TelcoFog: A Unified Flexible Fog and Cloud Computing Architecture for 5G Networks

This paper provides an overview of different experimental SDN/NFV control and orchestration architectures aiming at integrating the multi-layer (packet/optical) transport networks and distributed DC infrastructures (core cloud, edge computing) of the ADRENALINE testbed. The proposed SDN/NFV solutions enable the development and testing of end-to-end 5G and IoT services supporting a wide variety of use cases from different vertical industries, such as automotive, e-health, energy, media or smart cities. To this end, the ADRENALINE testbed is adopting the following technologies to meet the stringent requirements of 5G and IoT; i) high-capacity, flexible and cost/energy-efficient software-defined optical transmission technologies for access, metro and core networks; ii) highly-scalable packet technologies for aggregation and switching of flows with quality of service (QoS); iii) core datacenters and edge computing for the deployment of virtualized network functions (VNFs) and cloud services.

Цифровая трансформация является ключевым драйвером модернизации экономических секторов в современном мире. Однако успешная реализация цифровых преобразований требует создания устойчивой и высокоэффективной информационно-телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры. В статье рассматриваются инновационные подходы к проактивному развитию такой инфраструктуры на региональном уровне с учетом специфики локальной экономики, технических возможностей и социальной среды. В работе использован системный и междисциплинарный подход. Проведен анализ существующих технологий проектирования инфраструктуры, включая методы прогнозирования нагрузки, моделирования сетевых процессов и оптимизации ресурсов. Были изучены успешные мировые практики, их возможная адаптация к условиям конкретных российских регионов, а также использование перспективных технологий, таких как 5G, IoT и облачные сервисы. Применен метод социально-экономического анализа для оценки влияния ИТ-инфраструктуры на развитие местных экономических кластеров. Предложена модель поэтапного развития информационно-телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры, основанная на принципах "проактивного реагирования" на будущие технологические и социальные вызовы. Модель включает использование гибких проектных решений, что позволяет региону оперативно адаптироваться к изменениям внешней среды. Рассмотрены примеры применения данной модели на практике, проведена оценка их эффективности. Полученные результаты демонстрируют, что проактивные стратегии позволяют повысить производительность ключевых отраслей и способствуют устойчивому экономическому росту. Исследование подтверждает необходимость применения инновационного подхода к проектированию и реализации инфраструктурных изменений. Авторы отмечают, что успех цифровой трансформации во многом зависит от способности регионов к внедрению комплексных и гибких решений. Разработанная концепция служит эффективным инструментом планирования, ускоряющим развитие экономики через внедрение передовых технологий. Digital transformation is a key driver of modernization of economic sectors in the modern world. However, the successful implementation of digital transformation requires the creation of a stable and highly efficient information and telecommunications infrastructure. The article discusses innovative approaches to the proactive development of such infrastructure at the regional level, taking into account the specifics of the local economy, technical capabilities and the social environment. The work uses a systematic and interdisciplinary approach. The analysis of existing infrastructure design technologies, including methods of load forecasting, network process modeling, and resource optimization, is carried out. Successful global practices, their possible adaptation to the conditions of specific Russian regions, as well as the use of promising technologies such as 5G, IoT and cloud services were studied. The method of socio-economic analysis is applied to assess the impact of IT infrastructure on the development of local economic clusters. A model of phased development of information and telecommunication infrastructure based on the principles of "proactive response" to future technological and social challenges is proposed. The model includes the use of flexible design solutions, which allows the region to quickly adapt to changes in the external environment. Examples of the application of this model in practice are considered, and their effectiveness is evaluated. The results demonstrate that proactive strategies can increase the productivity of key industries and contribute to sustainable economic growth. The study confirms the need for an innovative approach to the design and implementation of infrastructural changes. The authors note that the success of digital transformation largely depends on the ability of regions to implement integrated and flexible solutions. The developed concept serves as an effective planning tool that accelerates economic development through the introduction of advanced technologies.

The vision of smart cities and IoT is an environment blanketed with interconnected, software-enabled devices. Unlike software installed on personal devices, however, people may not know about services in the environment, or may not even be the intended users. People lack a unified way to discover software services in a smart city infrastructure, and the current device-centric approach to IoT is inconsistent with the growing network and software services associated with these devices. In this paper we outline changes needed in the current IoT framework to shift to a service model for IoT. We describe how, similar to users of a personal computing device, users can define their preferences, install services, and manage the data that is generated and consumed by services. In this framework, service preferences provide a basis for proper service discovery. As an illustration of the proposed model, we provide modifications to the well established Auto-ID Object Name Service and Physical Markup Language architecture to demonstrate how a practical system can support the concept of IoT services and discovery.

There are several research works that are focused on IoT services. IoT services are frequently applicable in smart cities. But there is need to optimize datasets to improve the performance of prediction mechanism during decision making. There have been several studies in area of IoT that have considered role of optimizer for IoT services that are applicable in smart cities. Research work considers PSO technique to get the optimized data set before training operation. The dataset is filtered considering optimization approach. Simulation work is supposed to provide solution in less time with better accuracy.

QoS is an arguable feature of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) that is employed under constrained environment for communication over an unreliable network in smart cities. It gives extra control to the client for matching its needs according to the application but with confiscated network performance. For a reliable end-to-end service assurance, guaranteed QoS and controlled scalability, MQTT based IoT must be examined for various network parameters. In this work, an improved TCP based transparent MQTT network is proposed for massively deployed connected devices in smart cities. The mathematical modeling is carried out by analyzing end-to-end quality assurance. Network latency, content delivery rate, number of subscribe/publish requests and services offered by the MQTT broker for various topic IDs are then verified on physical network. These parameters are examined over a transparent gateway-based network for verifying the agreement of devised probability based mathematical model with the actual content delivery, service rate and request hold time at virtual machine based MQTT broker, local network broker and remote server respectively. The Improved MQTT model surpasses Apollo, RabbitMQ and Mosquitto server by evidencing the message queueing delay of 3.5 ms for QoS-0 and 3.6 ms for QoS-1 service IoT.

This review paper explores the pivotal role of telecommunications in enabling Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity and applications, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future prospects. The primary objective is to synthesize existing research and industry insights to highlight how advancements in telecommunications infrastructure and technology have catalyzed the adoption and expansion of IoT. The review systematically examines the evolution of telecommunications technologies, including 4G, 5G, and emerging network protocols such as Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M). It assesses how these technologies enhance IoT connectivity by providing the necessary bandwidth, low latency, and reliability for real-time data exchange and device interoperability. Key findings from the literature reveal that the deployment of 5G networks has been a game-changer for IoT, offering unprecedented speeds and connectivity capabilities that support a wide range of applications in smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial automation. Additionally, the paper discusses the role of telecommunications in addressing challenges related to security, scalability, and energy efficiency in IoT deployments. The review concludes that telecommunications are integral to the growth and sustainability of IoT ecosystems. As telecommunications technology continues to advance, its ability to support increasingly complex and ubiquitous IoT applications will drive innovation and enhance efficiency across various sectors. The paper emphasizes the necessity for ongoing investment in telecommunications infrastructure and research to fully exploit the transformative potential of IoT connectivity and applications.

Background/Objectives: Individual things should uniquely be identified internationally, so that IoT services can be realized. Thus, a 'standardized, universal identification information system,' which can uniquely identify individual things and entities, is needed. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This study investigated the status of the use of identification schemes by industrial sector and by service through a keyword search in order to understand the global status of the use of the identification schemes. In addition, for an empirical analysis of the use of identification schemes in South Korea, a survey on the present condition of use and management of identification schemes was conducted with the entire industry sectors. Findings: As a result of a survey on the status of the use and management of identification schemes by industrial area and service investigated, it was found that identification number systems used uniquely for each industry varied. There is no standardized identification scheme used dominantly, but entry of each identification scheme into the IoT environment will play an essential role in implementing IoT service in various fields, such as smart farm, smart city, smart manufacturing, smart building, smart transportation, smart medical care, etc. Services and products in the initial stage of IoT currently implemented are themselves serving as a unique identifier or use a smart sticker or local area communication technology. In terms of technology, they are based on technologies centered on sensing and network rather than technologies about identification scheme. Application/Improvements: Not all IoT services must use an identification scheme in the future, an analysis of demands for identification schemes should precede, and based on this, a cost-benefit analysis is needed.

The telecommunication sector mainly comprises operators, vendors, and regulators. In Indonesia, tele- communications operator companies tend to decrease profits from the first quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2018. This condition is due to the tight competition of telecommunication service providers, high operational costs, and digital transformation that does not provide substantial revenue for the company. Telecommunica- tions operators need other service options that can expand target market segmentation. It aims to open up a new blue ocean as a new source of income. The world is getting closer to massive communication technology, so high-speed communication is needed. Therefore, telecommunications operators can open new service options based on the visible light spectrum as their communication resources. This option can be integrated with ambient lighting, a wide spectrum ranging from radio waves, and greater bandwidth, making visible light suitable for IoT- 5G services. This research aims to design a wireless visible light communication business model. Several frame- works are used, such as the magic triangle of St. Gallen, Osterwalder Business Model Canvas, and PESTLE analysis. The business model design results in a business model with B2B market segmentation being the main focus and B2C market segmentation to acquire retail customers.

With the development of 5G, the wireless world will be interconnected without barriers. This new technology will enable many challenging applications, and more personalized and interactive services are expected to be available with resource-limited mobile terminals. Fortunately, mobile cloud computing (MCC) emerging in the context of 5G has the potential to overcome this bottleneck, which enables many resource-intensive services for mobile users with the support of mobile big data delivery and cloud-assisted computing. In this article we propose a novel framework named EMC in the context of 5G, which offers personalized emotion-aware services by MCC and affective computing. With the proposed framework, the traditional MCC architecture is modified to achieve the required Quality of Experience in emotion-aware applications. Furthermore, we design a partitioning solution corresponding to the fundamental trade-off between the communication and computation in EMC. The framework would be helpful to provide personalized, human-centric, intelligent emotion-aware services in 5G.

Telecommunication infrastructure is part of critical infrastructure because it has a vital role in the community and affects the country's economy. Therefore, telecommunications infrastructure can be classified as a vital national object, requiring a particular security mechanism in its deployment. However, telecommunication infrastructure has different characteristics than other sectors, where the operation is fixed and mobile. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, data is obtained from benchmarks and interviews with resource persons from various fields through several Forum Group Discussion activities. Each telecommunications network operator can apply for National Vital Objects in the Telecommunications Sector based on the mechanism under the guidelines for determining the national vital object in the telecommunications sector stipulated through a Ministerial Regulation. The regulation covers various aspects, including the mechanism for determining, evaluating, fostering, and responsibilities of National Vital Objects in the Telecommunications Sector. In its implementation, the National Vital Objects in the Telecommunications Sector manager coordinates with various security parties, such as the Indonesian National Police. With the policy of the National Vital Objects in the Telecommunications Sector implementation mechanism, it is hoped that the telecommunications infrastructure can be well protected so that the business climate of telecommunications operations remains conducive and telecommunications services can always support the development and strengthening of the national economy.

PurposeThe purpose of this conceptual paper is to explore the meaning of cloud computing for mobile communication. The paper answers the question “what is mobile cloud computing?” and how is it related to the generic cloud computing concept?Design/methodology/approachThis is an explanatory conceptual paper, based on literature review and exploring potential use cases, focused on the use of mobile cloud for service, platform or infrastructure access. The authors exclude the discussion of the traditional cloud concept in back office processes of telecom operators, and service providers.FindingsWhere cloud computing is focused on pooling of resources, mobile technology is focused on pooling and sharing of resources locally enabling alternative use cases for mobile infrastructure, platforms and service delivery. The paper discusses relevant concepts and offers examples of use cases.Research limitations/implicationsThe value of mobile cloud solutions is not yet explicit, but needs further attention. Research should focus on the relation between mobile cloud computing, platforms and eco systems. From a user perspective the willingness to share pooled resources needs further attention.Practical implicationsMobile cloud computing offers the possibility that disruptive applications might impact the mobile eco system; reinforcing or weakening business models of core players like handset providers, telecom operators, and service providers.Originality/valueA lot of attention is paid to cloud computing and to platform discussions, papers on mobile cloud are scarce. This paper offers the current state of the art and a research outlook.

Smart cities are becoming more and more popular. Currently, there is no unified and interoperable system which could be reused and redeployed in future smart cities. Having an interoperable: (1) system, (2) architecture, (3) workflow to process IoT data, (4) interoperable applications and services, and (5) secure access to data is becoming essential to reduce development cost in smart cities and ensure interoperability among vertical IoT applications (i.e., domain-specific). Firstly, we survey existing work integrating semantic web technologies to Internet of Things, also called 'Semantic Web of Things' and applying it to smart cities. Secondly, we share in this paper, our vision of Semantic Web of Things applied to smart cities and highlight main research challenges. Finally, the main contribution of this work is the semantic engine applied to IoT and smart cities. Moreover, the proposed semantic engine is applied to three use cases: Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) framework, FIESTA-IOT EU project and VITAL EU project.

National Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (NTRA) has investigated the telecommunication performance in the service providers in Egypt between the periods of February 2018 till February 2019. Fraud is a multi-billions pounds' problem around the world. The problem is the huge financial loss of revenue that can affect the trustworthiness and performance of the telecommunication corporate. Egypt is one of the developing countries that are witnessing a rapid-growth development in its telecommunications infrastructure. As a result of the increment rate of corporate and internet users, fraudsters are exploiting the vulnerabilities to gain illegal revenue through the subscribers. The telecommunications sector in Egypt has suffered in the last two decades from different types of telecom fraud cases which have damaged the financial sector in both telecommunication side and governmental side. In this paper, we present: a) Statistical insights on users, mobile operators and Internet companies for the telecommunications sector in Egypt in 2018/2019. b) An illustration for the common fraudulent methodologies that are used against both users and telecom operators in Egypt. c) A discussion on the consequences of fraud cases with a suggested framework as a proactive methodology to prevent the escalated threat of telecom fraud.

Summary form only given. Wireless Mesh is a new technology that provides great benefits for network operators. Wireless Mesh networks can be installed in days, covering dozens of square miles, for thousands of pounds. The low cost, high speed and massive reach of Wireless Mesh is making it a popular choice for networks of all kinds. LocustWorld will showcase mesh network installations from around the world showing how telecoms operators, corporate networks, local entrepreneurs, aid agencies and others are using wireless mesh to create new network services.

The threats to global substance necessitated by effects of global warming call for the embrace of green energy initiatives. The powering of telecommunications equipment is an enormous burden for the operators in Nigeria since it has the smallest per capita electricity consumption in the world. In this paper, the challenges faced by telecommunication service providers in powering their infrastructures are reviewed. The green energy options available for powering our telecommunication infrastructure in Nigeria are analyzed. The paper ends with a frame work on modalities to having safer and efficient power source for communication service delivery. It is anticipated that this paper will bring to light the plight of the public and telecommunication operators in sustaining good quality of service. It will also hasten the need to embrace alternative power supply that is clean and reliable in powering telecommunication base stations for better service delivery.