Study of localization method for switching between low electricity consumption and high precision for a watching system

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are becoming inevitable in this world of high technology as it provides low cost access to broadband services. Moreover, the technologists are doing research to make WMN more reliable and secure. Subsequently, among wireless ad-hoc networking technologies, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is gaining high degree of importance among researchers due to its easy availability in the gadgets and low power consumption. BLE started its journey from version 4.0 and announced the latest version 5 with mesh support capability. BLE being a low power and mesh supported technology is nowadays among the hot research topics for the researchers. Many of the researchers are working on BLE mesh technology to make it more efficient and smart. Apart from other variables of efficiency, like all communication networks, mesh network security is also of a great concern. In view of the aforesaid, this paper provides a comprehensive review on several works associated to the security in WMN and BLE mesh networks and the research related to the BLE security protocols. Moreover, after the detailed research on related works, this paper has discussed the pros and cons of the present developed mesh security mechanisms. Also, at the end after extracting the curx from the present research on WMN and BLE mesh security, this research study has devised some solutions as how to mitigate the BLE mesh network security lapses.

The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an attractive solution for implementing low-cost, low power consumption, short-range wireless transmission technology and high flexibility wireless products, which working on standard coin-cell batteries for years. The original design of BLE is restricted to star topology networking, which limits network coverage and scalability. In contrast, other competing technologies like Wi-Fi and ZigBee overcome those constraints by supporting different topologies such as the tree and mesh network topologies. This paper presents a part of the researchers’ efforts in designing solutions to enable BLE mesh networks and implements a tree network topology which is not supported in the standard BLE specifications. In addition, it discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the existing BLE network solutions. During analyzing the existing solutions, we highlight currently open issues such as flooding-based and routing-based solutions to allow end-to-end data transmission in a BLE mesh network and connecting BLE devices to the internet to support the Internet of Things (IoT). The approach proposed in this paper combines the default BLE star topology with the flooding based mesh topology to create a new hybrid network topology. The proposed approach can extend the network coverage without using any routing protocol.

A long term healthcare monitoring system requires battery operated devices with low-power technologies. Researchers tried to adapt various short-range technologies for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in ubiquitous health monitoring. The classical Bluetooth is known for its greedy power consumption, IrDA and NFC require line-of-sight conditions, and ANT has weak coexistence features and interference issues. A typical choice remains ZigBee/6LoWPAN over IEEE 802.15.4 based solutions in WBANs because of their low-power consumption. However, the recently proposed Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) announced more compelling features in various aspects. Only few studies have been published supporting these claims on BLE. In this paper, we present a BLE based remote healthcare monitoring platform and we study its compatibility for ECG monitoring. ECG data requires continuous and real-time transmissions, making it particularly challenging for resource constrained devices. In our system, a BLE112 module from Bluegiga and a BLE USB dongle are used for WBAN. The performance of the system is evaluated experimentally and the results showed good potential of this proposed BLE platform in meeting the main QoS requirements of medical applications in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet error rate, while staying energy efficient.

Objectives: The most common asset tracking systems used are RFID, Wi-Fi, Cellular, WSN, Robots, GPS etc. While using such techniques, the energy consumption will be increased; proximity range cannot be met and are costly. Statistical Analysis: So the developers started to build up a less complex, compact and energy efficient object tracker with the use of Bluetooth Low Energy. Findings: This paper aims at developing a Key Tag that identifies the location of the minute objects within the specified proximity area. The main components are: I) Bluetooth Low Energy, II) Smartphone. The key functions are performed by Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) module and smart phone application. The important feature of this key tag is its low power consumption through the usage of Bluetooth Low energy that has the key feature of sleep mode for most of the time and only wakes up when the connection is initiated. Improvements: Low power consumption is achieved by limiting the actual connection times to a very few ms the results achieved through BLE analysis is presented and discussed here.

Smart healthcare monitoring is very essential for people who are in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in hospitals which provides continuous monitoring of health parameters, which cannot be afforded outside the hospitals. Because of the ever-increasing population of the world, smart health care has become increasingly crucial. The traditional patient-doctor consultation has lost its usefulness. The effective way of monitoring the patient’s health within ICU has great potential to introduce Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The patient’s survival can be improved by the daily care of parameters such as heart rate, Hemodynamic, skin temperature, capillary refill, mental status, etc., which can be wirelessly monitored in smart way using BLE and MQTT. In addition, the Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol could also be used for alerting the doctors if the sensor values go to a critical level as per the threshold value. It uses BLE and MQTT in monitoring the health of an ICU patient and also it will compare the ZigBee technology, which is already used in monitoring health parameters in following criteria low power, performance, cost, availability etc., with the proposed method. ZigBee will not support android version which is very important to access the smart phones. But the proposed method can support android version with low power consumption.

A tempeh chips slicing machine has been developed. This machine was developed based from the results of the previous research. The main slicing component is a stainless steel rotating disc equipped with three curved knives. With this knives geometry arrangement, slicing can be done at high speed. High speed is possible due to the absence of reciprocating motion and due to smooth cutting strokes. A variable speed 550W brush less direct current motor was employed to power the slicing mechanism. The machine was tested at motor speed of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 rpm. Across all speeds, the machine consistently produced chips of 1 mm thickness that is in compliance with industrial requirement. The machine produced up to 96% of intact slices, with slicing capacity of 53 kg/h (692 slices/min) and a very low electric power consumption ranged from 23 W (at 500 rpm) to 60 W (at 900 rpm). The machine can slice several chip solid materials with good results, therefore it has the potential to be developed into a multi purpose chip slicer. Keywords: Curved rotary knife, Low power consumption, Slicer, Slicing machine, Tapioca tempeh chip.

In this paper, we propose a system for using a commercially available Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) sensor underwater. Our system comprises a mounting device located close to the BLE sensor and a part located on the water surface. In the water, the mounting device receives the BLE signals from the sensor and converts them into acoustic waves that are emitted from a speaker. The part on the water surface receives those acoustic waves via a microphone and demodulates the data transmitted by the BLE sensor. The proposed system enables existing BLE sensors to be used underwater. Some of the functions of our proposed system are developed and evaluated using commercially available products, and the basic nerformance of the system is confirmed.

Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) are an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) in those environments where its signal is attenuated. This is one of the main reasons why IPS has been the subject of much research over the last two decades and where different technologies and methods have been used. Among the technologies used in IPS are those that use radio frequency (RF) signals, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Wi-Fi. BLE is widely used in ubiquitous computing and in many applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) mainly due to its low power consumption and because it can provide advanced services to users. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the state of the art of BLE-based IPS including its main methods and algorithms.

Many well-known wireless networks are currently being used to develop educational robots. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the well-suited for educational robotic systems because of its simplicity, low power consumption, low cost, and robustness. To operate several robots simultaneously in a limited space like a classroom, a mesh network topology is necessary to communicate amongst robots. However, the BLE mesh network has a managed flooding protocol, which is inefficient for educational robotic systems since it is appropriate for small networks. Thus, a task synchronization is required to ensures the accuracy and stability of the system. This paper proposes task synchronization method in BLE mesh network to operate educational robots simultaneously and quickly as possible, but not in real-time without a central control system. The results demonstrate that the proposed method operate the task simultaneously and faster than a typical broadcasting in BLE.

In this paper, we propose an indoor positioning system based on Bluetooth low energy (BLE), and the localization tag is with characteristics of low power, low cost, and high portability. The proposed system consists of BLE tags, BLE/WiFi repeaters, and a fusion server. The BLE tag is a device which broadcasts BLE beacons. The BLE/WiFi repeaters collect the beacons transmitted from the tag and extract the received signal strength (RSS). The RSS values are then transmitted to the fusion server through WiFi, and the server will estimate the position of the BLE tag with RSS-based positioning algorithm. We propose an indoor positioning algorithm which is a hybrid from received signal strength indication (RSSI)-fingerprint and cell of origin (CoO) to estimate the BLE tag's location. Some modifications are made to typical RSSI-fingerprint and CoO algorithm to get better accuracy. The test results show 1.2 m to 1.4 m positioning accuracy. The size of the BLE tag is 1.7 cm in radius and 0.5 cm thick. Each BLE tag costs 3 US dollars. The current consumption of the tag is 50 μA which can be used without charge for 136 days with a CR2025 battery.

Since GPS (Global Positioning System) cannot meet accuracy requirements indoors, indoor Location-Based Services (LBSs) have become increasingly important. BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) offers cost and accuracy advantages. Typically, the position fingerprinting method is used for indoor positioning. However, due to irregular reflection and absorption, the indoor environment introduces various offsets in Bluetooth RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator). This study analyzed the RSSI space and proposed a pre-processing workflow to improve position estimation accuracy by correcting offsets in RSSI space for BLE fingerprinting methods using machine learning. Experiments performed using different position estimation methods showed that the corrected data achieved a 6% improvement over the filter-only result. This study also evaluated the effects of different pre-processing and post-processing filters on positioning accuracy. Experiments were also conducted using a published dataset and showed similar results.

With the increasing demand for location-based services, indoor localization technology based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has recently received significant attention. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) has become a research hotspot among the numerous WSNs due to its ubiquitous deployment, low-power consumption, and low cost. Many previous BLE-based indoor localization technologies can only use received signal strength indication (RSSI) for localization in the 2-D plane and achieve coarse accuracy. However, high-accuracy location information is required in an increasing number of applications, e.g., elderly fall detection for medical applications, which urgently requires a new BLE-based localization technology in 3-D space. To this end, we propose Spotlight, an angle-based fine-grained indoor localization system in 3-D space using BLE sensors. The critical idea of the Spotlight is to measure the angle-of-arrival (AoA) and elevation-of-angle (EoA) of the signal from the target to the BLE receivers and utilize them to achieve accurate 3-D localization. Specifically, we develop an offset elimination algorithm and data stitching algorithm, utilizing the second-order cone (SoC) programming to obtain accurate angle estimates. Then, the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) is used to search for the target location in 3-D space. Finally, we develop the prototype system with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) BLE sensors and conduct extensive experiment measurements in real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve a median localization error of 36 cm in the 2-D plane and 48 cm in the 3-D space.

In modern vehicles Controller Area Network (CAN) bus has significant importance to transfer data from sensors to Engine Control Unit (ECU) by employing two wire system. CAN bus is very efficient in terms of throughput and reliability but it requires very careful sensor deployment and wiring. In this paper, we propose low cost and energy efficient communication between sensor nodes and ECU using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) within Vehicular Ad Hoc Network by employing Intra Vehicle Wireless Sensor Network. BLE can be readily employed in densely urban environment for inter vehicular (up to 50m range) and intra vehicular (up to 10m range) wireless communication. We have compared BLE and CAN bus for communicating actual engine data between ECUs and sensors, and ECU and Onboard Unit (OBU), in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, latency and coverage area. Proposed BLE based system exhibited very high successful packet delivery ratios for static and driving scenarios with acceptable average RSSI values of at least -10dBm. During extensive tests, BLE CC2540/CC2541 based system also achieved very low current consumption (in microamperes) and longer battery life time (around six months on a standard coin battery).

In this paper, a novel method for mobile terminal (MT) subarea localisation in GSM networks is presented. No base stations position and additional hardware are required. It is a variation of the fingerprinting localisation method aiming to determine not the MT geographic position but the MT subarea and to reduce necessary initialisation measurements. Several GSM-based methods have been developed for MT localisation. The localisation method, proposed in this paper, is based on the fingerprinting method but is differentiated regarding the produced result. In this method the location server does not compare the MT collected radio network measurements with the stored radio map but with the subareas proprietary characteristics indicating the subarea where the MT is located and not the exact MT geographic position. Finally, if an LBS requires as input the subscriber subarea and not the geographic position then the novel method presented here reduces significantly the localisation initialisation requirements and computational cost in order to provide the service.

Performance characteristics of a compact self-circulating liquid desiccant air dehumidification system coupled with a heat pump: A comprehensive parametric study