English dialect syntax in Word Grammar

Perception verbs – such as look, see, taste, hear, feel, sound, listen, and observe – present unresolved problems for linguistic theories. This book examines the predictability of relations between their semantics and syntactic behaviour, the different kinds of polysemy they exhibit, and the role of evidentiality in verbs like seem and appear. After an opening chapter explaining the nature of the issues, there is a concise introduction to Word Grammar. Chapter 3 considers the implications of the approach for a general theory of event structure, and looks at how Word Grammar can be applied to causation, argument linking, and the modelling of polysemy. Chapter 4 explores the polysemy of see; chapter 5 looks at relations between verbs of active perception like listen, and verbs of involuntary perception such as hear; chapter 6 explores the semantics of non‐finite predicative complementation; and chapter 7 discusses verbs of appearance. Chapter 8 presents some conclusions.

Towards a model of language neurobiology in early development

The description of a language, as well as its teaching, is embedded in a social context, and the nature of this context is what makes the practices of one and the other different. With regard to language teaching, one can observe that there are two fields of activity responding to social demands: one based on systems of thought, in which different theories and scholarly explanations about language (e.g. the linguistic, structuralist, generative and semantic theories) compete, and one based on systems of exploitation, in which different educational products, developed according to learning objectives (mother tongue/foreign language/second language) compete. For language teaching, however, the school tradition has favored for a very long time a prescriptive and morphological general grammar, as can be seen in the books devoted to this topic. By writing the Grammaire du sens et de l’expression , my intention was to propose another type of description of the facts of language, starting from meaning towards forms of expression. A movement that is equivalent, in the end, to that of the speaker when trying to express himself both in his mother tongue and in a foreign language. This paper intends to specify what are the conditions for a grammar of meaning, that is, a grammar of the speaker, of its communicative intention and of the forms he has available to express it. I will describe herein the conceptual categories that correspond to as many intentions of meaning (to determine, qualify, describe action, etc.) by comparison with, on the one hand, the language categories that semantically specify these intentions (actualization, quantification, localization, etc.) and, on the other hand, the formal categories that configure them (articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, etc.).

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the usefulness of Halliday’s linguistic theory known as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) in analysing qualitative data. In order to do this, it initially presents an overview of SFL, and then explains how and why four linguistic features namely, nominalisation, grammatical metaphor, thematic structure and lexical density are useful in examining qualitative data. The paper also discusses three social metafunctions of language known as the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual metafunctions which are significant for understanding and interpreting texts.Design/methodology/approach– This paper employs SFL as the main theoretical framework to discussing the usefulness of this linguistics theory in qualitative data analysis.Findings– SFL can be seen as a paradigm shift in linguistic theory moving away from the traditional focus on syntax to the inclusion of the interface between language and pragmatics. The focus of SFL is language in use. It deals with texts in social contexts, which is the main focus in qualitative data analysis. Thus, SFL provides both research tools and theoretical insights for understanding and interpreting texts.Originality/value– This paper provides significant insights into language which are crucial for understanding and interpreting texts in social contexts.

<div class="WordSection1"><p class="Acknowledgement">The news article is a powerful type of discourse that is often used to influence others and a medium where people can use its power over society. News is a media platform for sharing information. However, due to the journalist’s background, news can be unfair in delivering the topic. Therefore, critical discourse analysis plays a vital role in examining the true meaning of the news article. One of the current issues regarding Indonesian tourism is the development of Komodo Island. This study aims to analyze how news article from foreign media portray this issue by analyzing how the discourse structure and ideology is organized in the text by applying the theory of discourse structure, such as text structure, social cognition, and social context. The data source for this study was an ABC.com news article with the headline “Indonesia’s Jurassic Park-Inspired Tourist Attraction Worries Komodo Dragon Fans.” This study used a descriptive qualitative method with documentation, observation, and note-taking techniques. This study finds out that text structure is divided into the macrostructure, superstructure (five sub-topics), and microstructure consisting of semantic (background, details, goals, presupposition, numerical), syntactical (sentence form, pronouns, coherence), and rhetoric (brackets, dash, letter type, images, quotation mark). Social cognition includes role schemes, event schemes, and person schemes.</p></div>

Today most e-government and e-procurement research and discussion are done in a quite utilitarian and technical way. This follows the worldwide positivist and utilitarian approach to research that neglects the social, organizational, cultural, and political aspects of social life. Therefore, most research initiatives are based on a market-driven and utilitarian approach in which technology is treated as a mere tool. So, under the use of a traditional top-down model or the “tool-approach,” information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been implemented in developing countries detached from their social and political context, as an instrumental, static, elitist, and uncritical utilitarian approach, neglecting a deep investigation of how social, economic, and political factors are embedded in technology. In addition, most of the literature on e-procurement has been studied primarily from a business-to-business (B2B) perspective, and the field of public sector procurement has been neglected. Although public e-procurement has similarities with the private sector, it also has some special characteristics that make it different. Therefore, it is not clear to what extent recent decisions on public e-procurement have been optimal. In the broad competing views of information technology (IT), interpretative or constructivist approaches see the use of IT as the result of conflicts, negotiations, and interpretations of various interests that make it socially constructed. These competing views of technology help the formulation of an appropriate debate on e-procurement that holds enormous potential for cost savings, efficiency and benefit gains, and transparency. In this work, an attempt was made to show how qualitative research traditions like structuration theory (specifically the perspective of “dialectic of control”) and qualitative research analysis can be used in the analysis of e-procurement in Brazil, leading to results that differ substantially from the mainstream positivist research that does not always touch the barriers and challenges that can constrain the adoption and implementation of public e-procurement projects.

The study presented in this paper is the first to explore the relationship between knowledge professionals' offline interaction practices with their interaction practices in their social enterprise media platform in their multinational workplace. The article points to findings from a comprehensive, mixed methods and longitudinal (2010-- 2013) case study of a knowledge intensive multinational organization with entities in over 20 countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The findings reveal a consistent pattern that offline practices are expanded online, and that the company's social enterprise media has facilitated few new acquaintances for employees. This provides important insights to the field of social media and our society because enterprise media are typically introduced in organizations to establish connections or relationships among employees that do not already know each other, or that work at the same geographical place or context. The study shows that organizations' online enterprise media spaces cannot be understood without reference to the social context in which they occur. This is explained in the framework of Giddens' structuration theory and his later work on modernity, which surprisingly few scholars have employed.

<span>El propósito del artículo es desarrollar un marco analítico vinculando la teoría de la estructuración de Giddens al análisis de los Sistemas Contables Administrativos y proponer a partir de este marco, un posible programa de investigación para el desarrollo de la contabilidad administrativa desde la perspectiva de análisis de las ciencias sociales. Así, se presenta primero, una síntesis de las categorías analíticas fundamentales de la teoría de la estructuración. Luego, se presenta una caracterización del contexto social en el cual es posible comprender la unidad de análisis propuesta, posteriormente, se sintetizan algunos trabajos de autores relacionados con la corriente críticointerpretativa alrededor de este tema. Finalmente, esta investigación plantea nuevas preguntas e hipótesis que podrían trabajarse en futuras investigaciones. Una primera hipótesis a comprobar, sería la existencia de la teoría de la estructuración como un posible programa de investigación para el desarrollo teórico de la contabilidad administrativa.</span>

This article provides an overview of the relationship between studies of syntactic variation in dialects of English and theoretical accounts of language structure. In the first section of the article, we provide a discussion of the place of syntactic variation within various subdisciplines of linguistic enquiry: we address issues such as I- and E-language, the place of Standard English in linguistic theory, and interfaces between traditional dialectology, variationist sociolinguistics, and theoretical linguistics. These interfaces suggest the need for a clarification of the nature and status of the (morpho)syntactic variable, which we provide in section 3; and in section 4, we examine the way in which (morpho)syntactic variation is treated within a number of theoretical models – for instance, Principles and Parameters theory, HPSG, OT, and cognitive linguistics (including Word Grammar and Construction Grammar) – all of which feature in the other articles in this special issue.

Reviewed by: Linguistic Turns, 1890–1950: Writing on Language as Social Theory by Ken Hirschkop Craig Brandist Linguistic Turns, 1890–1950: Writing on Language as Social Theory. Ken Hirschkop. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. 353. $85.00 (cloth). There was not one single "linguistic turn" in the period 1890–1950, but many, and the variety among the "turns" to "language as such" had as much to do with the social and political orientations of thinkers as with their conceptions of mind and language. Theories about language were, in effect, theories about society by other means. This is perhaps the central thesis of Ken Hirshchkop's provocative and engaging new book, which draws together the work of a bewildering variety of philosophers, linguists, literary and political theorists from across Europe. While it is commonplace to recognize that a conception of society, at least at the level of background assumptions, underlies all writing on language, Hirschkop here makes a stronger claim. For a wide range of thinkers, writing in a tumultuous age when the collapse of European Empires under pressures of war and revolution resulted in the rise of mass political democracy, language constituted a "metonym" for society. Questions of linguistic stability and change, authority, and agency were dimensions of wider questions of social and political transformations. The modalities through which this metonym was enacted prove to be complex and instructive. In a brief but stimulating excursus, Hirschkop argues the most "effective metonym" was achieved by Italian Communist Party leader Antonio Gramsci, who drew upon his linguistic training to theorize the struggle for hegemony while incarcerated in one of Mussolini's prisons (246). The bulk of the book is, however, dedicated to showing that theorizing about society was key to a variety of thinkers who at least on the face of it were much less politically engaged: Ferdinand de Saussure through Ernst Cassirer to Ludwig Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin. If one of Saussure's main achievements was, through his treatment of language as a social institution, to show the neogrammarians what they had done, it was linguists in revolutionary Russia (inter alia Sergei Kartsevskii, Grigorii Vinokur, Lev Iakubinskii) who would show what Saussure had done by making language change and standardization primarily a question of politics (105). [End Page 615] Hirschkop is probably best known for his 1999 monograph Mikhail Bakhtin: An Aesthetic for Democracy, in which Bakhtin's turn from ethics and aesthetics, to language and sociology in the late 1920s, is shown to circle around questions of democracy that are seldom invoked in any direct way. In the intervening twenty years Hirschkop has published nothing on this scale, but more occasional work, such as the coauthored Benjamin's Arcades Project: An unGuided Tour (2006), suggested some of the areas he was investigating. Linguistic Turns, which has evidently been gestating for a considerable period of time, also discusses Bakhtin, but relatively briefly, as the question of democracy and "collective will" is shown to be a much more general movement, and Bakhtin's discussions of style, carnival, and the novel are shown to be symptomatic of, and particularly illustrative of, wider intellectual currents. It is clear why such work took a long time to come to fruition, for Linguistic Turns displays formidable erudition in a variety of areas, and some serious thinking about how a constellation of concerns manifest themselves in a variety of intellectual traditions and social contexts. The result is a work that will be of considerable interest and value to intellectual historians, social and cultural theorists as well as those concerned with the intersection of linguistic and social theory. Moreover, a set of ideas which are in themselves intellectually demanding and occasionally rather technical, are here presented in an admirably clear fashion with no small measure of creativity, elegance, and wit. The book is structured in two parts with an introduction and conclusion. Part one, "Order," focused on "how a society grounded in 'the people' can be both consensual and orderly," begins with a consideration of Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale, approached from the apparent side-issue of analogy, which turns out to be much more central than is generally conceived (22). Next, we...

The role of executive information systems (EIS) within an organisation is dependent on context. Statistical surveys cannot provide sufficient insight into the cultural and political factors, which contribute significantly to the successful deployment of EIS. An interpretive perspective, encompassing structuration theory, will help to shed light on the social context and processes which influence the procurement and use of an EIS. The paper discusses the aspects of the interpretive approach that are particularly relevant to EIS. An ongoing case study of EIS deployment in a UK health authority is examined in the light of this approach in order to identify key issues involving the role of EIS in responding to radical change and its effect on the distribution of power within an organisation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Narrative: Linguistic and Structural Theories

The public accounting profession has long relied on its reputation for integrity and veracity as justification for its professional status and monopoly privilege predicated on claims of acting in the public interest. If such status and privilege are to be justified and sustained, serious consideration of what constitutes ethical behavior, how such behavior is motivated as well as an explicit recognition of the rights and interests of affected parties constitutes an ethical imperative for the profession. Traditionally, work on ethics and auditing is quite narrow, failing to recognize the social context of individual actions, failing to identify the relevant constituencies of the profession, and failing to articulate processes through which the constituencies interests can be identified. Generally, the accounting literature has taken a cognitive perspective on ethical decision making which views the resolution of ethical dilemmas as primarily a function of the moral makeup of the actor responding within the context of the Code of Professional Conduct. The purpose of this paper is to broaden the theoretical base of ethical research, specifically within the area of professional accounting and more generally in the area of business. We propose the application of structuration theory in conjunction with stakeholder theory and a responsibility ethic. The application of stakeholder theory is a means for identifying affected constituencies. A responsibility ethic recognizes the situatedness of an individual within an ongoing professional community. Structuration theory provides a theoretical framework for articulating and investigating both the structures within which action is carried out as well as the interaction between the social structures and the actors. Taken together, the theories allow for an enhanced ability to define ethical behavior within a business context and to understand the contextual antecedents and consequences of ethical acts.

Reviewed by: Die Bedeutung des muslimischen Kopftuches. Eine kleidungssemiotische Untersuchung Kopftuch tragender Muslimminnen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland by Reyhan Şahin Kate Zambon Die Bedeutung des muslimischen Kopftuches. Eine kleidungssemiotische Untersuchung Kopftuch tragender Muslimminnen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. By Reyhan Şahin. Berlin: LIT, 2014. Pp. v + 527. Paper €44.90. ISBN 978-3643119001. With new regulations on female covering up for debate in Germany and France, it appears that the European preoccupation with Muslim women's clothing continues to grow. These debates betray a public fixation on Muslim femininity, mining images of covered heads for evidence of patriarchal tyranny. Linguist Reyhan Şahin's first book engages the Muslim headscarf as a matter of semiotics, taking it as a communicative medium that wearers mobilize for a broad variety of personal and communicative reasons. Şahin begins by deconstructing common narratives built around the headscarf, contesting its use as a symbol of an East-West divide. The book opens with a brief overview of head covering across time, space, religion, and gender. Şahin disrupts the common association of Islam with patriarchy and Christianity with liberal equality, showing that the Bible has much clearer prescriptions demanding submission and female covering than the Koran. Şahin challenges both leftwing feminist and patriarchal religious approaches that impose their interpretations of the headscarf on wearers, abstracting the headscarf for their own political use. This book makes a clear political intervention by using semiotic analysis to center the manifold motivations and meanings held by the wearers themselves. This book is based on Şahin's dissertation and includes many conventions of the genre, including an extended review of relevant literature and theory. Because of its origin as a dissertation, this book provides more details than most readers will want, particularly in its theoretical and methodological justifications. However, the book is clearly organized and is well mapped out in its table of contents, allowing readers to pick and choose areas of interest. The first half of the book develops the theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of the headscarf in terms of a "feminist semiotics of clothing" (feministische Kleidungssemiotik) (19). This section engages foundational theories of linguistics and semiotics, laying the groundwork to consider the whole person—and the whole headscarf wearer—as a sign. Doing so requires considering the headscarf in relation to the habitus of the wearer, including her approach to style, her gestures and mannerisms, and her social context as well as her religious views. This method reveals the fallacy of speaking of the headscarf in the singular. The first section also draws on German jurisprudence on the right of self-expression to declare the right 1) to cover or uncover one's hair, 2) to freely choose the style of head covering and to combine it with more or less discreet styles of clothing, and 3) to deny the instrumentalization of headscarf wearers for symbolic uses by third parties (25). The second half of the book demonstrates the polysemy of this contentious form [End Page 480] of clothing through Şahin's empirical work with a transnational group of second- and third-generation German residents of Sunni Muslim faith. Şahin began by interviewing university students, but, after noticing a distinct fashion orientation among some headscarf wearers, she expanded her investigation to include what she calls "expressive-fashionable" (expressiv-modisch) wearers who tended to be high school students or young retail workers. This empirical portion of the work also uses photographs for visual analysis of informants' use of the headscarf (fabric, color, coverage, binding style) and general dress and style (clothing fit, makeup, accessories). The images are combined with structured interviews and participant observation to tease out the diverse motivations and meanings behind informants' sartorial choices. This book makes several important original contributions to work on German and European studies, semiotics, feminist theory and methodology, and European Islam. Şahin calls her method a feminist semiotics of clothing. This method draws together the sparse literature examining fashion and clothing through semiotics and develops it using foundational linguistic theory. The key methodological contribution is the addition of critical feminism. This normative and politically engaged approach outlines legal norms that include dress under the right to self-actualization. This allows two apparently...

Even in the midst of their dubious claim that “philosophers did not go to the opera very often,” Slavoj Žižek and Mladen Dolar cannot escape acknowledging the combination of “the splendor of court spectacles, the pomp of national myths, and the sentimental melodramas” that have traditionally driven opera in its social contexts (1).1 Discussions of the Restoration dramatic stage follow the same tripartite preoccupations—they also typically focus on the return of theater to London after the Interregnum, the appearance of women on stage in drama, and the increasing importance of music to theater life before the full arrival of opera seria in the eighteenth century with Georg Friedrich Handel’s appearance in London. However, the specifically interactive relationship between English nationalism, literature, theater, and music is often overlooked. In particular, the role of musical form in these displays of nationalism, especially in conjunction with patriotic libretti, is largely ignored, despite its ability to bridge the divisions between each disciplinary field. Textual studies of libretti rapidly recognize the pro-Imperial feeling that followed the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II in 1660, the Exclusion Crisis’s attempts to prevent the Catholic James II from ascending to the throne in 1685, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when James (the last Catholic monarch of England) was displaced by the Hanoverian Protestant William III and Mary II (formalized in 1689). This is readily seen in the histories of John Dryden, Nahum Tate, John Crowne, and many others. Moreover, anti-Papist sentiments frequently appear in an only vaguely coded form as resistance to tensions based on the French and Italian influences via Catholicism on James II and Charles II.