The Development and Field Application of a 3D Computer Graphics System for Displaying Wellbore Trajectories

DDWC (Directional Drilling with Casing) is an effective wellbore construction technique, particularly suitable for soft marine formations. In DDWC, the casing replaces the drill pipe for sliding drilling operations, and the passability of the drill string through the casing has become one of the primary challenges in applying DDWC. This study uses ANSYS Workbench to simulate the strain and bending behavior of the casing under various geological conditions. Simulations were conducted for different wellbore trajectories, casing specifications, and materials to evaluate the feasibility of the drill string passing through the casing under different conditions. The results show that, when the dogleg severity reaches 18°/30 m and the casing’s inner diameter is 315 mm, the maximum radial strain of the casing is 4.2 mm, which cannot guarantee the successful passage of a drill string assembly with a 311 mm outer diameter. For other casing specifications, with a minimum inner diameter of 317 mm, the drill string can pass through under the maximum dogleg severity. Additionally, since the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the casing materials are identical, the strain behavior is consistent across different materials, meaning that the material does not affect the passability of the casing. Moreover, the study optimized the selection of casing specifications and materials. From the perspective of ensuring drill string passability and resource conservation, a casing with an inner diameter of 319.4 mm was chosen. To ensure the longevity of the casing and the stability of the wellbore, N80 steel was selected as the material. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the factors affecting casing strain, and the results aligned with the simulation findings, showing that wellbore trajectory and casing specifications have a significant impact on casing strain. Verifying the passability of the drill string through the casing is critical for the development and application of DDWC technology.

The purpose of this volume is to present current work of the Intelligent Computer Graphics community, a community growing up year after year. Indeed, if at the beginning of Computer Graphics the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques was quite unknown, more and more researchers all over the world are nowadays interested in intelligent techniques allowing substantial improvements of traditional Computer Graphics methods. The other main contribution of intelligent techniques in Computer Graphics is to allow invention of completely new methods, often based on automation of a lot of tasks assumed in the past by the user in an imprecise and (human) time consuming manner. This volume contains both invited and selected extended papers from the last 3IA Conference (3IA2008), together with an introduction presenting the area of Intelligent Computer Graphics and various Computer Graphics areas where introduction of intelligent techniques permitted to resolve important problems. We hope that this volume will be interesting for the reader and that it will convince him (her) to use, or to invent, intelligent techniques in Computer Graphics and, maybe, to join the Intelligent Computer Graphics community.

Computer graphics tools and techniques enable researchers to investigate cultural heritage and archaeological sites. They can facilitate documentation of real-world sites for further investigation, and enable archaeologists and historians to accurately study a past environment through simulations. This chapter explores how light plays a major role in examining computer-based representations of heritage. We discuss how light is both documented and modelled today using computer graphics techniques and tools. We also identify why both physical and historical accuracy in modelling light is becoming increasingly important to study the past, and how emerging technologies such as High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging and physically-based rendering is necessary to accurately represent heritage.

Due to a variety of possible good types and so many complex drilling variables and constraints, optimization of the trajectory of a complex wellbore is very challenging. There are several types of well such as directional wells, horizontal wells, redrilling wells, complex structure wells, cluster wells, and extended reach wells etcetera. Over the past few years, the number of unconventional well including deviated well, highly deviated well is steadily increasing. Directional drilling has some advantages over vertical drilling though it is more expensive. In drilling engineering optimization of wellbore plays an important role, which can be optimized based on the minimization of the length of wellbore, minimization of mud pressure, critical pressure etcetera. Till today so many approaches or methods used to optimize this wellbore trajectory. From those methods here in this study we focused on metaheuristic approaches that used to optimize wellbore trajectory. This reduction of the wellbore length helps to establish cost-effective approaches that can be utilized to resolve a group of complex trajectory optimization challenges. For efficient performance (i.e.; quickly locating global optima while taking the smallest amount of computational time) we have to identify flexible control parameters. Later this parameter can be effectively fixed to tune different algorithms. This research will develop a review of the various algorithm used to optimize deviated wellbore trajectories. In the environment of challenging commodity prices, engineers and commercial firms bound to utilize technology to find out a low-cost solution. Technology is also helpful for the automatic solution of a complex problem, which also allows for the better utilization of resources. This review paper helps to find out optimal wellbore trajectory optimization algorithms that can close the technology gap by giving a useful method. This method can generate a solution automatically. Before establishing a different algorithm, those previous authors considered a number of factors and limitations. Safety is one of them. Before drilling depleted zones should be well studied, otherwise, it may be the reason for so many problems. The heuristic approach builds up solutions through the trial and error method. Those methods take a decent amount of time for solving a complex problem. For a single known problem, different metaheuristic approaches take a different amount of time to find the optimal solution. Among different metaheuristic algorithm which was used to find minimum true measured depth (TMD), we try to make a review where we focused on their computational time, minimization of length, method, etcetera.

Techbits This article highlights key knowledge that was shared at the SPE’s “Collision Avoidance and Well Interceptions Applied Technology Workshop” held in Inverness, United Kingdom, in September. It raised awareness of issues concerning wellbore collisions and interceptions. Planning to ensure that well collisions do not occur during drilling is a complex and demanding task that is often not given the high priority that it requires in drilling programs. Assumptions are made of the validity and accuracy of historical data that is unfounded. Conversely, planning well interceptions when required in operations such as relief wells/drainage intercept wells requires a sound working knowledge of wellbore-positioning technologies and techniques. Wellbore interceptions and proximity placement are becoming critical applications for the development of some reservoirs, specifically tar sands and coalbed methane. Wellbore collision avoidance is entering the daily skills requirement of drilling engineers as they plan more infill wells and more cluster (pad) drilling. Ultimately, demonstrating the knowledge of the borehole position during the drilling process is becoming a regulatory requirement that demands greater understanding by the drilling engineering community and drilling/asset managers. Are drilling engineers trained, competent, and adhering to procedures designed to manage the intricacies of wellbore surveying requirements as applied to collision avoidance and well interceptions? The workshop covered the topic under the headings: Survey-database integrity Collision-avoidance management Practical directional drilling Relief-well design Interception techniques The workshop emphasized that wellbore collisions must be treated as high-risk events that must be managed by systematic survey-management procedures. Borehole-position errors are a critical input to subsurface modeling and have a major effect on field economics. Several workshop committee members are also members of the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE WPTS) that has published two SPE papers on the ellipse of uncertainty error models commonly referred to as the Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Survey Accuracy (ISCWSA) models. Summary of the Workshop Workshop attendees shared and learned about current good practices of the complete management cycle of well-positioning activities. Planning, policies, data management, practical application, and technology were all addressed. This was accomplished during presentations, discussions, and breakout sessions with industry experts. Some in-depth presentations and insightful results were produced, including good practice in designing a survey program requirements for survey-database management managing anticollision risk practical insights into relief-well planning and drilling

A Spatial Data Structure for the 3D Graphical Facility Management System

Recent advances in acquisition technologies, such as LIDAR and photogrammetry, have brought back to popularity 3D point clouds in a lot of fields of application of Computer Graphics: Civil Engineering, Architecture, Topography, etc. These acquisition systems are producing an unprecedented amount of geometric data with additional attached information, resulting in huge datasets whose processing and storage requirements exceed usual approaches, presenting new challenges that can be addressed from a Big Data perspective by applying High Performance Computing and Computer Graphics techniques. This chapter presents a series of applications built on top of Point Cloud Manager (PCM), a middleware that provides an abstraction for point clouds with arbitrary attached data and makes it easy to perform out-of-core operations on them on commodity CPUs and GPUs. Hence, different kinds of real world applications are tackled, showing both real-time and offline examples, and render-oriented and computation-related operations as well.

This paper presents a novel software model for public crisis management system in the modern city. Urban emergency such as various hazards will result in serious casualties and property loss. With the development of information technology, scientific crisis management system aided by computers should be constructed to mitigate the disasters. On the one hand, the application of Computer Graphics (CG) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for urban crisis management system is discussed. On the other hand, the integration of CG and GIS in the field of emergency management is proposed for the reference of government agencies.

This paper presents a survey of ocean simulation and rendering methods in computer graphics. To model and animate the ocean’s surface, these methods mainly rely on two main approaches: on the one hand, those which approximate ocean dynamics with parametric, spectral or hybrid models and use empirical laws from oceanographic research. We will see that this type of methods essentially allows the simulation of ocean scenes in the deep water domain, without breaking waves. On the other hand, physically‐based methods use Navier–Stokes equations to represent breaking waves and more generally ocean surface near the shore. We also describe ocean rendering methods in computer graphics, with a special interest in the simulation of phenomena such as foam and spray, and light’s interaction with the ocean surface.

During the three decades since Ivan Sutherland introduced the Sketchpad system [7], there has been an outpouring of computer graphics systems for use in architecture [3, 5]. In response to this development, most of the major architectural firms around the world have embraced the idea that computer literacy is mandatory for success. We would argue, however, that most of these recent developments have failed to tap the potential of the computer as a design tool. Instead, computers have been relegated largely to the status of drafting instruments, so that the "D" in CAD stands for drafting rather than design. It is important that future architectural design systems consider design as a continuous process rather than an eventual outcome.The advent of computer graphics technology has had an impact on the architectural profession. Computer graphics has revolutionized the drafting process, enabling the rapid entry and modification of designs (see Figure 1). In addition, modeling and rendering systems have proven to be invaluable aids in the visualization process, allowing designers to walk through their designs with photorealistic imagery (see Figure 2) [6, 2, 3]. Computer graphics systems have also demonstrated utility for capturing engineering information, greatly simplifying the analysis and construction of proposed designs. However, it is important to consider that all of these tasks occur near the conclusion of a larger design process. In fact, most of the artistic and intellectual challenges of an architectural design have already been resolved by the time the designer sits down in front of a computer. In seeking insight into the design process, it is generally of little use to revisit the various computer archives and backups. Instead, it is best to explore the reams of sketches and crude balsa models that fill the trash cans of any architectural studio.In architecture, as in most other fields, the initial success of computerization has been in areas where it frees humans from tedious and mundane tasks. This includes the redrawing of floor plans after minor modifications, the generation of largely redundant, yet subtly different engineering drawings and the generation of perspective renderings.We believe that there is a largely untapped potential for computer graphics as a tool in the earlier phases of the design process. In this essay, we argue that computer graphics might play a larger role via applications that aid and amplify the creative process.

VRML —the Virtual Reality Modeling Language— has estab-lished as the standard description language for 3D worlds on theInternet. Although it recently has been extended by features inorder to support behaviors and user interactions, enablingauthors to realize interactive virtual worlds, there is still a lack ofsupport to share such worlds with other users.In this paper we will present our approach on supportinglarge-scaled shared virtual worlds based on VRML by an appro-priate network infrastructure as well as mechanisms to partitionthese worlds. We will show how virtual worlds can be populatedby world-wide distributed users and applications, and the re-quirements to share behaviors and interactions between those.CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.2 [ComputerCommunication Networks]: Network Protocols; C.2.4 [Com-puter Communication Networks]: Distributed Systems -Dis-tributed applications; H.5.1 [Information Interfaces and Pre-sentation] Multimedia Information Systems - ArtificialRealities; I.3.2 [Computer Graphics]: Graphics Systems -Dis-tributed/network graphics;I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Meth-odology and Techniques - Interaction Techniques; I.3.7. [Com-puter Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism -Virtual Reality;Additional Keywords Virtual reality modeling language(VRML), multiuser environments, subdivision of shared virtualworlds, multicasting.

We are delighted to present the proceedings of High Performance Graphics 2013. This is the fifth year of the conference, which has become the leading international conference on graphics hardware, systems, and algorithms. The conference brings together researchers, engineers, and architects to discuss the complex interactions of parallel hardware, novel programming models, efficient graphics algorithms, and innovative applications. High Performance Graphics (HPG) was founded in 2009 to synthesize and expand on two important and well-respected conferences in computer graphics: Graphics Hardware, an annual conference focusing on graphics hardware, architecture, and systems since 1986; and Interactive Ray Tracing, an innovative symposium begun in 2006 focusing on the emerging field of interactive ray tracing and global illumination. By combining and expanding these two communities, we bring to authors and attendees the best of both fields and a conference covering a broad range of interactive 3D graphics systems and algorithm research. This year's proceedings continue to reflect this tradition of synthesis. Ray tracing has again emerged as a popular topic, and HPG 2013 includes papers on new algorithms for efficiently constructing and traversing ray tracing acceleration structures as well as complementary papers detailing specialized hardware designs for ray tracing. The conference includes papers on classic graphics hardware topics, such as advanced rasterization and real-time shadowing, as well as increasingly important topics such as interactive voxelization and reconstruction. In all 44 papers were submitted to HPG 2013, of which 15 were accepted for an acceptance rate of about 34%.

New developments in interactive computer graphics make it possible for mathematicians to approach old subjects in fresh ways. Occasionally the new approaches reveal additional insights into things already well understood from other viewpoints. This note give several examples of projects developed in collaboration with undergraduate students at Brown University in courses related to differential geometry. In each case, computer graphics techniques are used to investigate some geometric phenomenon, and in each case the difficulties encountered by the program reveal some feature of geometric interest.KeywordsComputer GraphicAlgebraic SurfaceProjection DirectionInteractive Computer GraphicQuartic SurfaceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This paper presents an interactive graphics tool for the structural analysis of one‐dimensional element models, such as trusses, frames, and grillages. The focus is on the creation of a graphical user interface for a previously developed analysis solver. This graphical interface is entirely implemented in the MATLAB environment and features intuitive resources so that modeling and verification of results become easy tasks for students and engineers. The management of mouse events and the adopted solutions to basic computer graphics issues that arise from interactive modeling in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional canvases are discussed, including the strategies to pick objects in spatial coordinates and to identify crossing elements. The result is a new educational software that proved to be a very useful application in structural analysis and introductory computer graphics courses for engineering. The article also presents examples of using the software as an educational tool.

Problem statement: Oil and gas are global fuels obtained primarily from drilling wells in underground terrestrial reservoirs. Vertical drilling is preferred because of its simplicity and therefore low cost, but subsurface targets can often be procured only by directing the wellbore along predefined non-vertical trajectories. For instance, directional drilling must be employed to reach locations inaccessible to the drilling rig, to side track an existing well (multilateral drilling), or to drill multiple wells from the same offshore platform (horizontal drilling). Approach: A complete knowledge of the wellbore direction and orientation during the drilling process is essential to guarantee proper directional drilling procedure. Results: Thus, besides the conventional drilling assembly, directional drilling operations require sensors to provide azimuth, inclination and toolface angles of the drill. These sensors are part of the Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) tool, which in current technology is installed several feet behind the drill bit. In such systems, values for inclination and toolface angles are determined from accelerometer measurements at predetermined stationary surveying stations; these values are then incorporated with magnetometer measurements to deliver the azimuth angle. Values for inclination and azimuth angles at the current surveying station are combined with those from the previous station to compute the position of the probe. However, there is no accurate information about the wellbore trajectory between survey stations. Additionally, the magnetic field of the magnetometers has deleterious effect on the overall accuracy of surveying measurements. Conclusion: A method to provide continuous information about the wellbore trajectory has been developed in this study. The module developed integrates a Rotary Steerable System (RSS) and MWD tool into one drilling probe utilizing Inertial Navigation System (INS) technology. This is achieved by designing a reliable real-time low cost MWD surveying system based on MEMS inertial sensors miniaturized inside the RSS housing installed directly behind the drill bit. A continuous borehole surveying module based on MEMS inertial sensors integrated with other drilling measurements was developed using Kalman filtering.