THE IMPORTANCE PERFORMANCE MATRIX ANALYSIS (IPMA)

PurposeSingapore's land transportation is governed by a comprehensive set of rules, regulations, operations and systems to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is the main agency in charge of road operations. Despite the LTA's best efforts, road related problems still surface every now and then. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to boost the performance of existing road infrastructure. Using Singapore as a case, the specific research objectives are to: ascertain motorists’ level of satisfaction with the road infrastructure; find out problems faced by motorists when using the road infrastructure; determine factors affecting motorists’ satisfaction with the road infrastructure; and design and test a model to predict motorists’ satisfaction with the road infrastructure.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire survey was conducted on motorists. Through a combination of convenience sampling and snowball sampling, a total of 53 responses were collected. After the survey, interviews were conducted with subject matter experts to understand the current practices and possible solutions to the problems.FindingsThe most significant problem is water ponding on roads. Traffic redirection due to road works and coordination among government agencies in road opening works also did not achieve significantly good ratings. Two practices are found to directly give rise to higher satisfaction with the road infrastructure: road cleanliness; and efficiency in traffic redirection arising from road works.Research limitations/implicationsMotorists were asked to rate on a ten‐point scale. This may give rise to bias because satisfaction and performance are subjective and not easily quantified.Practical implicationsMotorists’ satisfaction level with the road infrastructure is dependent on cleanliness of roads and efficiency of traffic diversion when there are road works. The implication is that the government should arrange for roads to be regularly cleaned and at the same time educate the public to keep roads clean and enforce laws against those who litter. The time for traffic diversion should be minimized by increasing productivity of road works, so that these can be completed quickly.Originality/valueThe road network is a valuable infrastructural asset of a country. Due to its large scale and complexity, managing road operations is no easy feat. Even though Singapore has a comprehensive set of procedures, rules and regulations to manage this asset, problems and complaints continue to surface. This study has identified the major problems plaguing Singapore's road infrastructure. Furthermore, a model to predict motorists’ satisfaction with the road infrastructure was successfully developed and tested. With this knowledge in mind, the LTA can focus on improving these factors to boost performance of road infrastructure through road maintenance and road works.

Road infrastructure is an important foundation for economic growth and the movement of people around the world. Road lighting also plays a vital role in safe driving at night. Roads are local infrastructure that facilitate trade, tourism and cross-border interaction. Traffic acts as a means of land transportation that makes it easier for individuals to travel and companies to distribute their products to various regions. Therefore, creating a safe and comfortable environment for the community involves various aspects, one of which is lighting. In the context of driving safety, the case that occurs on the Cikijing - Majalengka road is the absence of adequate road lighting, endangering road users at night. Adequate lighting plays an important role in preventing crime, because criminals tend to avoid areas that are well lit and easily monitored. The location of this research was carried out on the Cikijing - Majalengka highway, more precisely on the Cikebo Block highway, Maja District. This research uses qualitative methods to analyze perceptions. because this method is more suitable for answering research questions that cannot be answered quantitatively. This study measured respondents' perceptions of street lighting based on two parameters: level of importance and level of satisfaction. Measurements were made using a Likert scale of 1 to 5 with a range from “not important” to “very important” for importance, and from “not satisfied” to “very satisfied” for satisfaction. The data collected was then analyzed using the (IPA) method. Based on data collected from 50 respondents, the Cikijing-Majalengka road user profile is dominated by men, with the majority aged ≤ 20 years, and the most commonly used vehicle is a motorcycle. Users over 60 years of age are relatively rare on this road section.

Understanding interactions between Automated Road Transport Systems and other road users: A video analysis

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Among middle-income countries, Iran has one of the highest mortality rates from RTIs. Action is critical to combat this major public health problem. Stakeholders involved in RTI control are of key importance and their perceptions of barriers and facilitators are a vital source of knowledge. The aim of this study was to explore barriers to the prevention of RTIs and provide appropriate suggestions for prevention, based on the perceptions of stakeholders, victims and road-users as regards RTIs.MethodsThirty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants in the field of RTI prevention including: police officers; public health professionals; experts from the road administrators; representatives from the General Governor, the car industry, firefighters; experts from Emergency Medical Service and the Red Crescent; and some motorcyclists and car drivers as well as victims of RTIs. A qualitative approach using grounded theory method was employed to analyze the material gathered.ResultsThe core variable was identified as "The lack of a system approach to road-user safety". The following barriers in relation to RTI prevention were identified as: human factors; transportation system; and organizational coordination. Suggestions for improvement included education (for the general public and targeted group training), more effective legislation, more rigorous law enforcement, improved engineering in road infrastructure, and an integrated organization to supervise and coordinate preventive activities.ConclusionThe major barriers identified in this study were human factors and efforts to change human behaviour were suggested by means of public education campaigns and stricter law enforcement. However, the lack of a system approach to RTI prevention was also an important concern. There is an urgent need for both an integrated system to coordinate RTI activities and prevention and a major change in stakeholders' attitudes towards RTI prevention. The focus of all activities should take place on road users' safety.

This study assesses the effects of Rural Road Infrastructure on the distribution of Agricultural products in Akure South Local Government area with a view to providing solutions to the problems caused by inadequate provisions of road infrastructure and its negative impact on agricultural product distributions in the study area. The study evaluated the opinion of the farmers, traders, drivers who are the users of rural roads as well as the government officials in charge of rural road maintenance and construction. Furthermore primary data were employed in eliciting information from the respondent through the questionnaires and systematic random sampling techniques were employed in gathering relevant data and information within the study area. The result of the analysis revealed a significant relationship at 0.05 between the quality of the road infrastructure and the transportation of agricultural product in the study area at p-0.02 and r-0.186. The study concluded that the roads in the study area as well as those connecting the farms with markets are bad and recommended that these roads should be widened and bituminized as well as the provisions of other road infrastructure and the member of the community should participate in rural roads construction and maintenance.

Public transportation has a strategic role in improving the mobility of urban communities, including Bekasi City, which faces congestion challenges due to the growth of private vehicles that are not balanced with road infrastructure. The BISKITA Trans Bekasi Patriot service comes as a solution to reduce congestion and provide efficient public transportation. This study aims to analyze passenger satisfaction with the service, identify factors that affect satisfaction, and provide recommendations for improving service quality. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a survey approach, using the SERVQUAL (Service Quality) technique to measure the gap between expectations and reality of services, as well as the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) to assess the overall level of satisfaction. Data was obtained through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents with a purposive sampling technique. The results showed passenger satisfaction was in the “Satisfied” category, with a CSI value of 80.71%. The dimension with the most significant gap is Tangible (-3.78), especially in the indicators of bus stop seating comfort and bus stop cleanliness. In contrast, the reliability dimension has the smallest gap, which shows that the performance is closest to passenger expectations. The conclusion of this study confirms that although the service is quite adequate, improvements are still needed in bus stop facilities, especially cleanliness and comfort, as well as improving the quality of service of officers through training that focuses on friendliness and responsiveness. By implementing these recommendations, it is hoped that the BISKITA Trans Bekasi Patriot service can continue to increase passenger satisfaction and support the efficiency of community mobility in Bekasi City.

<abstract><p>Increasing emissions from mobile sources have become a major focus in terms of health, environmental sustainability, and climate change. South Tangerang City is the Indonesian city with the highest yearly average pollution level. This study's objectives are to quantify the levels of pollutant concentrations that endanger human health and the environment and to devise a plan for reducing the pollution brought on by vehicle emissions. This study used an analytic observational research design. Data was taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts in the city of South Tangerang with human and environmental samples. Human samples using the Hazard Quotient. Data is processed using Stella for the next 30 years. HQ value of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO pollution has risen to greater than 1, endangering human health. CO and PM2.5, with HQ values of 3.315 and 1.644, both present serious health concerns. The accumulation of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO pollutants over the next 30 years will have a substantial impact on South Tangerang's environmental conditions. South Tangerang could encourage the growth of a smart city by supporting the use of electric vehicles. Human health is at risk due to the increase in the HQ value of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO pollution above 1. The environmental conditions in South Tangerang be significantly impacted by PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and CO pollutants over the ensuing 30 years. A mitigation strategy is needed in the form of smart transportation in the form of electric vehicles</p></abstract>

Technical criteria are one of the determining factors in calculating the technical index amount of the allocation budget for road infrastructure. The technical criteria include pavement deterioration, bridge condition, road performance, local budget allocation for road capital expenditure, allocation of local budget government for routine maintenance of roads, e-monitoring reporting, and SHP map reporting. Evaluation is required to determine the influence of each of these criteria and highlight the importance of comprehensive and continuous data testing to provide an overview of road infrastructure data and budget allocations. This study aims to analyze the influence of each technical criterion based on infrastructure data and the allocation of funding for local road maintenance in Indonesia. Two regression methods, Multiple Linear Regression with Dummy (MLRD) and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR), were used to identify and evaluate each variable and the potential of the resulting criteria. The results show that pavement deterioration (PD) and road performance (RP) are the criteria that significantly influence the assessment of infrastructure data and are the best models. This finding highlights the need for comprehensive data testing to provide an accurate overview of local road infrastructure from the data submitted by local governments to the central government. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-01-04 Full Text: PDF

The fitness sector has always been linked to the analysis of the loyalty of its consumers. Different studies have shown the importance of sports service and human resources for greater customer loyalty. However, few works have studied how the physical environment or servicescape influences the behavior of consumers in fitness centers based on gender and age. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between servicescape and the loyalty of fitness center consumers, analyzing through the Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) what the aspects to improve according to gender and age are. The sample was 10,368 fitness center customers (5864 women and 4504 men). After the IPMA, it was concluded that the main improvement margins in general in fitness centers were the equipment and the facility condition, and the facility layout. In turn, in relation to gender and age, the aspects with room for improvement were to a greater extent for equipment and facility condition in women over 21 years of age, and in facility layout for women between 21 and 40 years old and 51–60 years old. Regarding men, the aspects with the highest performance margins were the equipment and facility condition in all the age groups, the facility layout in men up to 50 years old, and the signage in men up to 40 years old and from 51 to 60 years old.

5G standardization is rapidly progressing and future vehicles will be connected, exchanging along the roads and on the Internet useful information for the safety of the road users. To target this goal, the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) standard starts to attract a lot of automobile industry and academic attention. The 5G Automotive Association categorizes a comprehensive list of connected vehicle applications, e.g. Advanced Driving Assistance (ADA) and Vulnerable Road User (VRU), that can have an implementation in the V2X environment. The expansion from Cloud to Edge Computing brings more processing power closer to the vehicles to guarantee the required latency and the need to have reduced network churn with continuous access to the Cloud. Edge Computing is addressing this paradigm shift by aiming to offer different services environment and cloud-computing capabilities within the roads infrastructure and the access network infrastructure in close proximity to vehicles and Road Side Units. This paper first overviews the V2X communication, in particular focusing on the ADA and VRU 5GAA use cases. Then it proposes a VRU warning system, which aims to provide an exchange information between the road users (e.g. pedestrian, cyclist, vehicles) about the presence of nearby entities in case of dangerous situation using commercial devices (i.e. smartphone) and standard compliant message. Finally, an experimental performance evaluation and comparison of the latency experienced by the client device considering firstly a Multi-Acces Edge Computing (MEC) based CAM Server and, then, a cloud-based CAM server are performed.

A qualitative exploration of driving stress and driving discourtesy

The conventional form of traffic interaction undergoes a notable change with the integration of automated driving systems as a new road user, into the public roads. This may be more challenging during the transition phase, while manual-driven vehicles are still on the road, and the road infrastructure is not fully ready for merging such vehicles into the traffic patterns. Therefore, developing a robust interaction method is crucial to ensure the safety of those users interacting with automated driving systems and to ensure the efficiency of these systems on the road. For this purpose, the interaction of automated driving systems with pedestrians, as one of the most vulnerable road user groups, is investigated in this paper. Previous studies have shown the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of pedestrian behaviours and intentions, their responses to different stimuli on the road, the factors influencing their decisions during the interaction, and various external communication techniques among road users. As a result, a wide range of factors related to the communication environment, pedestrian characteristics, and existing communication methods have been found to be significant in the decision-making process of pedestrians.

This study proposes a framework to evaluate and identify significant factor affecting road users' satisfaction level. The research is mainly focused on investing related factors that may contribute to satisfaction level of all road users on Motorway Route 7 (Bangkok - Chonburi). Two research methods are employed in this study. They are documentary research and survey research. The questionnaires are developed and separated into three main sections, which are general questions, measurement of the level of satisfaction toward each indicator and the overall satisfaction of traveling on the Motorway Route 7. A 5-point Likert scale is used to measure the level of satisfaction. The preliminary data are collected from the pilot sample of 39 road users. The results of the pilot group are presented in this paper. The proposed framework includes statistical model that can identify significant factors affecting the satisfaction. Several statistical techniques are proposed such as exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression. In addition, descriptive correlation analysis will be conducted to discover if the dependent variables contribute to the independent variable. The complete result of this study is expected to serve as a guideline for highway authorities to improve their serviceability level along the Motorway Route 7.

Rapid innovation is an important tool to maintain leadership in a volatile environment. VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) world examples have shown how challengers within an organization must be developed and encouraged to create disruptive services and products that can replace existing ones. In road transport sector, customer satisfaction has been recognized as the most powerful competitive weapon that many leading service organizations possess .While this is so many public transport companies have not addressed the factors that affect customer satisfaction in the VUCA public transport sector.The study objectives were to determine how road infrastructure and matatu crew character affect customer satisfaction in the ever changing public road transport sector in Kenya with reference to Nairobi County. The study employed a descriptive research design. A sample size of 148 respondents were selected out of the target population of 344 that included the County Transport Department Staff, the Traffic Officers and the Matatu Owners Association and Matatu Crew that operate at various city stations and dropping and picking points. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis were used to analyze the collected data and were presented through charts, frequency tables and graphs. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the findings.The findings of the study showed that road infrastructure and matatu crew character all affected customer satisfaction in road transport sector in Kenya.The study recommended that there is need for improved road connectivity across the city especially in areas that are under serviced and connectivity is poor; and that it is necessary to enhance existing disciplinary procedures for offenders as this is appropriate in achieving high levels of customer satisfaction. Also, there is need to improve personal conduct of the sector players as some Matatu Crew behave in a manner that does not appeal to customers and that where the SACOOs do not have an existing code of conduct for matatu crew, there is need to develop one in order to provide guidelines on the matatu crew conduct. The study recommended further research on effect of training on matatu crew conduct in the Public Transport in Kenya.

Majalengka is one of the cities that lacks lighting, significantly affecting community activities. In addition, public street lighting helps increase traffic comfort and safety, reduces crime rates, and improves people's quality of life. Lighting also impacts the economic sector, which is needed in some places, for example, in traditional markets. In these conventional markets, trading is not only done during the day or regular hours of human activity. Some traders and market consumers trade at night for convenience or because prices are lower than during the day. Because of this, market traders and consumers complain about the lack of lighting in the market area, which limits visibility, and sometimes criminality occurs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the deficiency of street lighting in the Sindangkasih market area, Cigasong, an economic sector area. This study uses the perception variables of road users and market consumers to assess the lack of lighting at Sindangkasih Market, Jalan Raya Cigasong, Kab. Majalengka. Primary data came from questionnaires completed by 60 road users and market consumers surveyed. The parameters used were respondents perceived On a scale of 1 to 5, from not significant to very important and from not satisfied to very satisfied, rate the significance and level of satisfaction with the street lighting on this road. Critical performance analysis was used to process the data (IPA) technique. The results of this research are expected to provide solutions and changes for future spatial arrangements that lead to better regional development in terms of infrastructure and various other aspects, especially in public street lighting.