Sub-millimeter wave nanoantenna-a review

The conversion between guided and free-space waves is crucial for achieving integrated terahertz (THz) communication and signal processing. Herein, a bidirectional conversion mechanism is proposed for bridging two-dimensional (2D) guided waves and free-space waves, which is demonstrated by the wave manipulation of a metallic waveguide with meta-holes (MWMH). Compared with the conventional conversion between one-dimensional guided waves and free-space waves, in the proposed bidirectional conversion process, meta-holes can arbitrarily manipulate the phase of THz waves in higher dimensions, which enables stronger beam-manipulation capability and a higher gain. When used as a transmitting antenna, the MWMH exhibits excellent performance, i.e., a high gain (33.3 dBi), a high radiation efficiency (∼90%), and flexible beam manipulation. When the MWMH is reversely employed as a receiving antenna to obtain the focus of 2D guided waves, it achieves a gain of 27 dB and a focusing efficiency of 50.4%. The measured results for both the transmitting and receiving antennas agree well with the simulation results. The proposed bidirectional conversion mechanism facilitates the development of THz integrated photonic devices and is promising for application in the sixth-generation mobile communication, radar detection, and nondestructive testing.

5G networks have to offer extremely high capacity for novel streaming applications. One of the most promising approaches is to embed large numbers of cooperating small cells into the macro-cell coverage area. Alternatively, optical wireless based technologies can be adopted as an alternative physical layer offering higher data rates. Visible light communications (VLC) is an emerging technology for future high capacity communication links (it has been accepted to 5GPP) in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (~370–780 nm) utilizing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) simultaneously provide data transmission and room illumination. A major challenge in VLC is the LED modulation bandwidths, which are limited to a few MHz. However, myriad gigabit speed transmission links have already been demonstrated. Non line-of-sight (NLOS) optical wireless is resistant to blocking by people and obstacles and is capable of adapting its’ throughput according to the current channel state information. Concurrently, organic polymer LEDs (PLEDs) have become the focus of enormous attention for solid-state lighting applications due to their advantages over conventional white LEDs such as ultra-low costs, low heating temperature, mechanical flexibility and large photoactive areas when produced with wet processing methods. This paper discusses development of such VLC links with a view to implementing ubiquitous broadcasting networks featuring advanced modulation formats such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation (CAP) in conjunction with equalization techniques. Finally, this paper will also summarize the results of the European project ICT COST IC1101 OPTICWISE (Optical Wireless Communications - An Emerging Technology) dealing VLC and OLEDs towards 5G networks.

The advent of the emerging fifth generation (5G) networks has changed the paradigm of how computing, electronics, and electrical (CEE) systems are interconnected. CEE devices and systems, with the help of the 5G technology, can now be seamlessly linked in a way that is rapidly turning the globe into a digital world. Smart cities and internet of things have come to stay but not without some challenges, which must be discussed. The Handbook of Research on 5G Networks and Advancements in Computing, Electronics, and Electrical Engineering focuses on current technological innovations as the world rapidly heads towards becoming a global smart city. It covers important topics such as power systems, electrical engineering, mobile communications, network, security, and more. This book examines vast types of technologies and their roles in society with a focus on how each works, the impacts it has, and the future for developing a global smart city. This book is ideal for both industrial and academic researchers, scientists, engineers, educators, practitioners, developers, policymakers, scholars, and students interested in 5G technology and the future of engineering, computing, and technology in human society.

Wireless Connections and volume of the traffic are increasing with different applications over 5G environments. Thus, many researchers have estimated the increasing range of user's requirements within these networks. However, the traffic management will play a very important role in satisfying the user's needs in future wireless communications. In this research, the massive data traffic will be studied for enabling the best of IoT applications over a 5G network. Thus, the multiple accessing schemas are presented for managing the overall network traffic. Furthermore, the primary aim of this research is to provide an efficient estimation technique for managing traffic when multiple access is capable of handling variable delays and data priorities associated with the large volume of the traffic considered in the 5G networks. Thus, it can be modified to IoT applications within future IoT based 5G networks. Moreover, this research will be leading us to implement an estimated traffic solution for IoT applications over 5G networks. Thus, it comprehensively focuses on the traffic issues within large applications from the accessing steps till assuring the service delivery.

Background. The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) networks creates new opportunities for fast and continuous data exchange, but there are still some problems with the quality of voice services in such networks. With the rapid development of technology and the further spread of 5G, there is a need to understand the impact of key aspects of 5G on voice quality. This requires research that can systematically analyse the features of 5G networks that affect the quality of voice services. Objective. Identification of ways to improve the quality of voice services in 5G networks. Assessment of key indicators of voice service quality in 5G networks. Determination of the best option for the gradual transition to the Standalone mode and the use of VoNR technology in the fifth generation networks. Methods. Analysis of factors affecting the quality of voice services in fifth-generation networks. Analysis of well-known publications on the implementation of 5G networks. Comparison of the implementation of Non-Standalone and Standalone modes in the 5G network. Testing of the modern EVS codec, which provides an opportunity to improve the customer experience. Results. Confirmation that 5G networks can significantly improve the quality of voice services compared to previous mobile communication technologies such as 4G and 3G. Certain factors that may affect the quality of voice services and require additional attention when planning and deploying 5G networks are identified. The optimal steps for the transition to the Standalone mode and the use of VoNR technology in fifth-generation networks are determined. The main differences in the QoS architecture between LTE and 5G are identified, and the purpose of DRB flows for separating traffic types and services is established. Conclusions. It has been confirmed that 5G networks can significantly improve the quality of voice services compared to previous technologies such as 4G and 3G. This is possible due to the broadband capabilities of 5G networks, improved data transmission, low latency, the use of an advanced EVS codec and reduced response time. However, certain factors, such as network coverage, optimisation level and traffic characteristics, can affect the quality of voice services and require additional attention when planning and deploying 5G networks. The QoS management architecture consists of QoS flows, which allow separating packet assignment to flows (managed by the CN) from the assignment of DRB flows (managed by the RAN). As 5G networks are being rolled out gradually, it is important to properly integrate the 5G domain into the existing telecoms provider's network. The transition from Non-Standalone to Dual connectivity is a necessary step for the implementation of VoNR technology in Standalone mode. Using the modern EVS codec allows not only improving the customer experience, but also introducing new voice services.

The surge of visual data, particularly images and videos, makes robust wireless visual communication indispensable in the digital age. With the advent of sixth-generation (6G) networks featuring ultra-high data rates and applications like XR and telemedicine the demand for efficient image transmission is clear. Traditional communication systems, relying on independent source and channel coding, fail to perform adequately in dynamic wireless environments. Deep Joint Source Channel Coding (Deep JSCC) emerges as a transformative approach that integrates data compression and error protection at the source-channel level, utilizing advancements in deep learning. Advanced architectures, such as autoencoders and adaptive schemes, provide enhanced perceptual quality and adaptability across varying channel conditions. This review highlights significant progress in Deep JSCC for wireless image transmission in 6G networks, focusing on theoretical foundations and applications in IoT, immersive XR, telemedicine, and vehicular communications. It also addresses challenges like computational complexity and standardization, while identifying future opportunities in semantic communications and green AI. Keywords: (Deep JSCC), 6G Wireless Networks, Robust Image transmission, Semantic Communications, (IoT), (XR), Machine Learning for Communications.

The wireless optical communication is a kind of broadband access technology, it can be said that it properly combined with the optical fiber and wireless communication technology. More to say, it is a powerful supplement of modern optical fiber communication. In this paper, based on the advantages of wireless optical communication technology, this paper introduces the wireless optical communication technology in the application of 2G network, 3G network and extends the application in backbone network, and analyzes the common problems and solutions in the wireless optical communication. With the advance of technology, the wireless optical communications technology development prospects will be more and more broad, is worthy of popularization and application.

This paper includes the survey of need and issues/challenges faced for energy efficiency in 5G network and D2D technique to improve energy efficiency without compromising the user experience. Improving the energy efficiency is important part while designing a network. Energy efficient communication is required for energy constrained networks such as ad-hoc networks in which battery powered wireless system need to reduce energy usage. Cellular systems need to be energy efficient, particularly as the battery constraints has been made significant problem in mobile communication. Also, significant part of the energy is absorbed by the base station, which produces a large electricity bill. This has urged energy optimization for the use of mobile phones, the achievement of energy efficiency is of great economic value from both, the operator’s and the consumer’s viewpoint. Keywords: Base station (BS), energy efficiency (EE), device-to-device technology (D2D) Cite this Article Anika Chaudhary, Himanshi, Pooja Rani. Energy efficiency issues and D2D technique in 5G network. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks . 2020; 7(2): 1–6p.

Optical communication has been employed in a wide range of applications, including terrestrial, submarine, inter-satellite, and even space communication. It is particularly successful in fiber-based communication networks that vastly reshape modern life through the Internet. With the intensified activities such as undersea resource exploration, ecosystem monitoring, and recreation, underwater is an exciting new arena for optical wireless communication (OWC). In this paper, we review the recent progress of underwater and water-air OWC systems. Channel characterization, communication system design, and performance investigations are given. Critical limitations and effective mitigation methods to overcome the influence of bubbles and waves are presented. We also address the current issues for proper performance comparison under different wave conditions. With further research in channel modeling, device innovation, and system design optimization, practical and robust underwater and water-air OWC systems can be realized.

The paper describes and analyzed the methods for mobile communication design of the different generations. There is shown the development of mobile devices from the analog to the digital. In the sequent way, the factors that lead to the technologies development and are used in the certain mobile communication generations are described. There is presented the diagrams and comparative tables, which illustrate certain trends and patterns in the mobile communication development for the each generation. To predict how we will develop a new generation of 5G network in the most developed countries of the world, and when this technology will be introduced in Ukraine. The 5G networking technologies at the beginning of 2016 are in the process of development. The main developer is the company Huawei. The main task for the 5th-generation networks will expand the range of frequencies used and to increase the network capacities. It is expected that the new technology will solve the main problem for the all operators in the world: to improve the efficiency of the network infrastructure.

Introduction. The Russian telecommunications industry is on the threshold of introducing 5G/IMT-2020 (5G) mobile communications. The expected technological innovations of the new generation standard will lead to an increase in the capacity of mobile operators ‘ networks, data transfer speeds, the emergence of new scenarios for the use of mobile communications and the development of innovative digital services. This will contribute to economic growth by increasing labour productivity, automation and introducing new technologies in various economy and human activity areas. At the same time, the electromagnetic environment (EMO) in the areas where people stay will also change. The purpose of the study is to consider the unique features of the architecture of the 5G network to predict the impact on the population of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the radio frequency (RF) range. Material and methods. The study is analytical. The information base of the research was Russian strategic documents on the development of 5G technologies, articles published in domestic and foreign journals. Results. The primary input data for the construction of 5G networks are presented, allowing us to evaluate EMO and identify the new technology features that are significant in terms of the impact of RF electromagnetic fields on the population. The 5G network uses previously unused RF bands and new types of antennas. With the introduction of 5G, the density of base stations (BS) and access points will significantly increase, the heights of BS antennas will decrease, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of electromagnetic radiation will change substantially. Conclusion. The architecture of the 5G network differs significantly from the mobile communication standards of previous generations. The introduction of 5G networks will lead to a significant change in the electromagnetic background in the environment. An urgent task is to develop a theory of hygienic regulation of RF EMF for the population in a complex electromagnetic environment with simultaneous operation of 5G networks and previous generations and new approaches to determining the levels of EMF in the environment by computational and instrumental methods.

Rapid growth on new technologies and services in mobile communication leads to stronger competition in spectrum access. As a developed country, Malaysia is also affected by this trend. With the increasing numbers of subscribers, the easier solution for mobile service providers to improve the coverage area is by installing new base station (BS). Nevertheless, this increases the possibilities of interference among BS. Thus, spectrum monitoring is needed to maintain the efficiency of the network and avoid interference. However, the commercial spectrum monitoring tool is not a cost effective enough in the fast pace changing mobile communication environment. Hence, the need for development of a low cost radio frequency (RF) spectrum monitoring tool to identified and monitor interference. This paper aims to highlight the approaches taken in developing an open-source spectrum management tool for Malaysian authority. The simple low cost tool is capable to identified possible interference among BS in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 2G and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (IMT), 3G networks as well as capable to display BS cell coverage area.

Aiming at the rapid development of mobile communication system and the relative lag of teaching content,the 4G mobile communication virtual simulation platform is introduced into the mobile communication system curriculum in this paper. Taking the actual process of deployment, construction and maintenance of 4G network of telecom operators as a reference, the training exercises were carefully designed to integrate the complex theory of 4G system and networks into training. Practice has proved that this kind of teaching reform is conducive to students to closely link theoretical knowledge with the actual system, promote the improvement of students'professional quality and innovation ability, and promote the cultivation of communication engineering professionals.

Comparative Study of Efficiency Enhancement Technologies in 5G Networks - A survey

This paper applied literature research method, case study method and method of comparative analysis, and compared differences between 4G and 3G mobile communication systems, to illuminate that the 4G system can provide mobile internet application more advanced than that of 3G, and put forward direction for construction of library in 4G environment. According to construction situation of the existing mobile libraries, it raised new thinking to construct library in new environment. Although the international standard of 4G has not yet been set, the construction and development of 4G network will inevitably influence libraries. Therefore, this paper can serve as a modest spur to induce valuable contributions of research on library science in the 4G era that is in a booming development. This paper introduced the latest mobile communication technology in library environment, created new opportunity for development of library, and combined with the existing pattern of the current mobile library to exploit new value space, and brought more new services for users. It emphasized the preparatory work for library to face with changes of new communication environment and drew the conclusion that the 4G network is the development and modification of 3G and will produce more new applications beneficial to improving operation experience of users. The 4G network will bring greater changes for development of mobile libraries. 4G mobile library will bring convenient reading for more users in the future three or five years.