Survey on Energy Efficiency Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) being special type of wireless communication networks, characterized via various specific features like Limited Memory, Energy, Less Processing power. In Wireless Sensor Networks, every sensor node actively participates in routing work by forwarding the packets from sender to receiver and the packet forwarding is entirely based on network topology. One of the most important issue surrounding WSNs is Energy Efficiency and Efficient Routing mechanism which should be dynamic and efficient enough to handle changing topologies. So, there is utmost need for optimization techniques which can lay the foundation of development of suitable routing protocol to attain energy efficiency and routing in sensor networks. Swarm Intelligence is one the most important technique which is highly considered for developing energy efficient routing protocols. Considering Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is utilized to propose Energy Efficient protocol for WSN. In this paper, a Novel Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on ACO for WSN is proposed i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath Ant Based Routing Protocol). Hardcore testing of protocol proposed i.e. IEEMARP is done in different simulation scenarios using NS-2 simulator on varied parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, Routing Overhead, Energy Consumption and End-To-End Delay and performance is compared with other routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV, DSR, ACEAMR, Ant Chain, EMCBR and IACR. The results states that IEEMARP is almost 7 to 10 times better in different parameters. It has also been observed that IEEMARP routing protocol is also efficient in transmitting TCP packets.

Wireless sensor networks contains small sensor node and processor which have several issues and challenges with regards to Limited Computational Capacity, Energy Efficiency, Path Planning Overhead and many more. Entire lifetime of network depends on efficient energy consumption in sensor network so it is a challenging task to design an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor nodes dynamically self-organize themselves without utilizing preexisting infrastructure. Problem becomes more complex if some sensor node having mobility for some particular instance. In this paper we proposed an energy efficient routing protocol for WSN motivated by swarm intelligence of rummage behavior of ant and also covered mobility behavior of node. Furthermore we have combined the fuzzy logic with behavior of ant to take a better decision to find optimal path with less energy consumption. Our proposed algorithm utilize the principle of Fuzzy logic in addition of Ant Colony Optimization to develop energy efficient routing. The performance of our proposed work is evaluated on QualNet 7.4 Network Simulator. The simulation result shows that the proposed technique optimize the energy consumption, decrease RREQ packet and increase the lifetime of network as compare to existing routing protocol.

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

Due to miniaturization of hardware and availability of low-cost, low-power sensors, Wireless Sensor Network and Multimedia Sensor Network applications are increasing day by day. Each application has a specific quality of service and experience requirements. The design of routing and MAC protocol which can fulfill the requirements of the application is challenging given the constrained nature of these devices. Considerable efforts are directed towards the design of energy efficient QoS-aware routing protocols. In this article, we present state of the art review of routing protocols for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks while addressing the challenges and providing insight into research issues.

Designing and development of energy effective path planning algorithm is very key research domain in order to tackle the issues of limited life-time for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). So in WSNs, energy efficiency is major concern of researchers. Overall advancement in routing protocols prove that clustering is much better approach as compared to flat and location-based energy efficient routing protocols. Due to better performance, multiple energy efficient clustering routing protocols have been proposed. But existing clustering algorithms are centralized or distributed, which are not intelligent enough and do not produce hybrid cluster-head selection. In this paper, we propose a cluster structured path planning algorithm named, Hybrid Advance Distributed Centralized Clustering (HADCC) path planning energy efficient algorithm. HADCC proposed model is fascinated with hybrid cluster head selection algorithm. This hybrid algorithm makes decision of cluster head selection of nodes. In order to execute proposed model we have also proposed an advance network topology, in which the whole network region is divided into two physical levels. First physical level consists of a circular region, containing homogeneous normal nodes and all important Base Station. While, second physical level is outer region of the circle that contains advanced heterogeneous nodes. Simulation results indicate that HADCC prolongs the network lifetime as compared to existing advanced clustering routing protocols for both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs. HADCC outperforms in case of stability and network life time as compared to the existing clustering algorithms.

One of the major challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s) deployment is efficient energy consumption. Critical distance, proper routing algorithm and error control coding techniques can be used for energy optimization. As WSN contains a large number of power constrained sensors, the sensed data from the environment should be transmitted in a cooperative way to the base station (BS). The pattern of the clustering structure can extend the sensor network life time, reduce the total consumed energy and regulate the data transmission. Clustering concept combines group of sensors which are located in the same communication range. Some of the routing protocol like, SEED, LEACH, SEP, Z-SEP etc., suffers from idle listening problem, which cannot cope with an environment with sensor nodes. It leads to energy wastage across the network. To manage energy efficiency and traffic heterogeneity issues, a new routing protocol called enhanced energy efficient sleep awake aware intelligent sensor network (EEESAA) is proposed. Here, one sensor in each group will be in active mode whereas other sensors entered in sleep mode. Based on the nodes energy, sleep and awake node pairs will be altered. In the proposed method, one slot is allotted for group of pairs. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared against LEACH, SEP and Z-SEP protocols. Simulation results show that EEESAA protocol performs better than LEACH, SEP, Z-SEP in terms of cluster head selection, throughput, number of alive & dead nodes and network lifetime.

Introduction: Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are of major concern because of the important factors like energy efficiency and reliability. Opportunistic Routing (OR) is the simplest and reliable routing technique for ad-hoc networks and WSN. The OR protocol guarantees data delivery in the network. As WSN need energy-efficient routing, therefore, energy- efficient OR protocols gained popularity in the last three years. Objectives: Opportunistic routing improves the performance of the network by utilizing the broadcasting abilities of wireless channels. In this paper, a new energy-efficient and reliable routing protocol has been proposed that is based on the opportunistic routing technique. Methods: The proposed protocol is based on the energy-efficient routing metric. The proposed OR protocol prioritizes among the candidate forwarders on the basis of energy-efficient routing metric and this will lead to the achievement of improved network lifetime. Results: The end-to-end delay is reduced because of the selection of candidate forwarders from the neighbor list of each node. The proposed protocol uses selective acknowledgment mechanisms. The simulation results of the proposed protocol depict the improved performance as compared to other recent OR protocols. Conclusion: The proposed protocol can directly be used with existing WSN applications. Further improvements can be made by utilizing more parameters like distance and the quality of transmission.

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

An energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks

The tiny and self-organizing nodes are included in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that can collect and transmit data over wireless medium. For wireless sensor network, the important factors are considered such as effective utilization of energy and energy saving. The relationship of cluster head (CHs) and sensor nodes has been taken into the account for most prior cluster based routing protocols while ignoring the huge difference costs between them. Without being a presence of as a member of any of the clusters, the nodes are left out in some existing clustering protocol and that nodes are called as residual nodes. Due to these residual nodes in WSN, the lifetime may reduce in the network. A new framework is presented by using an effective clustering mechanism with Intra Mobile Agents (IN-MA). Based on the structure of a network, an algorithm of a PSO-GA based location estimation to determine the best position for the sink. The data from members by the Intra Mobile Agents and deliver that data to the CHs. A PSO-GA algorithm is computed an optimal position for the sink. Security of the wireless sensor networks is major concern today.

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Directed diffusion is a classic data-centric routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In directed diffusion based WSNs, data generated by sensor nodes is named by attribute-value pairs. A sink requests data by sending interests. The data that match the interests are then drawn down towards the sink. Intermediate nodes cache or transform data, and direct the interests based on previously cached data. In general, energy resources are limited in WSNs, therefore, energy saving becomes the most important consideration in designing routing protocols. In the directed diffusion, the path reinforcement scheme is designed for minimum delay and maximum data received during a certain period of time. However, the communication cost and energy balance over the whole WSNs have not been paid enough attention. To address these issues, we propose a novel path reinforcement scheme. Our proposed protocol is simulated and compared with the directed diffusion. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol is outperform directed diffusion in energy efficiency, energy balance over WSNs, and network lifetime. Key Words­ Directed diffusion, Routing protocol, Energy efficient, Reinforcement

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have led to tremendous growth in the development of sensor technology and offer numerous applications, such as wildlife monitoring, environment, healthcare, military surveillance and security systems. In terms of performance, the evolutions of WSN routing protocols play a vital role in extending the lifetime of networking operations. Due to the limited resources of power in sensor nodes, the design and implementation of an energy-efficient routing protocol comprise a key challenge for researchers. Before, in the case of a static sink, nodes at farther areas from the sink transmit their sensed data at a longer transmission range and die early, while nearby nodes face lesser transmission costs and stay alive for a longer period. This unbalanced energy distribution creates energy holes in ares far from the sink in WSNs. Mobility-based sink routing protocols are proposed to minimize the sub-optimal energy consumption in WSNs, as the sink mobility covers the sensor field, which alleviates the overall load-balancing among sensor nodes. In order to overcome the energy hole issue while prolonging the network lifetime, it is important to determine the optimal mobility pattern. In this regard, we propose the Spiral Mobility based on Optimized Clustering (SMOC) routing protocol and the Multiple sink-based SMOC (M-SMOC) routing protocol for large-scale WSNs. Performance evaluations of the proposed protocols are compared with various existing routing protocols based on static sink, random mobility and grid mobility. Different numbers of performance parameters are considered for evaluation, such as network lifetime, network stability, packet drop ratio, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, average energy consumption, network connection time and the impact of different heterogeneity levels. Experimental results show the benefits of the spiral mobility pattern and how it improves the network lifetime and stability period over the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols.

Routing protocols in wireless sensor network are vulnerable to various malicious security attacks that can degrade network performance and lifetime. This becomes more important in cluster routing protocols that is composed of multiple node and cluster head, such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Namely, if an attack succeeds in failing the cluster head, then the entire set of nodes fail. Therefore, it is necessary to develop robust recovery schemes to overcome security attacks and recover packets at short times. Hence this paper proposes a detection and recovery scheme for selective forwarding attacks in wireless sensor networks using LEACH protocol. The proposed solution features near-instantaneous recovery times, without the requirement for feedback or retransmissions once an attack occurs.

Wireless network with a merit of sensing and processing information is known as wireless sensor network (WSN). It consists of small sensor nodes with transducer, battery, microprocessor along with storage media. It is economical and simple solution for a variety of applications. Open nature of WSN leads it to defenseless for various security threats. Several security attacks black hole, wormhole attack, DDOS attack etc. are possible to compromise the information and sensor node in network. Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attack is such kind of attack which aims to disrupt the network by draining resource capability. Attacker not only sends worthless messages to increase network traffic but also degrades the life of node and network. In WSN life of network is directly proportional to battery capacity. Thus draining in battery energy directly degrades the life of node. This work observed it as severe problem and proposed a solution to overcome the problem of power draining due to DDOS attack. Qualnet 5.0 simulator has been used to simulate and evaluate the performance of proposed solution for AODV and DSR routing protocols in WSN.