The Early Viennese Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius du Paquier

Frederick-Augustus [Friedrich August] I, Elector of Saxony [Augustus II; Augustus the Strong], King of Poland

It happened on the 7th February 1989 in Karl-Marx-Stadt (KMS) when we met for the first time, a day which I remember with emotion. Somehow Albrecht reminded me on August den Starken (Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, 1670–1733) because of his strong personality and his impressive mathematical output (he had 30 publications aged 34 and was about finishing the book on Toeplitz operators with Bernd Silbermann [3]).

Of the host of mid-seventeenth century performers who are known to have tried their fortunes on the continent, George Bentley is perhaps the one who has been most disregarded in recent accounts of the English travelling players. This may seem surprising, given that the evidence relating to Bentley’s movements across Germany and Poland between 1652 and 1674, meticulously pieced together by nineteenth-century German scholars, demonstrates that his acting career in its international scope and noble associations proved just as prestigious, if not more so, than that of his more famous peers. As early as 1861, Moritz Fürstenau noted that Bentley was appointed in 1652 as a dancer at the Dresden court of Johan George I, Elector of Saxony (1585–1656), with a considerable annual salary of 600 Thaler.1 Styled ‘chamberlain and dancing master’ to the Elector’s successor Johann Georg II (1613–1680), Bentley on 3 February 1665 presented the court with a ballet in ten scenes in praise of Diana’s betrothed and of the ‘sacred kingdom’ of the hunt. Bentley was dismissed in the same year but in 1674 he was to have himself re-appointed as the Electress’s chamberlain, and dancing and ballet master.2 In January 1669 Bentley moved his operations from Dresden to Leipzig, and later on prided himself on also having performed at Cracow, on the occasion of the crowning of Michael Wiśniowiecki (1640–1673), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, in September 1669. From August through October 1670, leading a company of sixteen described as ‘hochteutsche Comoedianten’, Bentley was at Danzig, where he claimed to have staged no fewer than twenty comedies in the Fencing School theatre, and asked for permission from the council to do more acting in the riding school.3 Perhaps, as Bolte pointed out, his was the troupe that also performed at Königsberg in 1670.4

The purpose of the article is to highlight the art history aspects of attribution, the peculiarities of the stylistics of porcelain and faience products of Ukrainian enterprises in the 19th – early 20th centuries, to reveal artistic achievements in the shaping and decoration of works as a subject of scientific processing in the field of art history. The methodology is based on the historical-comparative method for making comparisons of products for the production of domestic fine ceramics; a method of art history analysis for processing art history, historical, cultural, scientific literature, as well as the analysis of the formation and decoration of artistic porcelain of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the theoretical substantiation of art studies and the identification of aspects of the attribution of Ukrainian porcelain-faience of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. The analysis of art history aspects during the attribution of works of artistic porcelain and faience makes it possible to perform a number of tasks for the identification of porcelain and faience works of art with the determination of authorship, the technology of shaping, decoration techniques, and also to determine the historical significance of the monument in the museum space.

Hizen porcelain exported to Americas

Introduction. The article examines the state of the budget of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century during the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky, and the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Romanov. The aim is to trace the impact of the crisis on the level of economic development and the ability of the monastery to provide financial support to the state. The economic structure of the monastery has been well studied in relation to the 16th century, but the beginning of the 17th century was only touched upon by researchers. Methods and materials. We have at our disposal the economic books of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery of the late 16th – early 17th century. The method of continuous systematization of income and expenses was used for study the economic development of the patrimony. Analysis. The analysis of the budget structure made it possible to identify categories of income and expenses, measure and compare indicators for different years of the late 16th – early 17th century, identify external factors that influenced the economic development of the patrimony. Results. In the 1580s the position of church patrimony in the Russian state ceased to be privileged, which provoked the economic reform of Misail Beznin in the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in 1591 and the subsequent peasant unrest in the winter of 1594/95. The monastery’s income in the category of deposits began to fall, but receipts from fees (dues, state duties, “na vere”, “na moleben”) increased. Of particular importance was the sale of investment property. In general, at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century, there was a gradual decline in income until 1609. Unplanned payments affected the monastery budget the most: funds requested by Vasily Shuisky; maintenance of “pososhnye lyudi” and children of boyar “tuleny”. The siege of the monastery by the Poles in 1608–1609 and its capture provoked a sharp economic downturn. Despite the fact that in 1612/13 (after the liberation of the monastery in 1610) the first signs of economic recovery appeared, the monastery subsequently could not return to the previous level of economic development.

The article is devoted to the specifics of the forms and methods of trade on the Far Eastern frontier in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. At the initial stage of colonization of the region, trade was distinguished by a number of features characteristic of frontier zones: the predominance of import trade, distribution trade carried out along the rivers from barges, fairs and mixed stationary trade. One of the main features of trade on the Far Eastern frontier was significant foreign influence. The competitive advantages of entrepreneurs from the USA and European countries were formed at the first stage of colonization from the delivery of goods by sea, the presence of established connections with suppliers of goods in the homeland, the possibility of obtaining a loan or the availability of working capital, the attraction of qualified compatriot employees, high quality of service and a comfortable environment in stores, and at the beginning of the 20th century – due to the export of technical innovations, further improvement of the quality of service, and the introduction of new standards of retail premises. We can speak of the perception of some of these practices by Russian merchants and positive changes in the organization of their trade business only in relation to the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. It is difficult to judge, given the lack of memoirs of regional entrepreneurs, whether this occurred under the influence of European entrepreneurs or it was a consequence of business development and the increased level of education of local merchants. The main reasons for the success of the Chinese traders were solidarity, the ability to please the customer, mutual lending, minimizing expenses on advertising, insurance, furnishings of retail premises, heating, lighting and wages of employees, as well as the use of illegal and legal, but morally dubious methods of enrichment - the sale of low-quality or spoiled goods, non-payment of taxes, smuggling, fraud. Russian and European entrepreneurs estimated the methods and practices of Chinese entrepreneurs negatively, and perceived them as dangerous competitors. The Asian influence on Russian entrepreneurial culture was complicated not only by the existence of a religious and cultural boundary between the Chinese and Russians, but also by the European idea of civilizational superiority and the civilizing mission of Europe, which was accepted by the educated society of the Russian Empire and formed the basis for the attitude not only towards aborigine, but also towards Chinese migrants.

I Science Around 1800: Cognitive and Social Change.- Some Patterns of Change in the Baconian Sciences of the Early 19th Century Germany.- From Celestial Mechanics to Social Physics: Discontinuity in the Development of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century.- 1802 - "Biologie" et Medecine.- Ontologic Foundation of Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Rationalism.- Hermann von Helmholtz: A Physiological Approach to the Theory of Knowledge.- On "Science as a Language".- The Historical Conditions and Features of the Development of Natural Science in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century.- The Prussian Professoriate and the Research Imperative, 1790 - 1840.- European Natural Science. (The Beginning of the 19th Century).- Science, Knowledge, and the Reproduction of the Social Capacity For Labour.- II Science and Education.- Teaching Method and Justification of Knowledge: C. Ritter - J.H. Pestalozzi.- Possibilities and Limits of the Prussian School Reform at the Beginning of the 19th Century.- Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Curricula in Prussian Grammar Schools During the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries and Their Relation to the Development of the Sciences.- Some Aspects of the Development of Mathematics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the Early 19th Century.- Justus Grassmann's School Programs as Mathematical Antecedents of Hermann Grassmann's 1844 'Ausdehnungslehre'.- On Education as a Mediating Element Between Development and Application: The Plans For the Berlin Polytechnical Institute (1817 - 1850).- III Mathematics in the Early 19th Century.- Mathematics and the Moral Sciences: The Rise and Fall of the Probability of Judgments, 1785 - 1840.- Changing Attitudes Toward Mathematical Rigor: Lagrange and Analysis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.- The Origins of Pure Mathematics.- Mathematical Physics in France, 1800 - 1835.- Mathematics in Germany and France in the Early 19th Century: Transmission and Transformation.- Mathematicians in Germany Circa 1800.- Name Index.- List of Participants.

THE ETHNIC HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL NOVGOROD (BASED ON CRANIOMETRIC DATA)

Federico Piantanida was one of the theater organizers tasked with preparing operas for the court of Charles III of Habsburg in Barcelona. He was a member of the family of theater impresarios who ran the Regio Ducal Teatro in Milan for over twenty years between the 17th and 18th centuries. Opera performances at the Barcelona court were largely funded by the public coffers of the Lombard capital as a sign of homage to the sovereign. These performances were closely connected to the operas performed at the Teatro di Milano in the early 18th century. The migration of libretti, scores, singers, set designers, craftsmen, and musical instruments from Italy to Barcelona between 1707 and 1711 demonstrates one way Italian opera spread throughout Europe in the early 18th century, particularly through court theater. This story illustrates the evolution of the theater impresario, who provided his services to court theaters, where performances were organized without the economic constraints of commercial theaters.

Background. In the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th century. in the Russian Empire, there was an intensification of the revolutionary and strike movement, as well as the growth of state opposition. To restore order and ensure control, the governors of the regions, including the Vladimir province, were given broader powers in the field of interaction with law enforcement agencies. New structures were created to fight the opposition: the factory police, a network of agents, and others. The article analyzes the effectiveness of interaction between governors and law enforcement agencies, reveals the personnel policy of the provincial government. The purpose of the article is to study the effectiveness of interaction between the Vladimir governors and law enforcement agencies in the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were official documents of the State Archives of the Vladimir Region, the State Archives of the Ivanovo Region and the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of this study is the principles of historicism and consistency, implemented thanks to the problem-chronological, historical-genetic and analytical methods. Results. The article discusses the interaction of the governors of the Vladimir province with law enforcement agencies in problem situations. During the period of growing opposition sentiments, the governors comprehensively resorted to the functions of law enforcement agencies. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century it was planned to soften the course of the governors in relation to the opposition, they avoided direct intervention. The governors were interested in the protection of law and order in the region. The peculiarity of the work of the provincial government with the personnel of law enforcement agencies is given. Conclusion. The results of the study can be applied in a regional study of similar “internal” provinces of the Russian Empire on this issue, also for the preparation of manuals and lectures on the relationship of governors and law enforcement agencies.

The article examines the features of keeping women prisoners in the prisons of the Tauride province in the mid-19th - early 20th century. The problems of keeping prisoners in detention centers and prison castles are highlighted and described. The article uses subsequently introduced into scientific circulation, previously unpublished documents concerning the inspections of prisons in the Tauride province. Implementation of criminal responsibility in the Russian Empire in the mid-19th - early 20th century was carried out by sending prisoners to jails, arrest houses, correctional prison departments, however, until the beginning of the twentieth century. Despite the stable increase in female crime, there were very few female representatives in places of imprisonment. At the moment, science is looking for solutions that can improve the quality of the penitentiary system in relation to women. In this regard, it is especially relevant to study the characteristics of female prison detention in retrospect. There are currently no sources that would provide a full picture of the social well-being of women in prisons and detention centers in the Tauride province, which in turn makes research on this issue relevant. The reconstruction of a woman's position, as well as her social well-being in prison, is based on all-Russian studies, which provide fragmentary information about certain aspects.

The monograph “National outskirts in the policy of the Russian Empire and Russian social thought” is a comprehensive study of the strategy and tactics of imperial integration of foreign ethnic peripheries, the causes of political decisions of the authorities and public debate of the 19th — early 20th centuries on the problems of borderlands. The geographical coverage is large: Poland and Finland; the Western and Southwestern regions; the Baltics; the Caucasus; and Central Asia. Each of the considered outskirts had a unique juridical status and its own legislation, economy, social classes, diverse national structure, and a complex history of mutual relations with St. Petersburg. In the last twenty years the methodological approaches to the study of imperial history have been significantly supplemented. The combination of new archival sources with extensive historiographical heritage allows the authors of the reviewed monograph to form a new substantiated view on the relations between imperial center and national periphery. They involved mutual influence of the peripheries and the capital: the public and the tsarist bureaucracy. The modernization potential of the Empire by the beginning of the 20th century had been exhausted, and the inability to reorganize the system of regional government led to a protracted crisis. The clash of conservative and liberal concepts of Empire building is evident in the detailed source analysis of periodicals and journalism of the era. Diverse natural and geographical zones of Russia, ethnic and religious population, rich natural resources determine the exceptional civilizational significance of Russian border policy in 19th — early 20th centuries, and the attention to it of contemporary researchers.

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.

Background. The functions of the provincial administration in the socio-cultural sphere underwent changes because of the significant disturbances in the powers of the governor's corps at the regional level in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. This trend was facilitated not only by new local government bodies and committees created because of liberal reforms, but also by the subsequent sharp change in government policy, which in the 1980s acquired a conservative direction. The assessment of the provincial administration in interaction with educational institutions and charities remains ambiguous. The work analyzes clerical documentation and periodicals, which reveals the functions of the provincial administration in the field of education and charity in a new way. Purpose – This study investigates the activities of the Vladimir provincial administration in the field of education and charity in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The basis for the study was the periodicals, such as the Vladimir Provincial Gazette, the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette, the Vladimirets Gazette, and the office documents of the State Archive of the Vladimir Region: correspondence of institutions, reports, and accounts. This work uses problem-chronological, genetic, and analytical methods to preserve the principles of historicity and consistency. Results. The transitioning from a liberal model to a conservative one affected the principles of interaction between the governor's corps and provincial institutions on issues of education. In these areas, the administration of the Vladimir province adheres to the principles of supervision, control and clarification. The authorities are especially wary of educational institutions, due to the growth of opposition sentiments. Nevertheless, a characteristic feature inherent in the Vladimir province at the beginning of the 20th century was the rapprochement of governors and zemstvo institutions on issues of education, where the former tried to petition the highest government bodies for zemstvo initiatives on opening new educational institutions. Application of research findings in practice. The results of this study can be used in the field of research of political and regional history of both Vladimir province and provinces with similar structure of governance. Also, the obtained results can be applied to teaching regional history of Vladimir region.