

Residential construction projects can have many risks and uncertainties that can affect their completion time. To ensure a residential construction project is completed on time, accurate duration estimates are required for each activity. The deterministic duration Critical Path Method (CPM) is extensively used in construction project scheduling. However, this method may not always yield a realistic schedule as it uses only one duration estimation for each activity. As an alternative, this study uses the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which utilizes three duration estimates, and the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) which simulates the duration 5000 times. A house construction project with 24 activities was analyzed using CPM which yielded 63 days completion time. The project was then analyzed using PERT and MCS. PERT and MCS calculations found that to complete the project with a 95% level of confidence the project needed 70 and 79 days, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that PERT and MCS can assist project managers in creating a more realistic project schedule by considering the risks and uncertainties inherent in a construction project.

Knowledge management is concerned with the development and exploitation of the knowledge assets of an organisation, with a view to furthering the organisation’s objectives. The vital role that knowledge management processes play in the performance of business organisations has been the basis of several studies - a number of companies operating in various other industries have proven the need for, and performance enhancing benefits of, adopting knowledge management processes in one form or another. Taking these accounts into consideration, this article attempted to test the hypothesis that effective knowledge management use would constitute a performance enhancing tool in construction project management enterprise in South Africa. The research survey was thus carried out among registered professional construction project managers in South Africa. The levels of awareness and use of knowledge management systems among construction project management professionals in South Africa was analysed. This revealed a mostly ‘medium to high’ level of awareness and use. However, the Project Efficiency Review (PER) approach to performance measurement showed limited correlation between knowledge management use and enhanced performance in construction project performance. Other performance measurement approaches such as Metrics, Economic and Market Value also showed limited correlation. Two causative factors for this situation are construction project scope changes and schedule delays, which are seemingly pervasive in contemporary South Africa. As such, further research is recommended to establish more appropriate ‘objective’ performance measurement approaches that would be able to accommodate these complexities. This would facilitate the making of a business case for knowledge management use in construction project management.

The main principles and approaches to construction planning and production organization are taking into account the dependencies between the terms of project implementation and its cost. The basis of this methodology for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of construction projects is the methods and methods by which the participants of the construction and investment process determine the duration and cost of construction during tenders at various stages of organizational and technological development. The effectiveness of improving these methods essentially depends on how fully they take into account the specific features of the management-control, organizational-technological, and financial situations in which the construction will be carried out. A very wide and diverse list of factors can affect the structure and indicators of construction projects. Among them, for example, the relative remoteness of the main suppliers of resources from construction sites, the underdevelopment of the construction industry in some regions of the country, the influence of climatic factors on the productivity of labor, other powerful influence of elements of the external environment and the impact on project results in existing models and methods. As a result, we have a real duration of construction higher than the proposed one. This is especially relevant in conditions where improving the efficiency of capital investments in construction projects requires finding organizational and management tools to increase the level of economic relations in construction, strengthen contractual discipline, and increase the economic responsibility of builders and customers for the final results of construction projects. Implementation of construction projects is associated with high costs. In order to effectively use existing methods of construction planning and production organization in the established economic conditions, to have a positive impact on the acceleration and efficiency of construction, it is necessary to add methods that take into account the existing specific features of the construction industry. The need to create a certain toolkit for solving tasks related to increasing the efficiency of construction projects, minimizing the duration of projects and maximizing profit, taking into account organizational, technological, economic factors and elements of the external environment, determines the relevance of this scientific research.

Early implementation of the sustainable development goals in construction projects: A Danish case study

An extensive application of project network analysis in construction project management has been observed in the last few decades. The scheduling of construction projects is generally carried out using the conventional project scheduling methodologies such as Critical Path Method (CPM), Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM), Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), and so on. However, construction processes are highly repetitive in functionality. This characteristic makes construction projects more robust and stochastic, and thus requires a neoteric scheduling method rather than the conventional project scheduling techniques thereof. Consequently, an intriguing stochastic project network technique known as Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT), which is generally used in the industrial scheduling, is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional construction scheduling. The nature of GERT includes probabilistic branching, feedback looping, multiple sink nodes, and multiple node realizations which cannot be achieved in the conventional construction scheduling methodologies. These remarkable features permit the construction personnel to model and analyse projects and systems of a very repetitive nature and high complexities. GERT is the solution with paragon to many real-life projects that face problems like probabilistic occurrences of events, false-starts, activity repetition and multiple outcomes. This research tries to provide a comprehensive implication of GERT for a real-time construction project.KeywordsStochastic project networkCPMPERTConstruction schedulingGERT

In the implementation of construction projects, they are often faced with problems, one of which is the occurrence of changes. Changes such as Contract Change Orders have an impact on the implementation of construction projects which will increase or decrease time, costs and quality. This research was conducted on two groups of respondents to determine whether or not there were differences of opinion between contractor respondents and supervisory consultants. The first stage carried out was to identify the factors causing the Contract Change Order from a number of previous research journal articles. The second stage is distributing questionnaires to construction companies registered with the Palangka Raya City LPSE for 2020-2023. The third stage is processing the data using the SPSS computer application to test validity and reliability, before analyzing it using Descriptive Analysis to determine the ranking of dominant factors. Then a Difference Test (Mann-Whitney) was carried out to determine the differences in opinion between the contractor respondent group and the supervisory consultant. The research was conducted in August-November 2023. The results of the literature study show twenty factors that cause Contract Change Orders on construction projects in Palangka Raya City. Descriptive analysis shows that there are three dominant factors, namely (mismatch between drawings and field conditions; addition and subtraction of work items; and addition and reduction of work volume). The Difference Test (Mann-Whitney) shows the calculated Z value < Z table = -0.094 < 1.96. So H0 can be accepted, namely that there is no significant difference in the factors causing Contract Change Orders (CCO) between contractor experts and supervisory consultants

The three main objectives in construction projects are completing the project on time, within budget, and with good quality. Each construction project is unique and unpredictable making it beneficial to model the project before executing it. There are many ways to model a construction project; however, computer models are ideal. It is very costly and time consuming to experiment with the actual system. Therefore, by using a computer simulation, accurate data can be collected from the project without the time and cost drawbacks. The specific construction project researched is based on a real project from Fort Mcmurray Alberta, Canada. The construction project involved the delivery and erection of three different types of steel in a construction site. Once the steel has been delivered, it needs to be stored and then carried by forklift to one of two cranes to be erected. A schedule was provided for which days each type of material was expected to be delivered and erected, however this schedule did not account for the 20% chance that any delivery could be delayed by one day or the 10% chance that deliveries could be delayed by two days. A model project was created on Simphony.NET with the assumptions that work could commence the entire day (24 hours), the site has unlimited storage, and a delay in one delivery does not delay all the deliveries after it. The schedule for the project was then modified to reflect the results of the simulation. The modified schedule showed that several deliveries of materials were delayed. However, due to the model’s assumptions and the time for erection being relatively short, the planned schedule for the erection of the materials was not delayed. By using the data collected from the computer simulation it was possible to more accurately plan the schedule for this construction project.

Labor productivity is an important part of various construction planning to project schedule, quality and cost. Planning project schedules without specifying worker productivity allows a mismatch of duration and group workers' plans for realization. productivity, it is expected to reduce ineffective time and in accordance with the schedule of construction implementation activities. The aim of this study is to know of the labor productivity with approavh value stream mapping. work flow system during construction, analyse labor productivity in the implementation of construction projects and formulate conformity. The results of the research at the Riau High Prosecutor's Project indicate that the average productivity for reinforcing work in the column is 32,314 kg / hour with an average index value of workers of 1,616. The workmanship of column formwork obtained results in an average productivity of 18,184 m2 / hour with an average value of labour index of 0,909 while for column casting work the results showed an average productivity of 21,695 m3 / hour with an average value of labour index of 0,915. In the construction of beam and plate construction the average value of productivity was 20.736 kg / hour with an average index value of 1.037. The workmanship of beam and plate formwork obtained an average yield of 22,256 m2 / hour with an average index value of 1,113 and casting work on beams and plates obtained an average value of productivity of 21,081 m3 / hour with an average index value of 0,964. Keywords—Productivity, Labor, Value, Stream, Mapping