Supporting Coordination and Peer Editing in Students’ Online Collaborative Writing Processes

Enhancing student engagement in online collaborative writing through a generative AI-based conversational agent

The instructional-educational process in learning to swim plays a crucial role in children's development. Approaching methods and use in training practices of all ages and performance levels have been the subject of ever deeper research, so that the effectiveness of training in this area is increasingly visible. The issue of motivation in sports is a topical issue because it is essential for athletes' involvement and performance. Although material stimulation can be considered an important factor in motivating athletes, it is not necessarily enough to commit them to an extremely difficult and risky path, such as that of performance sports. Athletes' motivation stems from a complex combination of factors, including passion for sport, the desire to demonstrate their skills and talents, the aspiration to achieve personal and collective goals, and the desire to achieve recognition and satisfaction through sporting success. The purpose of the research is to identify the level of motivation for swimming and performance of children aged 9-10 years. Research method: the test Motivation for swimming of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation after N. Luskanova) The test was applied by the researcher in October 2022 to a number of 30 children aged 9-10 who practice swimming in the Tirgoviște Swimming Complex and CSȘ Tirgoviște Swimming Pool. Depending on age, we have, within the experimental group, 7 children aged 9 and 8 children aged 10. Within the control group, we identify 6 children aged 9 years and 9 children aged 10 years. We observe that the two groups are homogeneous, referring to the age variable. Regarding the gender of the subjects who are part of the group subjected to the experiment, we observe homogeneity in terms of gender, in each group there are 5 girls and 10 boys. The distribution according to the residential environment from which they come is as follows: from the experimental group 3 subjects come from the rural environment and 12 from the urban environment, and in the control group 1 subject comes from the rural environment and 14 from the urban environment The test results can be seen in Table 1. The difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not significant from a statistical point of view, since the values of the statistical indicators are close, we observe small differences between them.Table 1. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group (n=20 boys)tabelThe differences between the two groups in the statistical indicators are variable, the difference between the averages is small, 0.6 points, in the standard deviation the difference between the groups is 0.77 points, the minimums recorded are equal to 15 points, and the difference between the maximums of the groups is 1 point. These results show homogeneity regarding the level of motivation between the experimental group and that of the control group. Table 2. Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, boystabelWe find that the level of motivation for swimming of the interviewed subjects is good. On the first level are ranked 2 subjects from the experimental group SC with 26 points and CR with 25 points, and from the control group subject MR with 25 points. These subjects have a very good motivation to practice swimming. On the second level, a number of 3 subjects from experimental group II are ranked with 24 points, AN with 23 points, AT with 20 points and six control subjects BM with 24 points, NA and RN with 23 points each, CI, AI and VE with 21 points each. The motivation of these subjects is characterized as good. Level III, respectively of relatively good motivation, has 5 subjects from the experimental group in the ranking: DF with 19 points, MG with 18 points, BL and IA with 17 points, GI with 15 points. In the control group, three subjects were registered on this level: BG with 19 points, RO with 18 points and DC with 15 points. None of the subjects was ranked on level IV-weak motivation and on level 5-very weak motivation. Overall, the motivation of 9-10 year olds for swimming is good and relatively good. In the following we will analyze the results recorded by the girls' teams. Table 3. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group, (n= 5 girls)tabelThe difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not statistically significant as the values of the statistical indicators are close in value. The difference between the averages of the two groups is 1.04 points, the standard deviation being 2.82 points in the case of the experimental group and 1.49 in the case of the control group. The difference between the minimum values is 1 point, and between the maximum values is 4 points in favor of the experimental group. The results obtained by the girls from the two groups subjected to the experiment, in the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years, are as follows: on the first level, with a very good motivation, only GM ranked with 26 points, from the experimental group , on level II, with good motivation, the subjects AF with 22 points and BM with 20 points from the experimental group and DV with 22 points, AN and IF with 20 points each from the control group are highlighted. On level III, relatively good motivation, there are EL with 19 points and MT with 18 points from the experimental group and BP and NO with 18 points each from the control group. Table 4 Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, girlstabelConclusions The analysis of the obtained data shows us that both groups subjected to the experiment, both in the case of boys and girls, have a good motivation for swimming, but there is a need to increase the level of motivation to maintain interest in this sport and to register performance, through specific activities. We believe that an increased level of motivation among children between the ages of 9 and 10 in swimming practice can have a significant impact on their development both in sports and personally. In correlation with the research results, we propose the following recommendations: - For each group of children, by age level, a psychological training program targeting the motivational component will be developed, which will be integrated into the training process. This program will be adapted to the specific needs of the group and will aim to adapt motivation and, implicitly, sports performance. - The psychological training program will include strategies and techniques to support the development of children's motivation for swimming, promoting commitment, the desire to excel and perseverance in training and competitions. This could include, among other things, visualization sessions, stability of personal goals, working with thoughts and emotions to maintain a positive mindset and focus on success.

Introduction Pregnancy and birthing are two supernatural processes that form the creation of life. Many pregnant women prefer caesarean section due to labour pain. To reduce the complications and enhance the early recovery of mother, early ambulation is very effective. Caesarean section mothers still lie straight in bed for minimum 24 hours. Through the research study, I would like to encourage the post-partum mothers for early ambulation and check the effects of early ambulation on involution of uterus. Objective: To assess the involution of uterus in control and interventional group among post-natal caesarean mothers in pre-test. To evaluate the effectiveness of selected intervention in experimental group on involution of uterus after early ambulation. To find the association between pre-test intervention score with selected socio demographic variables. Method: The study design was quasi experimental research design in which total 70 samples were selected through purposive sampling technique, 35 samples were in control group and 35 samples were in experimental group. In this study, researcher assessed fundal height just after 6 hours of caesarean section delivery and initiated early ambulation which involves Assist patient in sitting position, assist in standing position and walking, breathing exercises, kegal exercises and leg sliding exercises. fundal height is monitored in experimental group after intervention and in control group also, to measure the differences between the fundal height. Results: The findings showed that the pretest mean score of control group was 17.23 with SD 0.899 similarily in experimental group was 17.10 with SD 0.778. The post-test mean score for control group was12.986 with SD 0.660 similarly in experimental group 10.083 with SD 1.376. P value in pretest was 0.5338 which was no significant showed that no significance difference between experimental and control group before intervention and p value of post test in control and experimental group is 0.0001 which was significant showed that there was significant difference in post test level of uterine involution among post natal caesarean mothers in control and experimental group. The mean difference between pretest & posttest of control group was 4.249 and in experimental group means difference was 7.026 this showed that there was significant effect of early ambulation in involution of uterus among post natal caesarean mothers. There was significant mean difference between post test of control and experimental group showed significant reduction in fundal height after early ambulation in experimental group. Conclusion: Therefore early ambulation was effective in reducing fundal height after caesarean section in post natal mothers.

A study of two 100-person groups of juvenile delinquents born in 1959 was conducted in the years 1981‒1985 at the Department of Criminology, Institute of Legal Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first (experimental) group consisted of boys randomly selected from the total of 225 juveniles born in 1959 who had committed at least on offence while intoxicated. The other (control) group were 100 randomly juveniles selected from the entire population of 8196 juvenile delinquents born in 1959. None of the juveniles selected for the experimental group happened to find themselves in the control group as well. As shown by the findings, the juveniles who had committed at least one offence while intoxicated were much more demoralized as a group than the whole of juvenile delinquents. It seemed interesting, therefore, to follow the further fates of both groups as adults. The follow-up period was 7 years; until that time, all of the examined persons reached the age of 25 when the average Polish man be- comes stabilized to some extent, having graduated from university, worked for several or a dozen years (upon completion of secondary or elementary education respectively), and frequently having also established a family. Data on the life situation of the young men from both examined groups on their 25th birthday were obtained from the following four sources: ‒ the Central Register of Convicted Persons kept by the Ministry of Justice, and the Register of Convicted and Detained Persons where criminal records of the entire sample were checked; ‒ files of criminal cases of all men with criminal records (47.0% of the experimental and 35.0% of the control group); the files concerned criminal proceedings before common courts for offences committed after coming of age; ‒ questionnaire survey of 63.0% of the experimental and 66.0% of the control group; ‒ inquiry submitted to the sobering-up stations concerning the entire sample. As shown by the findings, 24.0% of the experimental and 13.0% of the control group established their own families before the age of 25. The proportions are high, as regards the experimental group in particular: erly in the 1980s, the newly married constituted about 10% of the total male population aged 20‒24 in Poland. The mean educational level was higher in the control compared to the experimental group; this concerns first and foremost cases of education higher than the elmementary technical (of which there were two in the experimental compared to ten in the control group). Moreover, no cases of illiteracy could be found in the control group, compared to one such case in the experimental group. Of all the men of the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 80.4% had a regular job, and 19.6% stayed out of job or worked casually. Of the control group, 80.0% had a regular job (33% combining job with school), 18.3% stayed out of job or worked casually, and one person had entered university. The number of convicted persons in the experimental group (47) was larger compared to the control group (35) by 12.0%, the difference being significant. Also relapse into crime was higher in the expenmental group (l5 vs. 11 cases). The first offence committed by those convicted as young adults was mainly one against property: 35 cases in the experimental group (66.0% of all those convicted) and 28 cases in the control group (80.0%). The second most frequent offence of members of the experimental group was an aggressive act: against life and health, freedom, personal dignity and inviolability (10 persons, i.e. 18.8% of all those convicted). The offences of this type included: bodily injury (Art. 156 of the penal code – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); participation in a brawl or beating (Art. 158 and 159 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); infringement of bodily inviolability (Art. 182 – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); assault against a public functionary (Art. 233 and 234 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); insult against a public functionary (Art. 236 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%). In the control group, 6 cases of such offences could be found (9.1% of all those convicted); yet the only offence under Art. 148 1 of the penal code, that is homicide, had been committed by a member of that goup.The other discussed figures and proportions were respectively: Art. l58, 159 – 3 persons, i.e. 8.6%; Art. 182 – 1 person (2.9%); Art. 233, 234 – 1 person (2.9%); and Art. 236 – 1 person (29%). Beside offences, the two groups manifested also other synptoms of social maladjustment. The symptoms found most often in both groups were: “contacts with persons known to the police as delinquent” and stays at the sobering-up station. As regards the experimental group, the third frequent symptom were brawls in the place of residence followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and avoidance of work. In the control group, avoidance of work ranked third, followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and brawls at the place of residence. This ranking of frequency of the symptoms of social maladjustment points to a greater aggressiveness of the young men from the experimental group. On the 63 young men from the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 62 (98.0%) drank alcohol. In the control group 59 (89.0%) of the 66 concerning whom data could be obtained were drinkers. The group of drinkers included all those who had drunk several times a week already as juveniles, and 70% of those who had drunk once a week. In the control group, drinkers included 91.7% of those who had drunk as juvoniles (11 of 12 cases). Of those who had drunk as juveniles in the control group, 66.7% (8 cases) were convicted as adults. As shown by the discussed data, young men from the experimental group – those who committed as juveniles at least one offence while intoxicated prove much inferior in terms of the social situation to other men who also committed offences as juveniles but did not drink alcohol. Therefore, early alcohol consumption among juvenile delinquents is an important factor of a negative prognosis as to the further fates of such persons. A number of postulates have been formulated, addressed at the prosecuting agencies, criminal justice, and institutions designed to assist persons in extraordinary situation. With respect to the present sample, all such postulates acquire special importance and must be met without fail. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kontynuację opracowania: Nieletni sprawcy przestępstw popełnionych pod wpływem alkoholu, „Archiwum Kryminologii” 1991, t. XVIII.

Purpose. To develop and scientifically substantiate the methodology of special physical and technical-tactical training of boys aged 14-15 years who are engaged in mixed martial arts. Material and methods. The following research methods were used to solve the tasks: theoretical analysis and synthesis of literary sources on the problem under study, pedagogical testing, pedagogical observations, the method of expert assessments, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The study was conducted at the mixed martial arts club «Ludus» in Cherkasy. Cherkasy from September 2023 to October 2024. 30 sportsmen (16 in the experimental and 14 in the control group) aged 14-15 years old who had experience of training 5-6 years took part in the research. The athletes of the control group trained according to the generally accepted methodology, and the young men of the experimental group according to the developed methodology, which included the use of learned technical actions in various combat situations with active opposition from the enemy. For this purpose, the training process included competitive (sparring) exercises with a specific task for each athlete, acting as the «first» or «second» number, respectively. To improve the technique of kicking, exercises on a coordination ladder, exercises with a rubber expander and stuffed balls were used. Auxiliary exercises for increasing the power of kicks included exercises with weighting for the legs. Results. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the experimental methodology significantly improves the quality and level of assimilation of the program material by athletes. As a result, the level of indicators of specially physical and technical and tactical preparedness has significantly increased. So, during the experiment the force of a blow by a hand of sportsmen of the control group increased by 2 kg, and at sportsmen of the experimental group by 23 kg. The force of a kick in the control group increased by 10 kg, and in the experimental group by 26 kg. The result of a long jump from a place in sportsmen of the control group increased by 15,3 cm, and in the experimental group by 26,1 cm. At the beginning of the experiment the results of shuttle running of sportsmen of the control and experimental groups practically did not differ (the difference was 0,1s), at the end of the experiment this difference is 0,4 s. These differences are statistically significant (p<0,05). During the experiment, the number of jumps over a rope in 1 minute increased in the control group by 10 times, and in the experimental group by 19,5 times. In both cases the differences are statistically significant (p<0,05). At the beginning of the pedagogical experiment the level of technical and tactical preparedness of sportsmen of the experimental and control groups according to the results of experts' assessment practically did not differ. The number of sportsmen with a high level in the experimental group was 12,5 %, and in the control group 14,3 %. During the experiment period, this number increased in the experimental group by 25,0 %, and in the control group only by 7,1 %. The number of sportsmen with an average level of fitness in the experimental group increased significantly by 12,5 %, in the control group - by 7,2 %. Accordingly, the number of young sportsmen with a low level of technical and tactical fitness decreased during the experiment. Their number decreased by 37,5 % in the experimental group and by 14,3 % in the control group. Such significant changes in the level of technical and tactical fitness of sportsmen during the experiment are significant. All this confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approaches to the organization and content of the educational and training process for 14-15 years old who are engaged in mixed martial arts. Conclusions. The approbation of the experimental methodology of training of young sportsmen showed its high efficiency in the increase of indicators of specially physical and technical-tactical preparedness. As a result of the pedagogical experiment there is an increase of all studied indicators in both groups. However, this increase is statistically significant in the experimental group.

Before employing the flipped classroom approach, pupils' pre-test results were much lower than they were after using it.The preferences of both the male and female control and experimental groups were influenced by the flipped classroom and lecture content, respectively.When it came to assessing evolutionary relationships, there were substantial differences between the experimental and control groups.Phylogeny evaluation was performed on the post-test, and the females in the experimental group fared much better than the females in the control group.In terms of systematic differences, there was a statistically significant difference in post-test findings between the experimental and control groups for both males and females.On the other hand, the overall evaluation of Females in the experimental group outperformed males in the post-test.When the post-test data were compared between males and females, it was discovered that there was a significant variation in phylogeny between the experimental and control groups.On the post-test, males in the experimental group outperformed women in the control group, indicating that the study was successful.The responses to the Motivation to Learn Survey Questionnaire from both the experimental and control groups were compared.The control group had a higher mean score in motivation than the experimental group, but the extrinsic goal-oriented group had a mean score that was close to that of the control and experimental groups, as shown in Table 1.The intrinsicgoal orientation, control of learning beliefs, and self-efficacy of the control group were all shown to be significantly different from the experimental group.The relationship between intrinsic goal orientation and task value was not statistically significant.

The current study aims at finding out the importance of technology to help Iraqi undergraduate students in their writing misspelling as well as investigate the effect of using spellchecker to overcome the problems of misspelling in writing. In order to verify the hypotheses of the current study and to achieve its intended aims, the researcher adopts two instruments, i.e., the test and the questionnaire, the researcher adopts(52)students, the experimental design and uses a sample of (26) students from the first grade at English Department/College of Education for Women/Tikrit University during the academic year(2018-2019).The sample is divided into a control group with (26) students and the experimental group with(26)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using computer technology, whereas, those in the control group are taught by using traditional approach. The researcher used a computer technology post-test which is conducts on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(8) weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences in spellchecker technology between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group. Also, The questionnaire includes ten items and distributes to the undergraduate students.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and long-term survival between anlotinib monotherapy and anlotinib plus docetaxel in patients with lung carcinoma. Methods Between October 2019 and December 2021, 84 patients with lung cancer diagnosed and treated at our hospital were enrolled and randomly allocated to the control (n = 42) and experimental (n = 42) groups. Patients in the control group only received anlotinib, whereas those in the experimental group were administered both anlotinib and docetaxel. The clinical effectiveness, long-term survival, and other associated variables of the two groups were compared. Results There were no CR cases, 7 PR cases, 22 SD cases, and 13 PD cases in the control group. In the experimental group, there were 4 cases of CR, 20 cases of CR, 11 cases of SD, and 7 cases of PD. The overall clinical effectiveness of the experimental group was much higher than that of the control group. There were 3 cases of anemia, 5 cases of pyrexia, 6 cases of proteinuria, 9 cases of nausea and vomiting, and 4 cases of abnormal liver and renal function in the control group. (P < 0.05). In the experimental group, there were 2 cases of anemia, 3 cases of pyrexia, 1 case of proteinuria, 5 cases of nausea and vomiting, and 1 case of abnormal liver and kidney function. The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group (64.29%) (P < 0.05). According to the two-year follow-up results, the survival rate was 19.05% in the control group and 54.76% in the experimental group, and the mortality rate was 80.95% in the control group and 45.24% in the experimental group. The experimental group had a significantly higher survival rate than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Anlotinib combined with docetaxel is a safe and effective treatment for lung carcinoma to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and improve the long-term survival rate. These benefits make it worthy of a broader clinical application. Although pharmacological treatment was applied in this study based on the mechanism, specific bioeffective markers are yet to be identified, presenting a direction for future research.

“A Study was conducted to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Hand and Foot Massage on Pain among Post caesarean mothers at Selected Hospitals, Salem”. Quasi experimental pre test post test control group design was adopted. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 post caesarean mothers among which 30 were assigned to experimental group and 30 were assigned to control group. The data was collected using structured interview schedule. Pre test was done for both experimental and control group by using Numerical pain intensity scale. Hand and Foot Massage was given for the experimental group for 20 minutes two times a day at 4hrs for first two days (morning and evening) and withheld for control group. Post test was done for both experimental and control group by using the same scale. The study findings showed that in experimental group, 14 (46.67%) of the post caesarean mothers belong to the age group of 26-30 and 12 (40%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years in control group 14 (46.66%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years. In experimental group, 15 (50%) had completed higher secondary education and in control group 12 (40%) had higher secondary education. In experimental group, 23 (76.67%) of them were unemployed, whereas in control group 20 (66.67%) of them were unemployed. In experimental group 24 (80%) were multi gravid, whereas in control group 17 (56.67%) were multi gravid. In experimental group 24 (80%) had previous history of caesarean section and in control group 15 (50%) had history of both. The mean pre test score in experimental group was 6.4±0.56 and mean post test score was 3.5±0.79. The ‘t’ value was 33.72 which is significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H1 was retained at p≤0.05 level. The mean score in experimental group was 3.5±0.79 and mean score in control group was 6.1±0.65. The ‘t’ value was 15.66 which was significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H2 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was a significant association between educational status and pain among post caesarean mothers in experimental group. Hence H3 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was no significant association between demographic variables and pain among post caesarean mothers in control group. Hence H3 was rejected at p≥0.05 level. Hence Hand and Foot Massage is one of the alternative and complementary therapies, which is simple, safe and cost effective and found to be effective in reducing pain after caesarean section and also promotes psychological wellbeing of the mother.

&lt;p&gt;目的 ：本研究探討透過藥球訓練的介入，對青少年棒球選手投球時肩髖分離程度以及投球的球速的差異。方法：以18位青少年棒球選手作為研究參與者，分為實驗組與控制組，實驗組進行為期8週、每週2次的藥球介入訓練，在訓練前後對投擲動作進行分析，利用陀螺儀及測速槍分析肩平面 角速度變化、肩平面 角位移、髖平面 角速度變化、髖平面 角位移、肩髖角度差、肩部旋轉角速度峰值、肩部旋轉峰值時機、髖部旋轉角速度峰值、髖部旋轉峰值時機、投球動作時間及球速。以混合 設計 二因子變異數分析比較實驗組與控制組在藥球訓練介入前後的差異。結果：本研究結果發現，實驗組經過8週藥球介入訓練後，球速顯著大於控制組 (F=18.2, p=.009*)；實驗組與控制組在肩平 面 角位移皆為後測顯著大於前測 (F=405, p&lt;.001*; F=53.2, p&lt;.001*)，且實驗組於後測顯著大於控制組 (F=26.9, p&lt;.001*)；實驗組經由介入訓練後，髖平面角位移顯著變小 (F=12.9, p=.002*)，而控制組則是顯著變大 (F=24.28, p&lt;.001*)，但兩者間並無差異；肩髖角度差為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=432, p&lt;.001*)，且藉由訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=82.1, p&lt;.001*)；投球動作時間在兩組經由介入訓練後，顯示無顯著差異；肩部旋轉角速度峰值為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=33.034, p&lt;.001*)，且訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=17.062, p=.001*)；肩部旋轉時機為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=34.067, p&lt;.001*)，且訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=18.512, p&lt;.001*)；髖部旋轉角速度峰值經過介入訓練後並無顯著差異；髖部旋轉峰值時機為實驗組後測顯著小於前測 (F=323.039, p&lt;.001*)，且訓練後顯著小於控制組後測 (F=281.339, p&lt;.001*)。結論：本研究結果顯示藥球介入訓練對於青少年棒球選手投球時提高肩髖分離程度有顯著的影響，並對於球速的提升皆有正向效益。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether an intervention using medicine ball training would lead to differences in shoulder-hip separation and ball velocity in adolescent baseball players. Methods: Eighteen adolescent baseball players were recruited and randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups. The experimental group underwent an eight-week, twice-weekly medicine ball training intervention. Angular velocity of shoulder plane, angular of shoulder plane displacement, angular velocity of hip plane, angular displacement of hip plane, shoulder-hip separation angle, peak angular velocity of shoulder plane, peak rotation timing of shoulder plane, peak angular velocity of hip plane, peak rotation timing of hip plane, pitching motion time ,and ball velocity were analyzed using a gyroscope and a speed gun before and after the training intervention. A two-factor mixed-design analysis of variance was used to compare differences between the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher ball velocity than the control group after the eight-week medicine ball training intervention (F=18.2, p=.009*); Both groups had significantly greater angular displacement of shoulder plane in the post-test than in the pre-test (F=405, p&lt;.001*; F=53.2, p&lt;.001*), and the experimental group had significantly greater angular displacement of shoulder plane than the control group in the post-test (F=26.9, p&lt;.001*); The experimental group had significantly smaller angular displacement hip plane after the intervention (F=12.9, p=.002*), while the control group had significantly larger angular displacement of hip plane (F=24.28, p&lt;.001*), but there was no difference between the two groups; The difference of shoulder-hip angle was significantly greater in the post-test than in the pre-test for the experimental group (F=432, p&lt;.001*), and was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group after the intervention (F=82.1, p&lt;.001*); The pitching motion time showed no significant difference between two groups; The peak angular velocity of shoulder plane was significantly higher in the post-test than in the pre-test for the experimental group (F=33.034, p&lt;.001*), and significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group after the intervention (F=17.062, p=.001*); The experimental group had significantly higher peak rotation timing of shoulder plane after the intervention (F=34.067, p&lt;.001*), and significantly higher than the control group in the post-test (f=18.512, 100 Journal of Sports Performance Volume 12 Issue 1, March 2025 p&lt;.001*); There was no significant difference in peak angular velocity of hip plane after intervention training ;The peak rotation timing of hip plane in the experimental group was significantly smaller in the post test than in the pre test (F=323.039, p&lt;.001*), and significantly smaller than the control group in the post-test (F=281.339, p&lt;.001*). Conclusion: The results of this study show that medicine ball intervention training significantly improves the degree of shoulder-hip separation when adolescent baseball players pitch, and has a positive effect on the improvement of ball speed.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women in developing countries. Women’s behavior in the early detection of the disease is influenced by various factors. Material and methods: The study was carried out in selected area. Total 60 women in age group of 25-50 years, 30 for experimental group from village Mundia and 30 for control group from village Bhattia Bet study was done by using nonprobability convenience sampling technique. Results: Total 60 women are included in the study. The study assessed the demographic variables of women in the control and experimental groups. In terms of age, most women in the control group were 31-40 years, while majority were in the experimental group 25-30 years. Regarding education, most women in both groups had completed 10th grade. Occupation wise, most women were housewifes & small percentage in private or government jobs. Most women in both groups were married, with family incomes primarily between ?5000-?10,000. A few women had a family history of cancer. The majority of women in the control group received information from mass media, while in the experimental group, it was from health workers. Only one woman in the experimental group had a previous Pap smear test. The comparison of pre and post-test mean knowledge scores on cervical cancer showed that in the control group, the pre and post-test scores (9.53, 12.23) were statistically non-significant. However, in the experimental group, the pre and post-test scores (9.37, 31.47) showed a highly significant difference at p<0.05. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the pre-test mean knowledge scores of the control and experimental groups (9.53 vs 9.37), but the post-test scores (12.23 vs 31.47) were significantly different at p<0.05. Therefore, the structured teaching program was effective in improving women’s knowledge about cervical cancer, leading to the acceptance of the research hypothesis (H1). Conclusion: The study assessed the knowledge of women about cervical cancer before and after implementing a structured teaching plan, with participants divided into experimental and control groups.

It is a study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and practice of postoperative care among parents of children with cleft lip and cleft palate in a selected hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Objective: The main objectives of the study was to compare the post-test knowledge of parents on postoperative care of cleft lip and cleft palate in control and experimental group and to assess the post-test practice of parents on post-operative care of cleft lip and cleft palate in control and experimental group. Methodology: Quasi-experimental, two groups pre-test and post-test designs were used in the study. The study was done in selected hospital Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The sample comprised of 60 parents of children with cleft lip and cleft palate who fulfilled inclusion criteria. All the participants who are available at the time of data collection were taken consecutively. Data was collected from participants by conducting interview schedule using structured knowledge questionnaire and observation practice checklist. Result: The result showed that in experimental group the mean post-test knowledge score (18.90 ± 0.95) was higher than the mean post-test knowledge score (10.46 ± 1.52) in control group which was found statistically significant at p<0.05. The mean post-test practice score in experimental group in day 1 was 10.40 ± 1.95 which was higher than the control group 7.00 ± 1.59 and the ‘t’ value was 7.36. Again the mean post-test practice score in experimental group in day 2 was 11.80 ± 1.95 which was higher than the control group 6.66 ± 1.72 and the ‘t’ value was 11.84. On third day the mean post-test practice score in experimental group was 10.76 ± 2.26 which was higher than the control group 6.43 ± 1.45 and the ‘t’ value was 8.80. Hence the score predict that there was significant difference between the mean post-test practice in experimental and control group at p<0.05 level. So there was no evidence to accept the null hypothesis, hence the researcher rejects the null hypothesis and accepted the research hypothesis. Conclusion: It was concluded that structured teaching programme on post-operative care of cleft lip and cleft palate was effective in increasing knowledge and practice of parents.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of reflective thinking practices on prospective teachers’ skills in preparation of the constructivist learning environment and frequencies of the their use of constructivist learning environment principles at the Teaching Practice Course II. Sixteen prospective teachers (eight female, eight male), taking the Teaching Practice II course in the Department of Elementary Education at Marmara University, participated in this study. The Embedded design, a mixed methods design, was used. At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between constructivist learning environment preparation skills of the prospective teachers in both experimental and control groups. At the end of the reflective thinking practices, there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups’ protest scores in relation to constructivist learning environment preparation skills’ favoring the prospective teachers in the experimental group. Analysis of the observations made during the implementation and it was observed that prospective teachers in the experimental group used the constructivist learning environment skills during teaching practice more often

The paradigm shift from testing the outcome to assessing the learning of process shines a light on the alternative assessment approaches, among which portfolio-assessment has sparked researchers’ interest in writing instruction. This study aimed at investigating the effect of portfolio-assessment on Iranian EFL students’ writing achievement through the process-centered approach to writing. To this end, fifty-three sophomores, studying English translation at Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, were chosen as the participants of this study. The researchers randomly divided them into two groups--an experimental and control. The experimental group received an instruction based on the four stages of the writing process--brainstorming, outlining, drafting, and editing--and underwent the portfolio-assessment. For ten weeks, the participants of the experimental group practiced reflecting on their writing through formative self-check, peer-review, and teacher-feedback on each of the stages written as homework assignments. The revised paragraphs were regarded as the final portfolio. The control group, however, received a product-based writing instruction, to which portfolio-assessment, individualized-feedback, and reflection did not adhere. The results of the quantitative data analysis showed that the students in the experimental group performed better than the students in the control group in their writing achievement. The qualitative findings also revealed the students’ positive perception toward the portfolio-assessment on the writing process. The results suggest some pedagogical implications for EFL writing instruction and assessment.

This study, titled &lt;i&gt;The Effect of Computer Simulation on Grade 11 Learners’ Conceptualisation of Stoichiometric Chemistry&lt;/i&gt;, was carried out at a school in the Frances Baard District of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Poor conceptualisation of stoichiometric chemistry by learners in Grades 10-12 in South Africa and, hence, their failure to apply the concepts to problem-solving in the same and other topics in chemistry, is a cause for concern. The study was conducted with the theoretical framework of activity theory. A mixed method design that consisted of a pre-test post-test experimental design, a questionnaire and interviews were used for the study. Two Grade 11 physical sciences classes which consisted of a control and experimental group were taught stoichiometric chemistry after the SCAT pre-test. The experimental group obtained an intervention comprising computer simulations during teaching, while the control group was taught using the lecture method. The ANOVA results showed that learners of the control and experimental groups were comparable in terms of prior knowledge of the topic of stoichiometric chemistry. The paired t-test showed that both groups improved their performance in stoichiometric chemistry. However, the ANCOVA results showed that the experimental group had a greater improvement in performance than the control group. The results of the SCAT post-test, observation of lessons, questionnaire and interviews showed that the experimental group conceptualised stoichiometric chemistry better than the control group. The quantitative and qualitative data was triangulated, and it also indicated that the experimental group conceptualised stoichiometric chemistry better than the control group. It is therefore suggested that using computer simulations for the teaching and learning of stoichiometric chemistry is a better method to improve its conceptualisation in the FET phase of schools in South Africa.