The Event Structure of Perception Verbs

The study of sentence patterns plays a very important role in foreign language learning. Linguistic researchers have analyzed and discussed sentence meaning structures and their representation from various angles, but few of them except theories of event structures study from the origin of sentence production. The current mainstream theories of the event structures mainly introduce the event structures by the characteristics of verbs. These theories are bound to lead to the existence of many inexplicable linguistic expressions within their own theoretical frameworks. Adapting to the trend of integrated study of events, the present study attempts to integrate the basic views of events in the various fields and puts forward a view of attribute-space-time based events. On that basis, this study further defines and classifies the events and finally represents their event structures. The mastery of attribute-space-time events, event structures and their representations can help foreign language learners to better grasp the laws of foreign language and to learn them more effectively.

This chapter compares Pseudo-relatives (‘PRs’), a construction found in most Romance languages, with ‘Subject-wieclauses’ (‘SWs’), a German construction in which the subject of an embedded wie-clause precedes the complementizer wie (‘how’; e.g. Ich sah Maria, wie sie sang, lit. “I saw Mary, how she sung”, i.e. ‘I saw Mary singing’). We show that both constructions mainly occur with perception verbs, and that they have a very similar syntactic behaviour; e.g., they can be coordinated with adjectival or prepositional small clauses and have anaphoric tense. Furthermore, they both have a clausal nature but can modify a DP. We thus propose to extend Casalicchio’s (2016) analysis of PRs to SWs: they are Small Clauses (i.e., they have a typical subject-predicate configuration but no temporal independence) and they project a ForceP that hosts both the subject of the SW and the complementizer wie.

Change through recombination: blending and analogy

Background: Children with specific language impairment (CwSLI) often present with difficulties in areas of language including verb knowledge and verb-argument production. Previous research has investigated verb diversity and verb-argument structure. There is limited knowledge on the processing of event structure by CwSLI and the research around verb alternations is inconclusive. Aims: The research aimed to investigate verb alternations and the complexity of event structures produced by CwSLI compared to typically developing children (TDC). Methods and Procedures: The procedure involved secondary data analysis of an existing data set comprising Cinderella narratives elicited from 65 TDC and 17 CwSLI. The narratives were analysed for verb alternations and event structures of verbs. The participants were compared with subgroups of younger and older TDC and a vocabulary-matched (verb comprehension) group. Outcomes and Results: A total of 31 verbs which could alternate were identified across the dataset. Of these, only the verbs turn into and transform were alternated by two CwSLI and nine TDC. There was a significant difference between CwSLI and TD older children (aged >6; 05) on MLU-w (p=.003), number of verbs (p=.004) and simple event structures (p=.013). Conclusions and Implications: Cinderella narratives are a useful method for comparing CwSLI to TDC given comparable samples in terms of number of utterances. It is not appropriate for examining alternations as few possible alternations were produced across groups. Event processing in CwSLI, should be examined further on a more extensive sample, given the low frequency count for each event variable. There was no difference in event structure between groups when verb knowledge was controlled for, indicating a possible correlation between verb comprehension and verb event structures.

The article focuses on inherent variability in syntax and the challenge that it presents for theories of language structure, using illustrative data from the Scottish town of Buckie (Smith, 2000). Inherent variability challenges a linguistic theory at three levels of theoretical adequacy: structural (Does the theory distinguish the relevant structures?), contextual (Does it allow structures to be related directly to their social context?), and behavioural (Does it allow an explanation for the observed frequencies?). The article summarizes the relevant claims of Word Grammar and shows (1) that it has at least as much structural adequacy as any other theory, (2) that it has more contextual adequacy than other theories because it formalizes the theory of Acts of Identity, and (3) that it at least provides a theoretical foundation for future advances towards behavioural adequacy. The article also argues against the minimalist analysis of the was/were alternation in Buckie (Adger, 2006).

In Mandarin Chinese, there exists such adverbial clause as “Li Zhen cuicuide zhale yipan huashengmi” (Li Zhen fried a dish of peanuts crispy), in which the adverbial modifies the predicate verb but semantically orients to the object. This kind adverbial clause can be formulated as “NPs+APo+De+VP+NPo=NP+VP+O and O is characterized by the adverbial”. The object-oriented adverbial clause is a mismatched syntax-semantics phenomenon, with the mapping between form and meaning distorted. Many previous studies have proposed not fully identical analyses for the syntactic distribution, pragmatic motivation and constraints. However, few researches have made syntactic and semantic analyses from the perspective of event structure in the framework of formal linguistics, which leaves wide space for further study.Event structure theory is adopted in this paper to make analysis of object-oriented adverbial clauses in event semantics perspective. This paper aims to examine the syntactic structure from the perspective of event semantic structure and explore how event structure is represented in syntactic structure of object-oriented adverbial clause.

Recently we have modified the theory of Nobel Prize winners Modigliani and Miller (MM theory), which is a perpetuity limit case of the general theory of capital cost and capital structure—Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova theory (BFO theory), into two ways: we apply it for rating methodologies needs and later we generalized it for the case of advance payments of tax on profit, which is widely used in practice (MMM theory) (Brusov et al. (Mathematics 9(11):1286 (WoS Q1), 2021b). In current chapter, we use the Modified Modigliani–Miller theory (MMM theory) and apply it for rating methodologies needs. The financial “ratios” (main rating parameters) were introduced into MMM theory. The dependence of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which plays the role of discount rate in financial flows discounting in rating methodologies, on coverage and leverage ratios, is analyzed. Obtained results will help improve the existing rating methodologies. During a couple of years, we have suggested a new approach to rating methodology of nonfinancial issuers, as well for project rating (for long-term projects as well as for projects of arbitrary duration) [Brusov et al. (Modern corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Springer Nature, 2018a; Modern corporate finance and investments. Knorus Publishing House, 2018b; J Rev Glob Econ 7:37–62, 2018c; J Rev Glob Econ 7:88–103, 2018d; J Rev Glob Econ 7:63–87, 2018e; J Rev Glob Econ 7:104–122, 2018f; J Rev Glob Econ 7:360–376, 2018g; J Rev Glob Econ 8:437–448, 2019; J Rev Glob Econ 9:257–267, 2020c); Brusov (J Rev Glob Econ 7:i–vi, 2018a; J Rev Glob Econ 7:i–v, 2018b); Filatova et al. (J Rev Glob Econ 7:645–661, 2018). The key factors of a new approach are: (1) The adequate use of discounting of financial flows virtually not used in existing rating methodologies, (2) The incorporation of rating parameters (financial “ratios”) into the modern theory of capital structure (Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) theory) [Brusov et al. 2011, 2014, (Modern corporate finance, investments and taxation. Springer International, 2015; Modern corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Springer Nature, 2018a; Modern corporate finance and investments. Knorus Publishing House, 2018b; J Rev Glob Econ 7:37–62, 2018c; J Rev Glob Econ 7:88–103, 2018d; J Rev Glob Econ 7:63–87, 2018e; J Rev Glob Econ 7:104–122, 2018f; J Rev Glob Econ 7:360–376, 2018g; J Rev Glob Econ 8:437–448, 2019); Brusov (J Rev Glob Econ 7:i–vi, 2018a; J Rev Glob Econ 7:i–v, 2018b); Filatova et al. (J Rev Glob Econ 7:645–661, 2018)] and into its perpetuity limit.Recently we have generalized the Modigliani and Miller theory for a more realistic method of payments of tax on profit payments: for the case of advance payments of tax on profit, which is widely used in practice [Brusov et al. (J Rev Glob Econ 9:282–292, 2020b)]. Modigliani–Miller theory accounts these tax payments as annuity-immediate, while in practice, these payments are making in advance and thus should be accounting as annuity-due. We have shown that this generalization leads to some important consequences, which change seriously all the main statements by Modigliani and Miller.In current chapter, we use the modified Modigliani–Miller theory (MMM theory) and apply it for rating methodologies needs. A serious modification of MMM theory in order to use it in rating procedure has been required. The financial “ratios” (main rating parameters) were introduced into MMM theory. The necessity of an appropriate use of financial flows discounting in rating methodologies is discussed. The dependence of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which plays the role of discount rate, on coverage and leverage ratios is analyzed.Obtained results make it possible to use the power of this theory in the rating and create a new base for rating methodologies, by other words, this allows to develop a new approach to methodology of rating, requiring a serious modification of existing rating methodologies.

Recently we have modified the theory of Nobel Prize winners Modigliani and Miller (MM theory), which is a perpetuity limit case of the general theory of capital cost and capital structure—Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova theory (BFO theory), into two ways: we apply it for rating methodology needs and later we generalized it for the case of advance payments of tax on profit, which is widely used in practice (MMM theory). In the current chapter, we use the modified Modigliani–Miller theory (MMM theory) and apply it for rating methodology needs. The financial “ratios” (main rating parameters) were introduced into MMM theory. The dependence of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which plays the role of discount rate in financial flows discounting in rating methodologies, on coverage and leverage ratios is analyzed. Obtained results will help improve the existing rating methodologies. A couple of years ago, we have suggested a new approach to rating methodology of non-financial issuers, as well as for project rating (for long-term projects as well as for projects of arbitrary duration) (Brusov et al. Modern corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Springer, 2018a; J Rev Glob Econ 7:37–62, 2018b; J Rev Glob Econ 7:88–103, 2018c; J Rev Glob Econ 7:63–829, 2018d; J Rev Glob Econ 7:104–122, 2018e; J Rev Glob Econ 7:360–376, 2018f; Modern corporate finance and investments, monograph. Knorus Publishing House, 2018g; J Rev Glob Econ 8:437–448, 2019; J Rev Glob Econ 9:257–268, 2020b). The key factors of a new approach are: (1) The adequate use of discounting of financial flows virtually not used in existing rating methodologies, (2) The incorporation of rating parameters (financial “ratios”) into the modern theory of capital structure (Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) theory) (Brusov et al. 2011, 2014, 2015; Modern corporate finance, investments, taxation and ratings. Springer, 2018a; J Rev Glob Econ 7:37–62, 2018b; J Rev Glob Econ 7:88–103, 2018c; J Rev Glob Econ 7:63–829, 2018d; J Rev Glob Econ 7:104–122, 2018e; J Rev Glob Econ 7:360–376, 2018f; Modern corporate finance and investments, monograph. Knorus Publishing House, 2018g; J Rev Glob Econ 8:437–448, 2019) and into its perpetuity limit.

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009) Toward a dynamical interpretation of hierarchical linguistic structure Sam Tilsen 1. Introduction Hierarchy is one of the most important concepts in the scientific understanding of language. From early structuralist approaches of the mid-1800s, through the paradigm shift to generative grammar in the mid-1900s, and onward to the present, connected-object (“branching”) schemas have been used to represent hierarchical constituency relations between linguistic units. Syntactic trees are the most prominent instantiation of such schemas, but similar arboreal schemas have been applied extensively in nearly all domains of linguistic theory. Recently, an alternative conception of hierarchical structure has arisen, which is based upon interactions between waves, or coupled oscillatory systems. This paper presents a synthesis and extension of such approaches, with the aim of advancing a general wave theory of linguistic structure. This wave theory provides a coherent conceptualization of diverse linguistic phenomena, is cognitively plausible, and is a parsimonious theory. Many syntactic and phonological patterns in language can be understood to arise from general principles of wave interaction. Section 1.1 will consider how hierarchy has traditionally been conceptualized and represented in linguistics, and section 1.2 will describe some previous research which leads the way to a wave-based, dynamical systems perspective on linguistic structure. Section 2 will introduce some general principles regarding how hierarchical structure can be conceptualized with dynamical systems, beginning with systems of two waves, then treating systems of three waves, which can be generalized to more complex systems. This is followed in section 3 by several applications of the theory to phonological and syntactic patterns. These include an examination of how segments interact with syllables and how stress interacts with words, as well as a proposal for dynamical modeling of recursive syntactic patterns and syntactic dislocation phenomena. Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the cognitive plausibility of this approach, and delineates some issues to guide further development of the theory. 1.1 Hierarchical Structure In this paper we are interested in a structural notion of hierarchy, in which concepts of ranking, relation, and containment play important roles. In order to organize our

A novel recursive method for estimating structure and motion from image sequences is presented. The novelty lies in the fact that the output of the algorithm is independent of the chosen coordinate systems in the images as well as the ordering of the points. It relies on subspace methods and is derived from both ordinary coordinate representations and camera matrices and from a so called depth and shape analysis. Furthermore, no initial phase is needed to start up the algorithm. It starts directly with the first two images and incorporates new images as soon as new corresponding points are obtained. The performance of the algorithm is shown on simulated data. Moreover, the two different approaches, one using camera matrices and the other using the concepts of affine shape and depth, are unified into a general theory of structure and motion from image sequences.

Last week Mr. Noll presented a new, compact, and general theory of space-time structure for Euclidean continuum mechanics. In mathematical science organization can be effected at various levels. For example, we may construct the real numbers from the integers, or we may take axioms for the real numbers themselves as our starting point. Mr. Noll’s space-time structure furnishes a foundation for the theory of constitutive equations he formulated some years ago, but it does not change that theory or render it either more or less precise. Along with deepening the foundations, mathematical science strives also to broaden the structure. The great clarity gained from the abstract approach to constitutive equations for purely mechanical phenomena has made it possible to extend the structure of rational mechanics so as to include thermo-energetic effects in comparable generality. Thermostatics, now a century old, was never intended to apply to problems of deformation and motion; the linear “irreversible thermodynamics”, which rests on applying classical thermostatics to volume elements, has fallen so far behind recent views on mechanics as to put it quite out of the running, and the new thermodynamics, developed by Mr. Coleman, makes no use of its concepts or apparatus.KeywordsHeat FluxConstitutive EquationLinear MomentumHeat AbsorptionRational MechanicThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

On the foundations of a general theory of narrative structure

The social network structure of animal populations has major implications for survival, reproductive success, sexual selection and pathogen transmission of individuals. But as of yet, no general theory of social network structure exists that can explain the diversity of social networks observed in nature, and serve as a null model for detecting species and population-specific factors. Here we propose a simple and generally applicable model of social network structure. We consider the emergence of network structure as a result of social inheritance, in which newborns are likely to bond with maternal contacts, and via forming bonds randomly. We compare model output with data from several species, showing that it can generate networks with properties such as those observed in real social systems. Our model demonstrates that important observed properties of social networks, including heritability of network position or assortative associations, can be understood as consequences of social inheritance.

This article presents a new model of inference processes in the social perceiver, along with the basis of the model in prior experimental results and in the ACT* cognitive theory. The two stages of the model involve different types of processing: interpretive versus procedural. In the first stage, an inference is performed by general, domain-independent processes guided by a learned inference rule that is selected from long-term memory. In the second, procedural stage, after much experience with a particular inferential domain, an inference process is selected without explicit search, based on a pattern match to the current goal and knowledge state. The inference becomes automatic. Existing experimental evidence supports predictions of the model in both the attribution and attitude domains. Insights and findings of current approaches to inference, including information integration and judgmental heuristics, can be encompassed within the new model in a natural way. Directions for future research applying the model are discussed. Social inferences—those involving attributions, other beliefs, and attitudes—are intrinsic components of many processes of interest to social and cognitive psychologists, including person perception, social judgment, causal attribution, language comprehension, and attitude formation and change (cf. Nisbett & Ross, 1980; Schank & Abelson, 1977; Wyer & Carlston, 1979). This article presents a new model of social inference processes, based on a general theory of cognitive structure and processes and on recent results in social psychology. Existing theoretical approaches to social inference fall into three general categories (Hastie, 1983): Information Integration Theory (N. H. Anderson, 1981), judgmental heuristics (Nisbett & Ross, 1980; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973), and information-processing models (Wyer & Srull, 1980). The relationship of the new model to these current approaches is discussed later in the article. However, current

We present an omega-U+00edU+00b0U+0080complete algebra of a class of deterministic event structures which are labelled prime event structures where the labelling function satises a certain distinctness condition. The operators of the algebra are summation sequential composition and join. Each of these gives rise to a monoid in addition a number of distributivity properties hold Summation loosely corresponds to choice and join to parallel composition with however some nonstandard aspects The space of models is a complete partial order in fact a complete lattice, in which all operators are continuous hence minimal fixpoints can be defined inductively. Moreover the submodel relation can be captured within the algebra by summation x \sqsubseteq y iff x + y = y; therefore, the effect of fixpoints can be captured by an infinitary proof rule, yielding a complete proof system for recursively defined deterministic event structures.