The Cultural Senses of <em>Homo sapiens</em>

The study of the forest dynamics of Georgia’s landscapes is based on the analysis spatial-temporal concept of natural-territorial complexes (NTCs), which was developed by Prof. Nikoloz Beruchashvili. This question allows analyzing and evaluating the following issues: forest resource potential of landscapes and restoration of the retrospective picture of the forest area in the different historical periods. This landscape approach allowed us to identify the trend of changes in the horizontal structure of the landscapes having occurred on the territory of Georgia in that long period of time. In particular, the following factors were analyzed and identified: areas of the landscapes, forest area and degree of its diminution, amount of phytomass, etc. Thus, on the basis of the research some peculiarities of the modern horizontal structure of the landscapes of Georgia were identified, also the trend of change of the horizontal structure of the landscapes of Georgia from the early days of human society to present was identified and the degree of diminution of the natural-territorial complexes of the forests of Georgia from the early days of human society to present was identified.

This paper attempts to explore the different experiences inside case study hammāms in a number of Mediterranean countries. It investigates the physical, climatic, bioclimatic, psychological as well as bathing and ritual aspects. The hammāms are located in six Mediterranean cities : Fez, Constantine, Cairo, Damascus, Tripoli and Ankara. Two main analyses are carried out of the two zones composing the hammāms : the passive ones with their specifi c devices and the active ones with different thermo-dynamic systems. General statements can be made from the climatic point of view : the hammām design is different and specific from one country to another ; all hammāms of the same city are designed in the same standards despite the fact that they were built at different historic periods. This allows us to point out the importance of the impact of the climate on the hammām design in order to achieve human comfort. Hence it is necessary to assess the passive energy areas directly linked to the outside urban context (i.e. spaces paths, souks and streets). There is also the need to assess the climate influence on the design of active areas, as this is the case in Cairo where the hot water pools have been developed possibly in order to prevent dehydratation caused by the hot arid climate.

One of the characteristics of the history of Japanese geography in the modern period is the fact that the establishment of chairs was rather late compared with other sciences. It was not until 1907 that the chair of geography was founded at Kyoto Imperial University, the first one at any Japanese University. Before 1907, a few geographical books were written by non-specialists of geography and they received a warm welcome. Eminent among them were “Jimbun Chirigaku Kogi (Lecture on Human Geography)” (1888) and “Nihon Fukei Ron (On the Beauties of Natural Scenery of Japan and their Implications)” (1894) by S. Shiga, “Chirigaku Ko (Consideration of Geography, The Earth and Man)” (1894) by K. Uchimura, and “Jinsei Chirigaku (Geography of Life)” (1903) by T. Makiguchi.Shiga and Uchimura were graduates of Sapporo Agricultural College, predecessor of the present Hokkaido University. Makiguchi, who was not a graduate of S.A.C., was a teacher at a normal school in Sapporo at the time he wrote his book, from 1897 to 1901. In addition to the above, I. Nitobe, who was a classmate of Uchimura's at S.A.C., introduced Meitzen's concept of the morphology of rural settlements for the first time in Japan in his book “Nogyo Honron (Main Discourse on Agriculture)” (1898). He was one of the promoters of The Research Society for Study of the Native Land, which exerted a considerable influence on the rise of human geographical studies in the 1910's and 20's.We can safely say that Sapporo is one of the birthplaces of modern Japanese geography. However, Sapporo Agricultural College had no department of geography. Geography was not taught even as a separate subject, though S.A.C. had unique characteristics of a liberal art college compared with the other higher educational institutions at that time.At the Library of Hokkaido University, there are collected various notebooks of the lectures delivered by American professors and recorded by Japanese students. Among them, there is found a notebook under the title of “Lecture on the Geography of Europe by Dr. J.C. Cutter, M.D., Notes by S. Ibuki, 1881”. Dr. Cutter was invited as a professor of physiology, comparative anatomy and English literature. In the introductory part of his lecture on English literature, he taught the geography of Europe, which is considered to be one of the earliest lectures on geography delivered at a higher educational institution in modern Japan.In the present article, the Japanese translation of Prof. Cutter's lecture is made with explanatory remarks of the author. The lecture is composed of two parts, chapters 1 to 8, and 9 to 16. The former part contains physical geography of Europe, with an introduction entitled “Physical geography in relation to social conditions and pursuits” in the first chapter. The second part deals with the appearence and diffusion of races and languages in the Eurasian Continent with special reference to Aryan problems.His lecture is highly characterized by the Euro-centric viewpoint which was prevalent in the 19th century. For example, he taught: “Semitic and Aryan languages were for a long time confined to the continent of Asia in which they occupied only small parts. They are now universally distributed. This group of languages have attained the highest degree of perfection. These types of languages are spoken by majority of the white type of the human species. They were introduced into Europe from India by the Aryan invasions or infiltration. From the Aryan mother tongue have sprung all the European languages. They are now used by peoples occupying about 3/15th of the earth's surface. It is the people using these languages who have been the leaders in civilization in historic periods”. This quoted opinion is typical of Europeans in the mid-19th century. It was accepted by some students at S.A.C., and rejected by others.

Objective To express the NS6 nonstructural protein of human norovirus (NoV) in Escherichia coli, and to detect its enzymatic activity after purification. Methods Human NoV NS6 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pDE1 and then was transformed into E. coli BL21 for expression. NS6 protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and Superdex 200 pg column. The activity of NS6 protein was determined by digestion of fusion protein 15VP1-6P at 37 ℃. Results Human NoV NS6 protein was stably and highly expressed in E. coli. After purification, the expressed product reached a purity of more than 95%, and the relative molecular weight of NS6 protein was about 23×103 Da. NS6 protein could cleave the fusion protein containing rhinovirus 3C cleavage site. Conclusions The nonstructural protein NS6 of human NoV was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, which laid a foundation for further study on the pathogenesis of human NoV. Key words: Human norovirus; Nonstructural protein NS6; Affinity purification; Gel filtration chromatography; Enzymatic digestion

Comptroller division is a staff unit of government organization, in charge of the business of year’s account、accounting、statistic. The purpose of year’s account is to build up the government’s budget system, distribute resources reasonably, and value the efficiency of government’s application, expect to combine the government policy and the budget. Accounting can assist budget execution and compile an accounting report correctly, showing the real financial station. For statistics, it is to collect the execution results of public affairs, and various statistic data for further analysis and application, being the reference materials to affirm government’s policy and budget. Since time progresses and ideas innovate unceasingly, the financial officer works must keep pace with the times, for following time pulsation and society’s need. In recent years, for our national troops promoting organization restructuring, our human resources has been simplified and national defense affairs are getting more diverse than before, in order to make more contributions to each specialized field, comptrollers should study new knowledge continuously, apply information technology to improve working method and innovate business. In this era of knowledge economy, how comptroller division to induct the concepts and practices of knowledge management and make use of it properly、set it into action has been a present important topic for government to display it’s high efficiency and high service quality. This research regards to above explanation, first collect and discuss the related theory of knowledge management, secondly explain present execution situations of our military comptroller division’s knowledge management inducting. finally uses scientific questionnaire analysis methods, including Fuzzy Delphi method、Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process、and Fuzzy theory, providing a systematic critical key successful factors knowledge management estimation model. This model contains four sections, these are: organization culture、strategy and leadership、information technology、and achievements measurements, total up to 22 targets. By way of relating each major section’s relative weight then sorting it, we can understand the priority items when department of defense comptroller division promotes knowledge management, then supplying consulting data for organization’s policy maker to improve their strategy.

<p>Supplementary materials and methods. Suppl Table 1. MMS combination PF50 cell line assays. Concentration-dependent potentiation of MMS (PF50 ratios). Suppl Table 2. Permeability of AZD2461 and olaparib were assessed. Suppl Table 3. Activity of olaparib and AZD2461 alone or in combination with the P-gp inhibitor verapamil in the colorectal cancer cell line HCT-15, which expresses high levels of P-gp. Suppl Fig. 1. Immunofluorescence for poly(ADP-ribose) in human A549 cells. Suppl Fig. 2. Analysis of both in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in tumors taken from SW620 (human colon carcinoma) xenograft-bearing mice. Suppl Fig. 3. Colony formation (clonogenic) assays in the intrinsically high P-gp-expressing MRE11-deficient HCT-15 human colorectal cell line. Suppl. Fig. 4. Combination efficacy studies. Suppl Fig. 5. Relative body weight changes in mice following treatment with 10 mg/kg AZD2461 and olaparib in combination with temozolomide. Suppl. Fig. 6. A serial dilution of RNA concentration was used to establish a standard curve for determining the reaction efficiency of PARP1, PARP2, PARP3, and housekeeper gene (PPIA: cyclophilin A) TaqMan RT-PCR assays in both rat and mouse species; Determination of optimal reference gene for rat-mouse data normalization. Suppl Fig. 7.A. A serial dilution of reference RNA (Qiagen) concentration was used to establish a standard curve for determining the reaction efficiency of PARP3 and housekeeper genes (PPIA: cyclophilin and YWHAZ: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptohpan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide) SybrGreen RT-PCR assays in both rat and human species; Determination of optimal reference gene for rat-human data normalization. Suppl Fig. 8. Relative body weight changes in rat following treatment with 10 mg/kg AZD2461 and olaparib in combination with temozolomide; Relative body weight changes in rat following treatment with 20 mg/kg AZD2461 and olaparib in combination with temozolomide.</p>

To construct a fusion protein toxin DT389-hIL-13 which comprises the N-terminal 389 amino acids of diphtheria toxin (DT389) and human interlukin 13 (hIL-13), and to explore its cytotoxicity on U251 glioma cells. The cDNA of hIL-13 gene was amplified by PCR and linked with the 3'-terminus of the gene encoding the N-terminal 389 amino acids, which correspond to the enzyme domain and transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin. The tandem constructed gene was then inserted into an E. coli expression vector pET30a. The resulted expression vector was transformed into E. coli BL21 and induced by IPTG. The expressed protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. U(251) glioma cells were cultured DT389-hIl-13 was added into the culture. The cytotoxicity was determined using colorimetric MTS proliferation assay. The expression plasmid pET30a/DT389-hIL13 was constructed with correct sequence. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli in manner of inclusion body and with a relative molecular weight of about 55 000, which reacted well with both anti-diphtheria toxin and anti-hIL-13 polyclonal antibody in Western blot assay. The purified recombinant chimeric toxin was found to effectively inhibit the prolifieration of glioblastoma multiforme cells bearing high affinity hIL-13 receptors, and resulted in dose-dependent relationship with 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of 5 x 10(-)11mol/L. Prokaryotic expression system can be recruited to produce recombinant chimeric toxin DT389-hIL-13. The results may lay a foundation for preparing specific the agent targets for tumors overexpressing IL-13 receptor.

Extinction in the Anthropocene.

A new vision of the future human civilisation, hydrogen civilisation (HyCi) is generalised. At this rigorous, severe historical period human kind still has a real possibility to save the biosphere and make living out of humanity a possible and real process. The above objective can be achieved only by advantageous all-planetary work along the direction of the ecologically clean and economically sustainable vector ‘hydrogen energy → hydrogen economy → HyCi’. The HyCi concept includes three constituent, mutually conditioned parts: industrial-ecological, humanitarian-cultural and geopolitical-international legislative ones. This paper presents a comprehensive and analysed theoretical and humanitarian-cultural groundwork of the transition. The legislative-economic mechanism of the transition to HyCi is formulated, and the way to a hydrogen market economy – the economic basis of the HyCi – is indicated and discussed.