The Case Study

Background. The use of qualitative research (QR) methods is recommended as good practice in discrete choice experiments (DCEs). This study investigated the use and reporting of QR to inform the design and/or interpretation of healthcare-related DCEs and explored the perceived usefulness of such methods. Methods. DCEs were identified from a systematic search of the MEDLINE database. Studies were classified by the quantity of QR reported (none, basic, or extensive). Authors (n = 91) of papers reporting the use of QR were invited to complete an online survey eliciting their views about using the methods. Results. A total of 254 healthcare DCEs were included in the review; of these, 111 (44%) did not report using any qualitative methods; 114 (45%) reported “basic” information; and 29 (11%) reported or cited “extensive” use of qualitative methods. Studies reporting the use of qualitative methods used them to select attributes and/or levels (n = 95; 66%) and/or pilot the DCE survey (n = 26; 18%). Popular qualitative methods included focus groups (n = 63; 44%) and interviews (n = 109; 76%). Forty-four studies (31%) reported the analytical approach, with content (n = 10; 7%) and framework analysis (n = 5; 4%) most commonly reported. The survey identified that all responding authors (n = 50; 100%) found that qualitative methods added value to their DCE study, but many (n = 22; 44%) reported that journals were uninterested in the reporting of QR results. Conclusions. Despite recommendations that QR methods be used alongside DCEs, the use of QR methods is not consistently reported. The lack of reporting risks the inference that QR methods are of little use in DCE research, contradicting practitioners’ assessments. Explicit guidelines would enable more clarity and consistency in reporting, and journals should facilitate such reporting via online supplementary materials.

PurposeThe central purpose of the research presented in this paper is to synthesize the current state of the field in qualitative methods in international organizational change research and to provide a call to researchers to use this type of methodology more frequently. The intent is to provide readers with an overview of how and when qualitative research methods should be used for investigating important theoretical and empirical questions in management research.Design/methodology/approachThe authors developed several working hypotheses based on their own experiences in using an extensive array of qualitative methods in organizational change research. They coupled this with an extensive literature search to understand how these methodologies have been used to date. The findings from the literature search were analysed to uncover where there are gaps in the work and how organizational change and other management scholars can effectively use qualitative methods to advance their understanding of international change phenomena, given the unique questions and situations confronted in various contexts. The authors include an array of examples to show how qualitative research has been used to successfully test theories, uncover new phenomena, find connections between various situations, and provide a deep understanding of contextual influences on organizational change.FindingsThe authors' findings include several examples and ideas of how and when scholars can use qualitative methods to advance understanding of international change phenomena. This provides a much richer, deeper, and more nuanced understanding of many of the phenomena and issues under investigation by employing the more observational and human‐centric techniques available through the use of qualitative methods. Several of the implications of context are only observable through some of the qualitative methods discussed, such as ethnography, case studies, interviews, observations, and their respective analysis methods. Qualitative research can be employed successfully and fruitfully in organization studies' contexts to: help uncover new organizational phenomena; build and test theories of change; and create new methods that researchers can use specifically in international change studies.Originality/valueThe paper is the only one of its kind, bringing a cohesive and focused review of qualitative methods studies in international organizational change research. It provides readers and the field with a menu of ways to effectively use qualitative methods and a description of where and how to bring in these methods to answer questions and uncover new themes that are not effectively dealt with through the use of more commonly employed quantitative methods and analyses.

In the current era of artificial intelligence, large language models such as ChatGPT and BARD are being increasingly used for various applications, such as language translation, text generation, and human-like conversation. The fact that these models consist of large amounts of data, including many different opinions and perspectives, could introduce the possibility of a new qualitative research approach: Due to the probabilistic character of their answers, “interviewing” these large language models could give insights into public opinions in a way that otherwise only interviews with large groups of subjects could deliver. However, it is not yet clear if qualitative content analysis research methods can be applied to interviews with these models. Evaluating the applicability of qualitative research methods to interviews with large language models could foster our understanding of their abilities and limitations. In this paper, we examine the applicability of qualitative content analysis research methods to interviews with ChatGPT in English, ChatGPT in German, and BARD in English on the relevance of computer science in K-12 education, which was used as an exemplary topic. We found that the answers produced by these models strongly depended on the provided context, and the same model could produce heavily differing results for the same questions. From these results and the insights throughout the process, we formulated guidelines for conducting and analyzing interviews with large language models. Our findings suggest that qualitative content analysis research methods can indeed be applied to interviews with large language models, but with careful consideration of contextual factors that may affect the responses produced by these models. The guidelines we provide can aid researchers and practitioners in conducting more nuanced and insightful interviews with large language models. From an overall view of our results, we generally do not recommend using interviews with large language models for research purposes, due to their highly unpredictable results. However, we suggest using these models as exploration tools for gaining different perspectives on research topics and for testing interview guidelines before conducting real-world interviews.

<div class="WordSection1"><p>I am honored for being an alumnus of KEMC, and am delighted to write this editorial for the Annals. I have, ever since done my research and taught qualitative methods, felt that clinical methods are quite akin to qualitative research. Then, why only few clinical researchers use qualitative methods? A witness to this assumption is the research published in the Annals. In this treatise, I try to identify some parallels between the two types of methods and argue for the clinicians to invest in learning qualitative research methods to practice clinical methods well.</p><p> Qualitative research is to identify and interpret issues from the perspective of participants, their experience of: illness or disability, using health service, and to appreciate the meanings they give to the behaviour, events or objects in the context of their social and cultural norms. In this type of research, the emphasis is on exploring the associations and understanding the phenomenon in its holism; and not, like in quantitative research, from an outsider’s perspective and for certain specific aspects.<sup>1</sup> It requires participants with specific characteristics, selected purposely that can best inform the research topic. More participants, identified inductively during data collection, are added to develop full and multiple perspectives about the cases.<sup>2</sup></p><p> No preset data collection tool is used, instead qualitative researcher guided by a research question acts as an instrument, since the line of enquiry he changes during data collection as new understanding is gained and/or the situation changes.<sup>3</sup> The data for research is derived from the observation, interviews or verbal interactions, focus group discussions, document reviews, life histories etc. and the researcher asks why, how and under what circumstances things occur; and not just what, where and when. It is recorded in words or pictures and log book is used to record notes arising from interviews, observations, extracts from documents etc.</p><p> In health care settings patients are the subjects for clinical methods. The clinician, even prior to any verbal communication, observes the patient, e.g. for his gait and appearance. If in a bed or examination couch, his posture could give some clue to the illness. Inspection, a clinical method, is like systematic observation, which is qualitative method, should be holistic. In my third year during bedside teaching, Professor (late) Rashid Ahmed Qureshi said, <em>“patient has come to you as a whole and not his stomach in a tray”</em>, when a student straight went to examine abdomen of a patient with acute abdomen. History taking, another clinical method, is like conducting semi structured in depth interview – a qualitative research method. In both disciplines, we are told, <em>“not to ask leading, but follow up and probing questions”; </em>and Professor (late) Alamgir Khan, while teaching clinical methods, would add, <em>“if a good history is taken, you will establish diagnosis in over 65% of cases”. </em>Likewise, as part of history taking, documents related to patient’s illness history and treatment are reviewed similar to document review in qualitative research.</p><p> The two approaches however differ in how the data is analysed. In clinical practice, diagnosis is established based on the pathophysiological knowledge or patient’s clinical condition is discussed in clinicopathological conference.<sup>4</sup> On the other hand, qualitative research employs meaning based data analysis, whereby the qualitative data is transformed into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of people and situation that is investigated.<sup>5,6</sup></p><p> In conclusion, the history, the observation and the review of document related to patient are since obtainned using qualitative methods, the clinician trained in these methods could not only conduct these methods well but also interpret the data to identify and detect obstacles to the change in clinical condition and the reasons why improvement does or does not occur.<sup>7</sup> Finally, while it is heartening that research forums are organised in the institutions affiliated with KEMU, in order the research is richer, the researchers’ skills in qualitative research methods should be built.</p></div>

JARID has a long and positive association with qualitative research dating back to its first issue. This paper looks at the development of qualitative methods and their application in the field of intellectual disability (ID). When invited to make a contribution on qualitative research for the 25th Anniversary of JARID, the present authors considered the options. We examined the frequency with which qualitative studies have been published in three major intellectual disability journals over a decade, and we considered attempting a systematic review or a meta-synthesis. The volume of published studies has increased, but there were too many across a diverse range of topics for a systematic review of qualitative research in general; but not enough for a systematic review or meta-synthesis with a particular focus. However, there were many issues that needed to be aired. This paper therefore contains some critical reflections on the use of qualitative methods. If we want to hear the voices of people who have ID then we need appropriate ways to do this. Qualitative methods are playing an increasing role in bringing the unknown about people who have ID into the known. The approach plays a valuable role in informing us about the experiences and lives of people who have ID. However, we have identified many methodological issues which will need to be further explored. At the same time, we need to develop methods to enable increased participation of people who have ID in some aspects of research. The participatory paradigm is more established in qualitative approaches as it lends itself to participation in generating research questions, developing interview questions, conducting interviews and even stages of the analysis. There are clearly areas that need to be addressed by trained researchers and the whole process will need some facilitation and support. Writing up for journals is one aspect that could be very problematic: so other forms of dissemination need to be explored.

PurposeThe study aims to promote the use of qualitative methods in service research by investigating how these methods are reported in service journals, how the level of reporting has evolved and whether methodological reporting influences the downloads or citations received by qualitative articles.Design/methodology/approachMethodological reporting practices were identified through content analysis of 318 qualitative articles published in three major service research journals and comparison with prior methodological literature. Regression analysis was used to test how the level of methodological reporting influences article downloads and citations.FindingsThe study identifies 29 reporting practices related to 9 key methodological reporting areas. The overall level of methodological reporting in published qualitative articles has increased over time. While differences in the level of reporting between service journals persist, they are narrowing. The level of methodological reporting did not influence downloads or citations of qualitative articles.Research limitations/implicationsService scholars using qualitative methods should pay attention to methodological reporting as it can improve the chances of being published. Factors such as theoretical contributions are likely to have a greater influence on article impact than methodological reporting.Originality/valueNo prior study has explored methodological reporting practices across different qualitative methodologies or how reporting influences article impact. For authors, reviewers and editors, the study provides an inventory of reporting practices relevant for evaluating qualitative articles, which should lower barriers for qualitative methods in service research by providing practical guidelines on what to focus on when reporting and assessing qualitative research.

Qualitative research has gained greater attention in medical research, but it might seem to be unscientific because qualitative and quantitative research methods are grounded in different paradigm. In this article, we introduce three major qualitative research methods frequently used in studies of patient-doctor communications: 1) in-depth interviews; 2) focus group interviews; and, 3) semi-structured interviews. Each qualitative research method has different or common advantages and disadvantages, and which methods should be used depends on the study objectives. Qualitative research and quantitative research are complementary: while quantitative research explains the prevalence or variation of an issue, qualitative research explains the reasons or processes of that prevalence or variation. Combination of the two methods enables the gathering of more comprehensive and explanatory results.

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology

The purpose of this focused issue is to advance understanding of qualitative research methods in the international business context. Debates on qualitative research methods in the key international business (IB) journals have been rare. There has been no focused issue on this topic previously, either in mir or in other journals in the field, making this a 'special' issue. During the process of editing a recent handbook on qualitative research methods (Marschan-Piekkari/Welch 2004), we realized that while this collection covered many topics, often for the first time in the IB field, there were many others still outstanding. There was thus scope for continuing a dialogue about qualitative methods in the IB research community. The challenge of making qualitative research count in the quantitative world of IB remains. Qualitative research is difficult to define, since the term encompasses many different research traditions, research strategies and methods for data collection and analysis (Prasad 2005). A typical definition is that everything non-numerical is qualitative research (Marschan-Piekkari/Welch 2004, p. 19). However, even this very simplistic definition soon breaks down, since research strategies which are typically considered to be qualitative, such as case studies, can combine numerical with non-numerical data (Hurmerinta-Peltomaki/Nummela 2004). There is also no clear divide between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of research traditions, with much qualitative research in management and IB sharing the positivist assumptions of quantitative research (Prasad/Prasad 2002). This focused issue is not about reporting the empirical findings of IB studies applying qualitative methods; rather it is about the process of undertaking qualitative research in the IB field. Of course, there is a large volume of literature on qualitative research methods already. However, we would argue that the IB context warrants special treatment. As the authors of this focused issue discuss, the distinctiveness of the field stems from its multiple linguistic and cultural settings; organizational complexity; and its intellectual roots in post-War academic institutions in the USA. These issues receive little treatment in general texts on qualitative methodology. There has been some methodological debate in previous issues of mir. Earlier articles in mircan be grouped into three categories: first, reviews of existing methodological practices in IB publications (e.g., Cavusgil/Das 1997, Nasif et al. 1991); second, proposals for new quantitative techniques (e.g., the use of key informants in cross-cultural studies, as proposed by Lenartowicz and Roth 2004 and a linguistic-based measure of cultural distance as developed by West and Graham 2004); and third, calls for new methodological approaches (Boddewyn/Iyer 1999). The absence of qualitative research methods in this debate perhaps reflects the limited amount of empirical qualitative research published in this journal. A recent analysis of mir issues between 1990 and 1999 revealed that only 5 percent of articles published in this period used qualitative methods (Welch/Welch 2004). This focused issue is therefore a response to those, such as Boddewyn and Iyer (1999) in this journal, who have called for alternatives to surveys and secondary data analysis. This focused issue attracted 39 submissions from more than 15 countries. Given that there have been limited outlets for methodological articles in IB, this is a considerable number. It perhaps suggests a level of interest to which IB journals have not responded to date. Of the total number of submissions, 11 were selected for review. On the basis of reviewers' comments, six of these papers were ultimately rejected. The final five papers underwent two and, in some cases, up to four rounds of revisions. In selecting the articles, we used the following criteria: appropriateness of the topic for the focused issue; demonstrated knowledge of IB and methodological literature; quality of argument; originality and innovativeness of the contribution to IB methodology; organization and clarity of the paper; and potential application to research practice in IB. …

Background Qualitative research has made great strides in recent years and it now makes an important contribution to our understanding of health and illness. But there are still many practitioners, academics and researchers who are totally bemused by its principles and practices. Content In the first of a series of three articles exploring qualitative research philosophies, methodologies and methods, I attempt to unravel some of its complexities and peculiarities, in the hope that those readers new to qualitative research will study it further and consider using it in the future. This article deals with broad questions of philosophy; most especially the fundamental difference between a quantitative and qualitative worldview. Conclusions This article explores the difference between a belief in a single objective reality and multiple realities, and relates these to quantitative and qualitative research methods. It also considers the role of theory, focusing on the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. These concepts are the basis for the second article in the series on qualitative methodologies, to appear in the next issue.

Qualitative and mixed methods research in trials

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia was founded and its independence was fought for none other than to protect the entire Indonesian nation and all of Indonesia's blood, promote general welfare, educate the life of the nation, implement world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice." This is as stated in the Preamble to the Law. -The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) paragraph 4 (four). This means that it is the duty of the President as head of state and head of government to improve the welfare of all Indonesian people both living on the island of Java and outside Java In fact, after all these decades it turns out that there is still inequality in various fields, especially the economy between the island of Java and other regions outside Java, one of which is due to the position of the country's capital in the Jakarta area which is located on the island of Java, so that development is uneven. The high inequality in economic, social and cultural development between Java and non-Java is getting higher day by day. So President Joko Widodo, on April 29 2019, announced his policy to move the National Capital (IKN) from the DKI Jakarta area to other areas in East Kalimantan, namely North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kertangerara Regency which were chosen as the potential IKN locations. President Jokowi's decision received support from the DPR RI with the issuance of Law (UU) No. 3 of 2022 concerning the Move of the National Capital. In 2023, this law has been revised or amended with the approval of the DPR RI, to become Law No. 21 of 2023. In this context, a fairly comprehensive basis and review of the study of the movement of IKN from the DKI Jakarta area to the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara Regency areas is needed. East Kalimantan so that there is no potential for conflict to arise in IKN. For this reason, it is necessary to prepare programs and activities as well as policies to prevent or at least minimize the potential for social conflict and the impacts arising from social conflict between immigrant communities and the indigenous people of East Kalimantan. This type of research uses qualitative research methods, namely methods that focus on in-depth observation. Therefore, the use of qualitative methods in research can produce a more comprehensive study of a phenomenon. Data and information collection techniques are carried out through observation and literature study The results of the study concluded that IKN was prone to the emergence of social conflict due to the long-standing and hereditary problem of land ownership belonging to indigenous communities in North Penajam Paser. Apart from that, it is also caused by the social gap between immigrant communities, who on average have a bachelor's degree, have special skills, a high work ethic and a better level of welfare compared to the majority of native communities. Another factor is the factor of injustice between individuals in society, whether due to differences in opinions and feelings, cultural differences, politics. economic and welfare differences that can have an impact on the birth of clashes both between individuals and between community groups. It turns out that there have been many social conflicts in this area for a long time, which if allowed to continue will create disharmony between the immigrant community and the native communities of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kertanegara.

Bu çalışmada, turizm alanında yazılmış lisansüstü tezlerin bilimsel araştırma yöntemlerinde nicel
\nyöntemlerden nitel yöntemlere geçişteki paradigmatik dönüşüm incelenmiştir. Çalışma amacına
\nbağlı olarak YÖK ulusal tez merkezi veri tabanında ‘turizm ve işletme’, ‘gastronomi’, ‘rekreasyon
\nve yönetim’ ‘seyahat ve acente’, ‘turizm ve rehberlik’ anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak tarama
\nyapılmış ve ulaşılan 107 adet tez değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında nitel
\nve nicel araştırma yöntemleri bir arada kullanılmış, nitel kapsamda doküman incelemesi ve nicel
\naraştırma kapsamında ise çoklu uyum analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda
\npozitivist paradigmanın turizmde yazılan lisansüstü tezlerde egemen olduğu sonucuna
\nulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, 2010 yılından itibaren yazılan tezlerde nitel yöntemlerde artış yaşandığı,
\nrekreasyon yönetimi alanındaki tezlerde ağırlıklı olarak nitel yöntemler kullanılırken, turizm
\nişletmeciliği, seyahat işletmeciliği ve turizm rehberliği ile gastronomi ve mutfak sanatları
\nalanlarında daha çok nicel ve karma yöntemlerin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.

The editors of this book are medical/physician anthropologists working in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Connecticut.The other sixteen contributors to this very readable and informative book are all involved in research and are working in Departments of Family Medicine or in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics.The book itself evolved from a work-shop on qualitative research held in Quebec in May 1989.It was during the 80's that qualitative research methods were developed by family medicine practitioners, and their complementarity to quantitative research methods explored.Doing Qualitative Research is volume three in a series of books on research methods for primary care.Its aim is to make qualitative research more accessible to primary health care researchers.Its usefulness certainly goes beyond this.The studies described in this book shed light on three important questions.How can health-seeking behaviour be understood?.How do primary health care providers become what they are?What goes on when primary health care seekers encounter clinical providers?As one reads this book and becomes familiar with the methods described, it becomes evident that these research methods can also be applied to other related questions.'Primary health care' can be replaced with 'mental health care' for example.Thus the scope of this book extends beyond qualitative research methods in Family Medicine.In this book the editors provide a 'smorgasboard' of qualitative approaches.Clear descriptions of the most important aspects of qualitative research are given.This includes data collection strategies (Chs.2-4), the specifics for different types of analysis (Chs.5-10).and reports on completed studies .Each of these chapters with the aid of really good concrete examples describes a specific qualitative method, the context in which it is most useful, and how its trustworthiness can be assessed.These eleven chapters are neatly sandwiched between the first chapter, giving an excellent overview of research approaches, and a final reflective chapter that includes a reminder that the 'sciences of the spirit speak to a different part of us than the sciences of nature'.As a newcomer to qualitative research I found that the first chapter was a very helpful preparation for the richness that follows.The many figures and tables provide helpful summaries that are also

This study aims to determine the process of developing the Pohon Seribu tourist attraction, and to determine the economic welfare of the community as business actors around the tourist attraction whether it is affected by the development of the Pohon Seribu tourist attraction in Kejorongan Pondok Sasak Ranah Pasisie District. This research uses qualitative methods by using data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. Qualitative method is a method that focuses on in-depth observation, therefore, the use of qualitative methods in research can produce a more comprehensive study of a phenomenon. The result of this research is that the development of Pohon Seribu tourist attraction has an impact on the economic welfare of the community around the tourist attraction. In the economic field, there is an increase in the livelihood of the surrounding community, there is a shift in livelihoods. As a result of the tourist attraction, the income received by the community has increased compared to before the tourist attraction. In addition to the economic field such as socio-culture, with the location of tourist attractions making the surrounding community to continue to interact with tourists who visit, this has an impact on improving the welfare of the community is a change in the mindset of the community for the better. Pohon Seribu tourist attraction results in changes in behaviour and better language style.