The method of determining the plants phytoindicator traits adaptive changes coefficient

10 - Adaptive capacity and potential in the mechanisms of development

To perform comparative analysis and generalization of experimental study results in preventive action of drinking sulfate MW on developing adaptive intracellular reactions in neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, pineal cells of epiphysis and thymocytes of thymus in radiation exposure to rats. Experiments were conducted on 28 non-linear male rats with a weight of 220-250 gr. The animals of experimental group received drinking sulfate MW with magnesium and calcium (2.6 g/l sulfate concentration, 4.0 g/l mineralization), the animals of control group received main water instead of sulfate MW; intact animals, which were not exposed, were also used. MW and main water were administered to rats intragastrically through a needle with olive at the end by 3 ml once per day for 21 days. The animals of experimental and control groups were irradiated once on «GUBE» apparatus (Institute of General Genetics of the RAS) by 60Co gamma-rays in dosage of 2 Gy (0.66 Gy/min dosage rate) after watering course. Animals killing was carried out by decapitation 1 month after radiation exposure. The following methods of examination were used: transmission electronic microscopy (study of ultrastructures in neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and in pineal cells of epiphysis), biochemical and morphofunctional analysis (study of chromatin in thymocytes nuclei using acridine orange, nuclei quantity and their genome activity), morphometry. Preventive use of drinking sulfate MW had a cytoprotective effect, which was manifested in the reduction of postradiation damages intensity in studied organs, enhancement of adaptive reactions in the form of increased stability of membranes and cellular structures. The higher level of preventive adaptation and resistance to radiation has been found in neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, lower - in cells of the epiphysis and thymus. These adaptive changes were caused by antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing and immunomodulating effects of MW on different regulatory and functional systems of the body, as well as on membrane structures of cells directly. The revealed adaptive changes developing in cells of the hypothalamus, epiphysis and thymus in preventive action of MW increase the resistance of integral (neuroimmunohormonal) regulation mechanisms, enhance their interaction that contributes to a more adequate and coordinated activity of these organs. Drinking sulfate MW has a wide range of possibilities in preventing radiation damages not only in effector organs, but also in central organs of homeostasis regulation. Drinking sulfate MW should be combined with other adaptogenic factors that have a mild stimulating action in order to increase its effectiveness. The obtained data can be used for developing new modern methods to prevent postradiation damages, as well as principles of adaptive processes regulation (management) using therapeutic physical factors.

Adaptive capacity and local-level fisheries co-management activities: A case of South Korea

Effects of temperature and temperature acclimation on the motor and neural functions in the crayfish Astacus astacus L

Recent climate change is altering the migratory behaviour of many bird species. An advancement in the timing of spring events and a shift in the geographical distribution have been detected for birds around the world. In particular, intra-Palearctic migratory birds have advanced arrivals in spring and shortened migratory distances by shifting northward their wintering grounds. These changes in migratory patterns are considered adaptive responses facilitating the adjustment of the life cycle to the phenological changes found in their breeding areas. However, in some cases, populations exposed to the same selective pressures do not show any appreciable adaptive change in their behaviour. Basing on the comparison of realized and non-realized adaptive changes, I propose here the formulation of a qualitative model that predicts the potential of migratory birds populations to change adaptively their migratory behaviour. The model assumes that the adaptive potential of migratory behaviour is fuelled by both genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. Populations of long-distance migrants are exposed to strong environmental canalization that largely eroded their phenotypic plasticity and reduced genetic variability, so that they show a very low amount of adaptive potential regarding migratory behaviour. On the contrary, partial-migrant populations have a highly varied genetic profile and are more plastic at the phenotypic level, and consequently show the highest amount of adaptive potential. Species with mainly social and mainly genetic determination of the migratory behaviour are separately treated in the model. Specific empirical models to foresee the adaptive strategies of wild bird populations that face to climate change can be derived from the general theoretical model. As example, a specific model about the shortening of migratory distances in Western European migratory bird is presented. Finally, a number of future research lines on the topic of adaptive potential of migratory behaviour are discussed, including some examples of concrete study cases. In conclusion, partial-migration emerge as the less known system and future research efforts on this topic are expected to be especially fruitful.

It is now globally accepted that climate change has emerged as one of the key environmental threats impacting the sustainability of livelihoods for both rural and urban populations, particularly in developing countries of the South. However, both the rural and urban residents in Zimbabwe are not passive actors but are actively involved in identifying different ways to build their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. This study examines differences in climate change awareness between rural and urban households in Zimbabwe and explores how these perceptions influence adaptation strategies. Thus, understanding the awareness and perceptions of both rural and urban dwellers is a crucial step in developing more transformative and transgressive responses to the impacts of climate change. The study established a significant correlation between climate change awareness of communities and the nature of adaptation they embarked on. This paper argues that communities with information and knowledge about climate change exhibit better adaptation strategies compared to those with less awareness of climate change. It is thus recommended that institutional frameworks and climate change policies, as well as approaches, be developed to improve awareness through education, awareness campaigns, and media outreach, promoting their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change-induced hazards.

Histologic changes associated with the Herbst appliance in adult rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta)

This paper describes a comparative study of four different cases on vulnerability, hazards and adaptive capacity to climate threats in coastal areas and communities in four developing countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon and Uruguay. Coastal areas are vulnerable to sea-level rise (SLR), storm surges and flooding due to their (i) exposure, (ii) concentration of settlements, many of which occupied by less advantaged groups and (iii) the concentration of assets and services seen in these areas. The objective of the paper is twofold: (i) to evaluate current evidence of coastal vulnerability and adaptive capacity and (ii) to compare adaptation strategies being implemented in a sample of developing countries, focusing on successful ones. The followed approach for the case evaluation is based on (i) documenting observed threats and damages, (ii) using indicators of physical and socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptive capacity status and (iii) selecting examples of successful responses. Major conclusions based on cross-case comparison are (a) the studied countries show different vulnerability, adaptive capacity and implementation of responses, (b) innovative community-based (CBA) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and (c) early warning systems are key approaches and tools to foster climate resilience. A recommendation to foster the resilience of coastal communities and services is that efforts in innovative adaptation strategies to sea-level rise should be intensified and integrated with climate risk management within the national adaption plans (NAPAs) in order to reduce the impacts of hazards.

Social prescribing involves trusted individuals in clinical and community settings identifying non-medical, health-related social needs and connecting people to community-based supports through a collaboratively developed social prescription. Social prescribing operates within a dynamic, complex adaptive system, making evaluation challenging. This study presents two Australian case studies of co-designed social prescribing programs—Connect Local in Melbourne and Spark in Adelaide—to examine how evaluation can be conceptualized and implemented. Rather than focusing on program delivery, these case studies are used to interrogate the processes, methodological challenges, and system conditions that shape how impact is understood. The evaluation challenges for both initiatives included shared complexities: the need to balance meaningful data collection with individual and community preferences; measuring impact to meet the needs of interest holders; and the evolution of the contexts in which the programs are delivered and their influence on what constitutes ‘success.’ Analyzing the two case studies against assumptions of linear, simple systems highlighted that a shift in how evaluation is conceptualized and undertaken is required. Impacts were not static, discrete, measurable outputs, but dynamic processes shaped by relationships, shared meaning-making, and adaptive capacity. Conventional evaluation frameworks centered on linear logic models and fixed indicators do not effectively capture impacts driven by relationships, community capacity, and adaptive change. Therefore, program success must be reframed as an emergent presence in which outcomes unfold through interactions between individuals, organizations, and wider systems. This study argues for a shift from milestone-based models to ongoing stewardship-oriented approaches that prioritize monitoring patterns, relationships, and adaptive responses. Indicators may need to shift from static quantitative measures to relational indicators that reflect relationship alignment, coherence of working practices, and growth within the networks and relationships. The question this research poses is: How can evaluators identify and track indicators that remain meaningful when both the context and intervention are evolving, and thereby the outcomes are also changing? By examining the evaluation journeys of Connect Local and Spark, this study demonstrates the need for methodological approaches that align with complexity, center on community voice, and explain the emergent, co-constructed nature of social connection impacts.

Introduction . The labilization of lysosomal membranes with the release of a wide range of lysosomal enzymes of pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic action, which have a high hydrolytic potential, is one of the essential components of adaptive changes in cells under stress. The participation of hydrolytic enzymes of phagocytes in cellular reactions of inflammation and adaptation to cold stress in patients with asthma has been little studied. Aim . To study the activity of neutrophil hydrolases of bronchi in patients with asthma under cold-induced stress. Materials and methods. In patients with persistent asthma (n=13), lung function (FEV 1 ,%), airway response (∆FEV 1 IHCA ,%) to standard 3-minute isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air (IHCA) were determined by spirometry. The collection of induced and spontaneously produced sputum after the IHCA was carried out. The activity of acidic (AP) and alkaline (ALP) phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was detected in sputum neutrophils by cytochemical methods. The assessment of the reaction to the activity of hydrolases was carried out by the semi-quantitative Kaplow method with the distribution of cells into groups depending on the color intensity of the product formed during the interaction of the enzyme with the substrate, and the subsequent calculation of the average cytochemical index (ACI) of the enzymatic activity. Results . The baseline FEV 1 , averaged 97.9±5.3%, ∆FEV 1 IHCA -2.0 (-8.0; 2.0)%. Under the influence of a cold stimulus against the background of a mixed pattern of bronchial inflammation in patients, the following was recorded: an increase in the ACI AP of neutrophils (from 1.11±0.06 to 1.42±0.06; p˂0.01), an increase in the number of cells with an average degree of AP activity (from 23.4±1.94 to 40.1±4.30%; p˂0.01) and a decrease in the number of cells with a negative reaction to AP (from 15.1±3,58 to 5.2±2.78%; p˂0.05), a tendency to an increase in the number of neutrophils with a high degree of ATPase activity (from 3.50±2.70 to 7.22±2.64%) and ALP (from 13.7±4.22 to 15.7±3.46%). Conclusion . The activation of AP of neutrophils under cold-induced stress indicates the possibility of an increase in the acidity of the interstitium, stimulation of damage and vulnerability to cold effects of the desmo-epithelial barrier of the bronchi and is regarded as a criterion for a high risk of cold airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma patients with a mixed inflammation phenotype.

Noradrenaline (NA) has been implicated as a neuromodulator in plasticity, presumably facilitating adaptive processes. Recent experiments by others have suggested a modulatory role of NA in adaptive changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These experiments showed that general depletion of brain NA resulted in a decreased ability to produce adaptive changes in the VOR gain. In order to identify the specific brain region responsible for these effects, as well as the nature of the adrenoceptors involved, we injected beta-adrenergic substances bilaterally into the flocculus of rabbits. The flocculus is known to receive noradrenergic afferents and, moreover, ablation of the flocculus interferes strongly with the normal adaptive changes in the VOR gain. We injected the beta-agonist isoproterenol and the beta-antagonist sotalol, and compared the adaptive capacity of the rabbits after these injections to that in a situation without injection. The rabbit was oscillated in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the platform on which the rabbit was mounted, a condition which normally results in an increase in the VOR gain, measured either in light or in darkness. Injection of the beta-agonist did not greatly affect the adaptation of the VOR measured in the light. In darkness, the increase in gain after the injection of isoproterenol was larger than in the non-injection experiments in 9 out of 10 rabbits. The beta-antagonist sotalol reduced the adaptation of the VOR gain significantly in the light, as well as in darkness. In a control condition without pressure for adaptation (only intermittent testing of the VOR gain over a period of 2.5 h), the gain of the VOR either remained unaffected or was only slightly affected by similar injections of beta-adrenergic agents in individual rabbits. For the group as a whole, these effects were insignificant. We conclude from these results that noradrenergic systems facilitate the adaptation of the VOR gain to retinal slip in rabbits, without affecting the VOR gain directly. At least part of this influence is exerted through beta-receptors located in the cerebellar flocculus.

The extent to which populations will successfully adapt to continued warming temperatures will be a crucial factor in determining future health burdens. Previous health impact assessments of future temperature-related mortality burdens mostly disregard adaptation or make simplistic assumptions. We apply a novel evidence-based approach to model adaptation that takes into account the fact that adaptation potential is likely to vary at different temperatures. Temporal changes in age-specific mortality risk associated with low and high temperatures were characterised for Scotland between 1974 and 2018 using temperature-specific RR ratios to reflect past changes in adaptive capacity. Three scenarios of future adaption were constructed consistent with the SSPs. These adaptation projections were combined with climate and population projections to estimate the mortality burdens attributable to high (above the 90th percentile of the historical temperature distribution) and low (below the 10th percentile) temperatures up to 2080 under five RCP-SSP scenarios. A decomposition analysis was conducted to attribute the change in the mortality burden into adaptation, climate and population. In 1980–2000, the heat burden (21 deaths/year) was smaller than the colder burden (312 deaths/year). In the 2060–2080 period, the heat burden was projected to be the highest under RCP8.5-SSP5 (1285 deaths/year), and the cold burden was the highest under RCP4.5-SSP4 (320 deaths/year). The net burden was lowest under RCP2.6-SSP1 and highest under RCP8.5-SSP5. Improvements in adaptation was the largest factor reducing the cold burden under RCP2.6-SSP1 whilst temperature increase was the biggest factor contributing to the high heat burdens under RCP8.5-SSP5. Ambient heat will become a more important health determinant than cold in Scotland under all climate change and socio-economic scenarios. Adaptive capacity will not fully counter projected increases in heat deaths, underscoring the need for more ambitious climate mitigation measures for Scotland and elsewhere.

Long-term development of transition hardwood and Pinus strobus - Quercus mixedwood forests with implications for future adaptation and mitigation potential

Climate-related risks in Central and South America have received increased attention and concern in science and policy, but an up-to-date comprehensive review and synthesis of risks and adaptation potential is currently missing. For this paper we evaluated over 200 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents published since 2012. We found that climate change in Central and South America during the 21st century may increase the risk to severe levels for the following topical risk clusters: (a) Food insecurity; (b) Floods and landslides; (c) Water scarcity; (d) Epidemics of vector-borne diseases; (e) Amazon Forest biome shift; (f). Coral bleaching; (g) Coastal risks of sea level rise, storm surges and erosion; (h) Systemic failure due to cascading impacts of hazards and epidemics. Our synthesis also identified feasible adaptation measures for each risk. The impacts of the risks will be heterogeneous throughout the region, with rural communities, Indigenous peoples, Afro-Latin Americans, women, disabled people, and migrants identified as being the most severely affected. We refer to a number of adaptation options for each risk. However, unabated climate change together with low adaptive capacity will strictly limit adaptation options. Immediate strengthening of policies for building adaptive capacity and increase of research on the risk-adaptation nexus in Central and South America are paramount. Our findings might contribute to guide the adjustment and emphasis of adaptation policies and climate risk management strategies from local to national level.

In the modern reality children and adolescents who find themselves in difficult life situations face many stress factors, which cause significant tension and rapid exhaustion of their adaptive reserves. The aim of this research is to study the level of formation of biomedical and psychological components of adaptive capacity of orphans and the correlations between these parameters. The following tasks were set: Analyze the structure of the incidence of children and adolescents living in social type institutions. Estimate the level of physiological and psychological adaptive potential of this kind of children. Determine the relationship between the physiological and psychological components of the adaptive potential. The research involved in total 30 children staying in social institutions in the city Azov, the Azov district of the Rostov region at the age of 9–13 years old – 14 person and at the age of 14–17 years old – 16 person. During this research, we came to the following conclusions: 1. For modern children and adolescents staying in institutions of a social type, a high level of general morbidity and a tendency to chronization of somatic diseases are characteristic; 2. A low-level of functional reserves of organisms of pupils staying in institutions of a social type is formed due to the high excitability of nervous processes, supported by sympathetic activation; — Children’s reactions are characterized by redundancy of vegetative response in reply to various incentives (psychoemotional or physical) and, as a rule, inadequacy of vegetative support of physical or mental activity; 3. Most of children and adolescents under study showed cognitive distortions with the formation of either a victim position or aggressive self-assertion, which in both cases leads to a decrease in adaptive potential; 4. A weak nervous system predisposes to the consolidation of such personal qualities as emotional vulnerability and sensitivity, while a strong nervous system contributes to the formation of an overly active struggle for self-affirmation in orphans; 5. Revealed correlations between the basic convictions of children and such components of the adaptive personal potential as neuropsychic stability, communicative potential and moral normativity. In connection with the above outlined, it is planned to create an algorithm for express diagnostics of maladjustment degree of children and adolescents and the selection of a complex for their medical, psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation.