The Medium of Visualization for Software Comprehension

Computer-Based Social Anxiety Regulation in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

Synchronised visualisation of software process and product artefacts: Concept, design and prototype implementation

Translation is a frequently misunderstood process. Monolingual readers tend to believe that the literary translation they are reading offers a transparent reproduction of the meaning, style and effects of the original. However, those of us who are translators know that this is not so. This thesis highlights the agency of the translator, showing how different translation strategies colour the readers’ reception of the work, creating remarkably different impressions. I take up the case of Japanese-English literary translation and focus on the translation of metaphor, since metaphor is a key literary device and its translation poses particular challenges – including the need to switch between different cultural, conceptual and linguistic frames of reference. Research into metaphor translation strategies has only a short history and focuses mainly on European languages. The much larger linguistic and cultural divide between Japanese and English may require a different mix of strategies to effectively convey the author’s style and imagery. Through a comparative evaluation of the strategies adopted by translators in multiple translations of two well-known short stories: Tanizaki Jun’ichirō’s 刺青 (“Shisei”) and Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s 羅生門 (“Rashōmon”), I explore the effectiveness of a range of strategies for translating metaphorical expressions. I show that in many cases, domesticating strategies are adopted by translators, such as replacing the source language metaphor with a target language metaphor of a similar sense; paraphrasing by removing the metaphor and translating only its sense; replacing a metaphor with a simile; or deleting the expression altogether. However, although the resulting translation may be smooth and readable, such strategies frequently soften the emotive force of the metaphorical expressions. I argue that the most successful approaches are those that recreate the effect of the original metaphor, often by using more foreignizing strategies that retain the Japanese imagery. My case studies also highlight the need for translators to decipher the intratextual and intertextual network of metaphors and attempt to maintain these sub-texts in their translation. This demonstrates the importance of interpretation in literary translation. I then use the insights gained from these case studies, including the importance of analysing the effect of metaphor and its communicative function in the context of the text as a whole, to develop an optimal translation approach. I apply this approach to the translation of two chapters from a contemporary Japanese novel (容疑者の夜行列車; Yōgisha no Yakōressha by Tawada Yōko to illustrate its potential. My overall conclusions are that the interpretive process requires an in-depth reading and analysis of the source text. This is necessary in order to determine the functions and effects of metaphorical expressions and prioritise those which should be retained. Translation strategies for each source text metaphor should be sensitive to the category of metaphor, its novelty, conceptual basis and cultural connotations. The translation strategy best able to recreate the most important effects should be adopted. This requires the translator to be flexible and willing to make use of compensatory strategies where necessary. Above all, the translator needs to exercise creativity to explore the target language possibilities, formulate innovative solutions and resist the easy option of domestication. To use a metaphor, the translator should be a traveller – crossing from one textual landscape to another and exploring the linguistic opportunities that would enable the effects of the original to be experienced in a new environment.

In this thesis, concepts for developing Spatial Data Infrastructures with an emphasis on visualizing 3D landscape and city models in distributed environments are discussed. Spatial Data Infrastructures are important for public authorities in order to perform tasks on a daily basis, and serve as research topic in geo-informatics. Joint initiatives at national and international level exist for harmonizing procedures and technologies. Interoperability is an important aspect in this context - as enabling technology for sharing, distributing, and connecting geospatial data and services. The Open Geospatial Consortium is the main driver for developing international standards in this sector and includes government agencies, universities and private companies in a consensus process. 
\n3D city models are becoming increasingly popular not only in desktop Virtual Reality applications but also for being used in professional purposes by public authorities. Spatial Data Infrastructures focus so far on the storage and exchange of 3D building and elevation data. For efficient streaming and visualization of spatial 3D data in distributed network environments such as the internet, concepts from the area of real time 3D Computer Graphics must be applied and combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For example, scene graph data structures are commonly used for creating complex and dynamic 3D environments for computer games and Virtual Reality applications, but have not been introduced in GIS so far. 
\nIn this thesis, several aspects of how to create interoperable and service-based environments for 3D spatial data are addressed. These aspects are covered by publications in journals and conference proceedings. The introductory chapter provides a logic succession from geometrical operations for processing raw data, to data integration patterns, to system designs of single components, to service interface descriptions and workflows, and finally to an architecture of a complete distributed service network.
\nDigital Elevation Models are very important in 3D geo-visualization systems. Data structures, methods and processes are described for making them available in service based infrastructures. A specific mesh reduction method is used for generating lower levels of detail from very large point data sets. An integration technique is presented that allows the combination with 2D GIS data such as roads and land use areas. This approach allows using another optimization technique that greatly improves the usability for immersive 3D applications such as pedestrian navigation: flattening road and water surfaces. It is a geometric operation, which uses data structures and algorithms found in numerical simulation software implementing Finite Element Methods. 
\n3D Routing is presented as a typical application scenario for detailed 3D city models. Specific problems such as bridges, overpasses and multilevel networks are addressed and possible solutions described. The integration of routing capabilities in service infrastructures can be accomplished with standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium. An additional service is described for creating 3D networks and for generating 3D routes on the fly. Visualization of indoor routes requires different representation techniques.
\nAs server interface for providing access to all 3D data, the Web 3D Service has been used and further developed. Integrating and handling scene graph data is described in order to create rich virtual environments. Coordinate transformations of scene graphs are described in detail, which is an important aspect for ensuring interoperability between systems using different spatial reference systems. The Web 3D Service plays a central part in nearly all experiments that have been carried out. It does not only provide the means for interactive web-visualizations, but also for performing further analyses, accessing detailed feature information, and for automatic content discovery.
\nOpenStreetMap and other worldwide available datasets are used for developing a complete architecture demonstrating the scalability of 3D Spatial Data Infrastructures. Its suitability for creating 3D city models is analyzed, according to requirements set by international standards. A full virtual globe system has been developed based on OpenStreetMap including data processing, database storage, web streaming and a visualization client.
\nResults are discussed and compared to similar approaches within geo-informatics research, clarifying in which application scenarios and under which requirements the approaches in this thesis can be applied.
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3D city models are nowadays used in very different applications. Due to this, the commercial exchange and, thus, the demand for high quality data becomes more and more important. We describe a quality model that defines common parameters used for spatial quality measurement, especially when dealing with 3D city models. Therefore, we explore different representations of city models: the reality, the user's idea and the digital data set. A welldefined mathematical formalism which addresses the different quality parameters is presented. This formalism also helps to create algorithms for measurement and improvement of spatial data quality. The aim is to be able to define uniformed criteria which can be easily transformed into software. The implemented prototype serves as base for the evaluation in which we provide examples based on actual data sets using typical quality requirements.

The scientific visualization of a chromatophore, a photosynthetic organelle, required the creation of a software integration pipeline to combine scientific software, visual effects tools, and custom camera choreography software. Furthermore, the rendering of this visualization in both fulldome and 4K3D format was done using a custom supercomputer rendering pipeline.

Virtual reality (VR) is popular across many fields and is increasingly used in sports as a training tool. The reason, therefore, is recently improved display technologies, more powerful computation capacity, and lower costs of head-mounted displays for VR. As in the real-world (R), visual effects are the most important stimulus provided by VR. However, it has not been demonstrated whether the gaze behavior would achieve the same level in VR as in R. This information will be important for the development of applications or software in VR. Therefore, several tasks were designed to analyze the gaze accuracy and gaze precision using eye-tracking devices in R and VR. 21 participants conducted three eye-movement tasks in sequence: gaze at static targets, tracking a moving target, and gaze at targets at different distances. To analyze the data, an averaged distance with root mean square was calculated between the coordinates of each target and the recorded gaze points for each task. In gaze accuracy, the results showed no significant differences between R and VR in gaze at static targets (1 m distance, p > 0.05) and small significant differences at targets placed at different distances (p < 0.05), as well as large differences in tracking the moving target (p < 0.05). The precision in VR is significantly worse compared to R in all tasks with static gaze targets (p < 0.05). On the whole, this study gives a first insight into comparing foveal vision, especially gaze accuracy and precision between R and VR, and can, therefore, serve as a reference for the development of VR applications in the future.

In Poland the fourth levelling campaign is almost finished. Therefore the problem of its adjustment is very important. Conventional adjustment techniques carry out the least squares as a sequence performed only once. This paper presents a more generalised concept where least squares is not a matter of running a computer program once and collecting the printout. The modern adjustment procedure has several steps. For that reason the software NIWEL developed at the Dept of Surveying, University of Warmia and Mazury, contains two parts: classical and modern. In the second part we included variance factor test, the so-called reliability checks of the goodness of observations and parameters, statistical tests of least-squares output and detection of outliers and gross errors. Finally we described the practical investigations of the first Polish primary levelling network with the use of program NIWEL in order to have an experience in testing and adjusting the ongoing levelling campaign.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among personality traits, professional growth identification and job satisfaction of elementary school & junior high school special education teachers participated in psychological-assessment training in New Taipei City. First, it constructed the research framework by discussing the theoretical fundamentals and related researches through literary reviews. Second, it focused on the survey sample of elementary school & junior high school special education psychological-assessment teachers in New Taipei City. The questionnaires were mail to 378 parental respondents, and returned 287 copies. There were 272 valid questionnaires analyzed the descriptive statistics and covariance structures by using the SPSS and AMOS statistic software. The conclusions of this study were as follows. 1. Teachers have the agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness personality traits can identify the needs of psychological-assessment trainings. 2. The implement of psychological-assessment professional development training courses helps improve the effectiveness and job satisfaction of the psychological-assessment teachers. 3. The psychological-assessment teachers’ personality dominates job satisfaction, and with professional growth can enhance the level of satisfaction. Keywords: personality traits, psychological-assessment teachers’ training, job satisfaction

The contemporary theory of metaphor defines the metaphor as a major and indispensable part of our ordinary, conventional way of conceptualizing the world and it asserts that the metaphors are used to define our relationship with the physical environment and to create a context of communication. The metaphors are the core idioms of the contemporary graphical user interface (GUI) and have an important role in helping users interact with computer systems. The desktop metaphor began with the first GUI Xerox Star and was popularized by the Lisa of Apple Macintosh. Realizing the physical-office metaphor and reflecting the familiar world of the potential users by using icons of file, folder and trashcan, the metaphor-based GUIs made it relatively easy for all to use the computer productively. Nowadays almost all of the software industry is based on the desktop metaphor paradigm. However, besides the researchers that favor the use of metaphors in the development of the system image by accentuating their assistance to learning, there are also other researchers, who reject the metaphor-based design approach in GUIs by referring to their limitations. Considering these discussions and various approaches, this study aims to make an outline of the historical development of metaphor-based GUIs; to determine the current state of metaphor within GUI design by brief examples and finally to identify future prospects and research themes. The study claims that metaphor still remains to be an inevitable part of the GUI to communicate it with the users and despite its potential limitations -rather than rejecting the metaphor totally- it seems better-to try compatible and supplementary solutions like visual formalism.

CodeCrawler is an extensible and language independent software visualization tool. It has been validated in several industrial case studies over the past years. CodeCrawler enables the fast exploration of new visualization ideas. It implements and visualizes polymetric views, visualizations of software enriched with information such as software metrics and other source code semantics. It provides a rich set of views that can be customized using a large set of metrics. While CodeCrawler is mainly targeted at visualizing object-oriented software, in its latest implementation it has become a general information visualization tool. 1.

Common research in the field of Virtual Reality (VR) considers acoustic stimulation as a highly important necessity for enhanced immersion into virtual scenes. However, most common VR toolkits do only marginally support the integration of sound for the application programmer. Furthermore, the quality of stimulation that is provided usually ranges from system sounds (e.g. beeps while selecting a menu) to simple 3D panning. In the latter case, these approaches do only allow the user to correctly detect sounds that are at quite a distance from his current position. Binaural synthesis is an interesting way to allow the spatial auditory representation by using few loudspeakers or headphones. This paper describes a system that combines the efforts of creating a binaural representation for the listener who is interacting in a common visual VR application in real-time, thus allowing the research on interaction between visual and auditory human perception systems. It will describe the theoretical background to establishing a binaural representation of a sound and the necessary hardware set-up for this. Afterwards, the infrastructure and software interface which will allow the connection of the audio renderer to a visual VR toolkit is discusse

In this work, a new and improved SFM is presented. This SFM can measure many variables such as the individual dynamic and active temperature regulation of the sample and the cantilever, miscellaneous friction modes, x-, y-, z- linearization and an increased scan speed, simultaneous with high spatial resolution. The scan width is also laterally extended to 1 millimetre by 1 millimetre. This extension of the lateral scan range requires a larger tilt compensation. Therefore, the z-scanner has a range of more than 300 µm. Summary In this thesis, a novel scanning force microscope was presented. Other than the large scan range of approximately 1000 µm by 1000 µm, the thermal guidance of the cantilever and sample is the most labour-intensive component of the microscope. Detailed construction of the cantilever holder and sample holder, light beam guidance for the normal and lateral forces, the positioning and scan unit, and ECU, control software and communication software have been discussed. The entire microscope was constructed as symmetrically as possible using mechanical construction to avoid thermal drift. For thermal measurements and thermally assisted friction measurements, a concept for separately heating the cantilever holder and the sample holder was discussed. A simulation on the cantilever holder showed that a temperature difference of 150°K could be reached after 40 s and that the cool down cycle took only 38 s, without any disturbance of the nearest piezo. The same analysis was performed for the sample holder. Only the junction temperature for unknown samples and the temperature behaviour of these samples was calculated. After 15 s of heating, the junction reached 150 °K above the ambient temperature. The thermal path to the next piezo element is more critical than the one for the cantilever holder setup, therefore, the thermal management is more complex. However, the analysis has shown a maximum rise of 32 K above the ambient temperature at the piezo element for the heating and cooling scenario described above. For the beam deflection setup, a single-mode glass fibre supply of the laser light beam was used. A special grinding technique was used to form fibre tips, which can be short-duration fused to form a small lens for pre-focusing the light beam (two patents have been submitted). A sample setup showed that the self-assembled laser beam has a diameter of approximately 60 µm. With 10 µW of light on the 4Q-PD using a standard cantilever, the electronics produced a displacement equivalent to the noise of approximately 0.1 nm with a 10 kHz low-pass filter. With the beam deflection system introduced here, even the first and second resonances, in addition to the basic one, were observable. The torsional basic mode and its first harmonic were also observed. The Z-drive was separated into low, mid-range and high-frequency components. This separation aids with the thermal management of the microscope to avoid and/or remove unwanted thermal heating in areas of the system where mechanical drift disturbs the scanning force measurements. The hydraulically driven low frequency Z-component fulfils this requirement. A European patent has been granted for the hydraulic cylinder design. While linearization in x-, y-, and z-direction is always desirable, it is a necessity for the scan range of the microscope introduced here. Each scan range could be assembled with a specially adapted linearization unit (fibre bundle and mirror) as the linear behaviour of each linearization unit is proportional to the numerical aperture of the guiding fibres. Finally, the ECU and the control, communication and visualisation software were presented. The centrepiece of the ECU is a Texas Instruments 6711 floating point DSP. This unit features the real-time capability that is necessary to drive such a microscope. The DSP communicates via a serial, insulated interface (FireWire®) with the PC in burst mode, while collecting data from the sensor channels in strict, fixed time-slices. Again, the data channels have to be precise and very fast due to the large scan range, to keep the scan times in a manageable regime. Six channels have 16 bit resolution at 1 MSPS, four channels have 16 bit resolution at 500 kSPS, and eight channels have 16 bit resolution at 250 kSPS. One time-slice was also used up to 128 times for multiplexing pre-selection for one arbitrary channel, which can be used to detect slowly changing signals. At this sample rate, a meander-shaped scan line could be achieved. Different types of deceleration and acceleration behaviour were calculated to obtain the largest possible linear scan range, resulting in cubical behaviour during deceleration and acceleration for even the smallest disturbance in the linear scan regime. The mixer electronics were designed with offset and zoom capabilities. This results in linear DAC sample steps within the chosen region, independent of the user-chosen region of interest (angle and size).

There are various types of packaging designs with different design styles. However, in terms of overall packaging materials, packaging mostly used cartons, plastics, iron boxes and textiles, of which cartons is the most commonly used material. For consumers, the product’s packaging design will first be noticed in a store in the aim to attract consumers, and a good packaging design can highlight the importance of products. This study is based on two experiments color box design of the computer mouse and best visual effect of the packaging design of computer mouse. From the results of the color box design experiment, we concluded that yellow and red packages are the most commonly used, followed by black, while green is the least used. From the results of the best visual effects packaging design experiment, the visual effect on transparent window design of 60%:60% (114 mm × 90 mm) is considered to be ideally suited for the computer mouse, whereas the visual effect on transparent window packaging design of 75%:75% (127 mm × 75 mm) is considered to be very unsuitable.

Objective To assess the accuracy of contrast-enhanced EUS in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pancreatic masses. Methods We systematically searched the Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Trials, CNKI and VIP databases for relevant studies published. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta-Disc （version 1.4） software was used to perform this meta-analysis for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio （LR）, and negative LR. Pooling results were derived by using the fixed-effect model when significant heterogeneity was not present. The random-effect model was applied otherwise. A summary receiver-operating characteristic （SROC） curve was constructed. Furthermore, to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity, we used meta-regression to estimate the effect of the following characteristics of the studies on the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced EUS. In addition, the outliers were identified with the method described by Deville and a subgroup analysis was performed by excluding the outliers. We used Stata statistical software （version 10. 0） to assess the publication bias with the Begg-Mazumdar indictor and HarbordEgger indictor. Results Twelve studies involving 1139 patients were included. The pooled sensitivity ofcontrast-enhanced EUS for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses was 94% （95% CI, O. 91 ～0. 95）, the specificity was 89% （95% CI, O. 85 ～0. 92）, the positive LR was 8.09 （95% CI, 4. 47 ～ 14. 64）, and the negative LR was 0, 08 （95% CI, O. 06 ～ 0. 10）. The area under the curve （AUC） under SROC was 0. 9732 （ SE = 0.02）. The subgroup analysis by excluding two outliers provided a sensitivity of 93 % （95% C1, O. 91～0. 95） and a specificity of 93% （95% C1, O. 89～0. 95）. Additionally, the subgroup analysis showed that the heterogeneities were eliminated in pooled estimates when the outliers were excluded and the AUC under SROC was 0. 9745 （SE = 0. 02）. Moreover, no significant publication bias was found with the Begg-Mazumdar indictor （ P = 0.244） or the Harbord-Egger indictor （ P = 0.442 ）. Conclusion Contrastenhanced EUS is a valuable method in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses. Key words: Endoscopic ultrasonography ; Image enhancement ; Pancreatic neoplasms ; Meta-analysis