The focus system in Hadiyya

Lateralization of tonal and intonational pitch processing: An MEG study

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative typological analysis of the means of expressing the category “Definiteness / Indefiniteness” in German, Tatar and Russian languages and, building on this analysis, to develop a system of exercises that allow to show the specifics of using this category in the compared languages. The relevance of the study is dictated by the practical and theoretical significance of the co-study of different structural languages at school in the process of forming a multilingual student‟s personality. The article analyses the possibilities of a comparative typological method of studying foreign and native languages. Based on this method, a comparative characteristic of the German, Russian and Tatar languages is given in terms of morphological and genealogical classifications. Despite the fact that these languages, according to the presented classifications, are not related, the positive transfer of knowledge and skills, as well as language interference in the co-study of these languages are of great importance. The author considers the category “Definiteness / Indefiniteness” as a functional semantic field having a polycentric structure and combining grammatical, lexical and syntactic means of expression of the category under study. In the absence of a grammatical marker (article in German), lexical means are widely used, it indicates the possibility of expressing the category “Definiteness / Indefiniteness,” especially in Russian and Tatar languages. Among the syntactic ways of expressing the category, the word order with its goal-communicative attitude is distinguished, as well as the intonation in the compared languages. This study contributes to a more effective teaching of German grammar in an audience whose native language is Tatar and (or) Russian. The practical result of the study is a set of exercises demonstrating the possibilities of learning the category “Definiteness / Indefiniteness” using a comparative typological approach.

The aim of the research is to identify the modes of translating lexical and syntactic expressive means from English into Russian when creating the image of mountains in the text of the story “Monte Verità” by Daphne du Maurier. The author considers the concepts of “literary style”, “artistic image”, the main requirements of adequate literary translation. The paper explains what issues are studied by fiction stylistics, which linguistic means are the most frequent when creating an artistic image. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author identified such an often used mode of translating lexico-syntactic expressive means from English into Russian that create the image of mountains as addition (adding extra words and sentences that are absent in the original text but convey the meaning in a more accessible and understandable manner). Finally, all the lexical expressive means found in the story were represented by epithets and similes, the syntactic means were divided into antithesis, anaphora, polysyndeton, framing, emphatic constructions and nominal sentences. Among the modes of translating lexico-syntactic expressive means from English into Russian there were the following: calque, omission, lexico-grammatical substitution, inversion, addition, which possess the high level of adequacy.

Functional Grammar (henceforth FG) was first described in detail in Dik (1978). The theory of Functional Grammar, Part i (hereafter referred to as TFGi) presents the theory as seen by Dik in I989, building in insights from the large number of FG publications which have appeared since 1978, and also from discussions at conferences, seminars and research group meetings. In a review such as this, it is impossible to do full justice to the wealth of theoretical and descriptive detail contained in the book. I shall therefore first give an outline of the overall content and organization of the volume,' and then concentrate on the extent to which the theory of FG, as expounded in the book, achieves the standards of adequacy it sets for itself. Finally, I shall discuss a further specific issue relating to the theory, that of 'layering'.

The problem of studying text concepts takes an important place among other types of conceptual studies. The usage of the term "concept" in the study of texts is caused by the need for it for the analysis of text-based principles of the work, identification of author's conceptual priorities, leading themes and ideas, deep text meanings etc. The organization of text's conceptual associations based on mutually related and interrelated elements goes beyond the lexical-semantic sphere. The conceptosphere of the New Testament is represented not only by lexical means, although they are the main building material for its creation. Morphological and syntactic means have a significant place among the concept-forming elements of the text of the New Testament. The study was conducted through the context-based generalization of the representation units of the most significant concepts of the New Testament: "Jesus Christ", "God", "Lord", "Father", "Faith", "Law", "Sin", "Salvation", "Grace", "Kingdom of Heaven", "Gospel", "Victim". Author had used method of field analysis, which is based on the analysis of the means providing the content order and connectivity of conceptual entities. The basis of systematization in conceptual fields is the linkage of key words – representatives of the morphology and syntax concepts and means. They acquire concept-forming properties when they are used in contexts for the formation of a certain conceptual feature and when they are repeatedly used in the text. The analysis of the verbalizers of the concepts, their connections and interaction in the studied work allows to make conclusions about the basic principles and regularities of the conceptualization of reality in the text of the New Testament. This study of its conceptosphere has demonstrated that the elements of its modeling have a significant representation in the spheres of morphology and syntax. The completeness of the reconstruction of an interpretive picture of its verbalization can be ensured by a comprehensive analysis of their conceptual-forming capabilities.

Modern studies in linguistics are based on functional approach that gives an opportunity to overcome some classic understandings of a language nature. Theory of functionalism is based on dual-track analyse of grammatical structures such as from function to way of semantically expression and from expression to function. Any field has a structure which consists of the core and the periphery. As a rule the core is formed by lexical, morphological and syntactical means that are the most specialized to express meanings of a semantic category and are systematically used. This article deals with the way of expression of the semantic category of aim in modern Gagauz language. The functional-semantic field of aim in modern Gagauz language consists of the core and the periphery. The core of the field of aim consists of lexemes that express semantic of aim and purpose such as “neet”, “amaç”. These lexemes are used not only in Gagauz language but also in Turkish and in both languages are functioning either as separate verbs or as a part of construction with the meaning of purpose. The semantic of aim is expressed on morphological, lexical and syntactical level. On morphological level it is represented by –sin morpheme. Also, the meaning of aim or purpose is expressed by using verb with dative case. On lexical level the semantic of aim is expressed by words with meaning of aim, goal, purpose. As a rule in Turkic languages these lexemes are used to form syntactical constructions with semantic meaning of purpose, such as deyni. Nowadays deyni is the most frequently used lexeme with the meaning of purpose. The article describes several scientific opinions about the origin of deyni, which is used only in Gagauz language. On syntactic level the semantic of aim is expressed by the means of lexemes ani, aniki which are used both in syntactic constructions an compound sentences. The specific feature of sentences that express the meaning of aim in Gaguz language is that syntagma with the meaning of aim and purpose can be used either in preposition or postposition, while in Turkish it can be used in preposition only. In some cases the semantic of aim can be expressed by syntactic means without using special lexemes. In such cases predicate is used in imperative form. Also, sometimes such type of sentences has auxiliary lexeme tâ. Sentences that express the semantic of aim in Gagauz language have some particularities in compare with same constructions in western Turkic languages, for example Turkish. Due to the influence of Slavic syntax for a long period of time constructions with semantic of aim may have different position in sentence, while in other Turkic languages they are in preposition.

This paper aims to explore the role of connectors in the degree of discourse coherence. Starting from Dik’s (1997: ch. 18) discourse model, I examine the extent to which connectors can adequately be accounted for in the theory of Functional Grammar through the study of the French particle tandis que. At the semantic level, tandis que is characterized as a circumstantial satellite marker be it locally or in a more global scope. As for pragmatic functions, it is argued that the Parallel Focus function singled out by tandis que can also be assigned to more than one element of a parallel construction when the contrast is not a binary relation. The last part of my paper is devoted to the textual functions of the discourse marker tandis que, which is relevant as a coherence-promoting device in introducing Topics or in signalling discourse discontinuity.

The article represents the results of analyzing the gender oppositions in reflection of the Galician metaphoric invective nominations. The subject matter of the analysis is gender invective metaphors: source domains that are focused in the process of gender metaphorization and gender construction as the main aspects of this analysis. The study of metaphorical invective nominations in the gender aspect showed the absence of typical features when choosing a source domain for metaphorical modeling of a human, as well as the specificity of using certain motivational bases. The most demanded source domains for the invective metaphorical modeling of human turned out to be “animals”, followed by the frequency of occurrence are “artifacts”, “human”, “food”, “mythological images” and “naturofacts”. The gender fixation of the metaphorical invective nomination depends on the word-formation and grammatical characteristics of the lexemes, which act as the source’s domains of such nominations. If the names of the source domains (fauna, human, and mythical images) contain semantic components in the lexical meaning that distinguish the gender opposition, then, as a rule, with the metaphorical transfer such opposition is preserved. Such metaphorical invective nomination can be either gender unmarked or gender marked. Metaphoric zoomorphic nominations, the source domains of which do not have gender differentiation, or that name various objects (nautrofacts, artifacts, food) in their original nominative meaning, can be identified either with a human in general or with a man or a woman.

In this paper we investigate a selection of issues in the morphology-syntax interface. This has been the locus of intense research activity in recent years particularly within lexicalist theories of grammar such as Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). A central question addressed in LFG is the way that across languages or within a single language a whole host of morphological, lexical and syntactic means can be deployed to express essentially the same set of meanings or functions. One very specific example of this is seen when very similar (or even identical) grammatical meanings/functions are sometimes expressed by inflected morphological word forms and sometimes by means of syntactic constructions, that is, when a single set of grammatical properties receives synthetic and analytic expression within the same language. 1

This work examines the componential analysis of the gbá verbal complex in Igbo. It investigates the complex verb gbá in order to find out the basic components of the verb in Igbo thereby arriving at its lexical meaning. The paper adopts the theory of componential analysis for the analysis of data. The data used for the study were elicited through informal interview and the researchers’ intuitive knowledge as native speakers. The study found out that ‘gbá’ is a verb of movement or motion which results into change of position. This is applicable to all the words that bear the verb root. The distinguishing features that exist among them are equally observed. It is found out that different meanings associated with the word bearing the verb root ‘gbá’ is based on the verb that selects the complement thus the word gbá-égwú means ‘dance’, gbá mgbá ‘wrestle’ and gbá oso ‘run’. It will bring clarity among the meanings of lexemes in the same semantic domain. These findings will be beneficial to curriculum designers by giving them the insight on areas to stress more in teaching second language learners and for documentation.

Measuring differences between near-synonyms constitutes a major challenge in the development of electronic dictionaries and natural language processing systems. This paper presents a pilot study on how Population Test Method (PTM) may be used as an effective, empirical tool to define near-synonyms in a quantifiable manner. Use of PTM presumes that all knowledge about lexical meaning in a language resides collectively in the mind(s) of its native speakers, and that this intersubjective understanding may be extracted via targeted surveys that encourage creative, thinking responses. In this paper we show (1) examples of such tests performed on a group of high school students in Finland, (2) resulting data from the tests that is surprisingly quantifiable, and (3) a web-based visualization program we are developing to analyze and present the collected data.

In the article describes the influence of syntactic organization of speech utterances on peculiarities of actualization and reproduction of their subject-semantic content (meanings). There has been tested the hypotheses that the semantic content of subjects, predicates, and objects is reproduced more efficiently: 1) when attributes are used in the composition of statements with nouns (subjects and objects), and with verbs (predicates) – adverbial modifiers; 2) when there is a deliberate focus on highlighting the semantic content of nouns or verbs in the composition of statements. The methods of varying lexical and syntactic means in the text composition presented to respondents were used as independent variables. The language means respondents used to manifest fragments of semantic content were analyzed as dependent variables. The study involved 90 respondents (72 men, 18 women) aged 25-40. While the first hypothesis has been confirmed, the second still requires additional research. The results obtained indicate that in updating and reproducing the subject-semantic content of speech utterances it is the attribution of signs and properties to objects and processes that is of great importance.The experimental organization scheme used in the study reveals a wide range of patterns that can serve to confirm / refute various hypotheses and theoretical models in psycholinguistics.

The publication examines the language features of the artistic reports published on the Reporters. Media website in 2024 under the hashtag “Human Rights”. The author identifies the key features of their structure, style and means of expression, which contribute to the creation of the effect of presence, convey emotionality, detail events, help make the text more exciting, ensure the depiction of characters and the environment in the smallest details, allowing readers to immerse themselves in events and topics that cause social interest. The article highlights the lexical, stylistic and syntactic means used to create imagery, realism, dynamism and attract the readerʼs attention in the report. The researcher identifies linguistic means that enhance the audienceʼs emotional perception of the text – comparisons and metaphors increase credibility and authenticity, create the effect of presence and visualization of events for the reader. It is noted that the dialogues and direct speech of the event participants also strengthen the emotionality and realism of the text, and the combination of elements of official and colloquial styles deepens the impact on the reader. The specified reports contain specific descriptions of places, people, and circumstances of events. The authors try to reproduce all possible details – from weather conditions to the reactions of those present, the portrait characteristics of the heroes contain epithets to emphasize the character traits or characteristics of a person. The combination of stylistic features of official and conversational styles serves to attract attention and emotionally involve the audience. Comparisons also help to clarify the text, but they are not often found in reports, since artistry should not prevail over the accuracy of information. Verbs in the present tense enhance the realism and dynamism of the text, the feeling of the readerʼs direct participation in the events taking place “here and now”, which makes it possible to perceive the information as unfolding right before the eyes of the audience.

This article shows the ways of implementing the concept of "tolerance" in the English-language media, that is, in the press. The importance of this phenomenon in world development, the importance of mass media in the formation of the community is emphasized. The formation of a tolerant consciousness in people, getting rid of negative stereotypes is also discussed. In media texts, tolerance is expressed by various linguistic means and ways of constructing a text, many of which are already perceived as stable symbols. To achieve tolerance in the media, various strategies and tactics, lexical, morphological and syntactic means are used: euphemisms, exclamations, negations, stimuli.

This chapter concentrates on functional grammar (FG). The structure of FG is such that every term occurring in a predication has at least a semantic function, and may also receive a syntactic and/or a pragmatic function. Rules and principles of FG can be formulated in terms of functions of each of the three levels because the functional specifications are explicitly available and retrievable in the underlying structure of predications. FG seeks to achieve a maximum degree of practical applicability in the analysis of diverse aspects of language and language use. The chapter outlines the overall structure of FG. The theory of FG has been applied to a variety of problems in different languages. Keywords:functional grammar (FG); language; practical applicability; pragmatic function; predication; semantic function