The T9000 transputer

The article discusses ways to optimize the performance of information communication systems, which includes increasing spectral efficiency and reliability while minimizing delay and energy consumption due to the full integration of communication and scanning services. The functioning algorithm of the integrated scanning and communication system and the organization scheme of the communication mode using the scanning process based on the proposed generalized model of the integrated scanning and data transmission system are considered. Ways to improve the efficiency of telecommunication systems due to the joint use of communication and scanning tools with the best compromise between scanning characteristics and the bandwidth of the transmission channel are considered. Peculiarities of improving wireless communication systems with regard to high data transfer rates, low latency and wide connection possibilities are studied. In particular, access to other system functions, such as scanning/visualization and localization, is justified. Due to the considered innovative applications, the possibility of increasing the performance of the integrated wireless scanning and communication system (ISAC) is determined. The researched positioning process in 5G is proposed to be expanded due to additional detection functions, in particular with the use of new metrics such as accuracy and resolution. New KPIs in 6G networks are considered, replacing the KPI of positioning accuracy in 5G. As a result, key performance indicators based on different application scenarios are proposed, the accuracy of which should be from 1 to 10 cm, and the resolution should be up to 1 mm. The potential of the new ISAC technology was investigated, in particular, the features of the coexistence of communication and scanning modules in an integrated solution at the system level and methods of increasing the efficiency of coexistence at the system level were considered; justification of a positive result from an integrated system solution for communication and scanning services; advantages and disadvantages of existing communication and scanning systems with implemented integration at the system level. The obtained results of research on the integration of communication and scanning means, in particular: the analysis of the performance of generalized ISAC networks and the conclusions about the fundamental limits of performance obtained for a simple structure made it possible to determine the best compromise between the characteristics of scanning and the bandwidth of the communication channel, provided an opportunity to create practical schemes, which approximate a compromise of waveforms, coding tables, structures and protocols.

In order to satisfy the requirement of high speed and real-time processing for 1000-unit class adaptive optics(AO) system in telescope and free space laser communication system, a generic high speed and real-time processing platform on one board is proposed. Multi-core center processing unit(CPU) is arranged for wave-front real-time computing, combined with high speed frame-grabber, to achieve the purpose of high frame-frequency.Xenomai real-time operation system combined with Linux operation system is used to satisfy the requirement of low latency. A compact real-time controller is assembled in one computer. Computing power of 51 giga floatingpoint operations per second(GFLOPS) and communication band-width of 102 GB/s are achieved in a computer with 6-core, via vector instruction optimization and processing in parallel with multi-core CPU. The emulation result shows that processing frequency can be up to 2000 Hz for 1145-unit AO system with 949 sub-apertures, and the delay is below 240 ms. This processor is introduced to AO system for laser communication via adjusting the parameters, and Strehl ratio of 0.61 is achieved after correction. This indicates the scheme can satisfy the requirement of high speed and low latency for AO system with actuators below 1145 unit, with the merit of general purpose.

This paper presents a new structure of DRAM, using two-transistor cell. The most important advantages of this structure are: a) High speed read, write and refresh operation b) low data access latency c) low power consumption compared to other structures d) each write/refresh operation can be carried out just in one cycle and e) no need to special process and compatible with standard digital process.

High reliability and low latency are crucial requirements for vehicular safety applications. We have previously proposed a media access control (MAC) protocol for a roadside-to-vehicle communication (RVC) system using narrow antenna beam switching with multiple antenna beams to increase reliability even in a shadowing region. In this paper, we describe transmission performance evaluation of an RVC system with antenna beam switching based on a traffic flow model using computer simulation. Simulation results show that our proposed technique can reduce the packet error rate (PER) of the system with a single broad antenna beam in an environment where surrounding objects reflect waves.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) has many desirable features such as high data rate, better signal, and low latency which are required for modern communication systems. The LTE technology is based on an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme. For these benefits, LTE uses for the majority of communication systems that are used on civilian and military applications. Electronic Warfare (EW) researchers are interested in measuring the performance of the LTE communication systems in presence of intentional optimized jamming techniques. In this paper, the standard 3GPP (TS 36.104 v8.7.0) LTE Downlink Frequency Division Duplexer Single Input Single Output (DL FDD SISO) communication system designed on the SystemVue 2015.01 software program libraries has been used. The performance of the LTE communication system has been studied in the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel without jamming for the three available modulation types for the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) [QPSK – 16QAM – 64QAM] by swept the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) versus Bit Error Rate (BER). The effectiveness of jamming has been studied by fixed the SNR and swept the Jamming to Signal Ratio (JSR) versus BER in two different cases. Firstly, the AWGN jamming signal has been added to the AWGN channel. Secondly, the optimized jamming signal has been added to the AWGN channel. Finally, the results of the jamming signal modulation type, bandwidth, and its location in the frequency and time have been optimized.

Around 1970 Intel discovered it could put 2,000 transistorsor perhaps a few moreon a single NMOS chip. In retrospect, this may be said to mark the beginning of very large-scale integration (VLSI), ...

The SLAC RCE platform is a general purpose clustered data acquisition system implemented on a custom ATCA compliant blade, called the Cluster On Board (COB). The core of the system is the Reconfigurable Cluster Element (RCE), which is a system-on-chip design based upon the Xilinx Zynq family of FPGAs, mounted on custom COB daughter-boards. The Zynq architecture couples a dual core ARM Cortex A9 based processor with a high performance 28nm FPGA. The RCE has 12 external general purpose bi-directional high speed links, each supporting serial rates of up to 12Gbps. 8 RCE nodes are included on a COB, each with a 10Gbps connection to an on-board 24-port Ethernet switch integrated circuit. The COB is designed to be used with a standard full-mesh ATCA backplane allowing multiple RCE nodes to be tightly interconnected with minimal interconnect latency. Multiple shelves can be clustered using the front panel 10-gbps connections. The COB also supports local and inter-blade timing and trigger distribution. An experiment specific Rear Transition Module adapts the 96 high speed serial links to specific experiments and allows an experiment-specific timing and busy feedback connection. This coupling of processors with a high performance FPGA fabric in a low latency, multiple node cluster allows high speed data processing that can be easily adapted to any physics experiment. RTEMS as well as Linux are ported to the module. The RCE has been used or is the baseline for several current and proposed experiments (LCLS, HPS, LSST, ATLAS-CSC, LBNE, DarkSide, ILC-SiD, etc)

Background. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) as a service offered by fifth and sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless systems is a technological response to the needs of various mission-critical applications that require reliable data transmission with low latency. These applications also include Intelligent Transportation Systems services, which, among other things, provide connectivity and autonomous vehicle control. The combination of high reliability and low latency requirements in URLLC usage scenarios creates a security problem for URLLC data transmission that cannot be solved using conventional complex cryptographic methods based on a secret key. The article discusses in detail the approach to using physical layer security mechanisms (physical layer security - PLS) as a powerful alternative to classical cryptographic security methods for URLLC, and also proposes the application of the wire-tap channel concept in URLLC with an analysis of the efficiency that can be achieved for physical layer security. Objective. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of information security solutions in URLLC usage scenarios, as well as to propose a constructive method for information protection for reliable data transmission with low latency without the use of cryptographic mechanisms based on a secret key. Methods. Theoretical research in the field of the branch channel concept was used to create solutions that allow data protection with information-theoretic stability in URLLC usage scenarios for providing IoT, connected car and autonomous driving services. Results. The article examines in detail the data security issues in ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) as a service offered by fifth and sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless systems. It is determined that URLLC is a technological response to the needs of various critical applications that require reliable signal transmission with low latency, and among these applications are Intelligent Transportation Systems services, which, among other things, provide connectivity and autonomous vehicle control. It is shown that the combination of high reliability and low latency requirements in URLLC scenarios creates a security problem for URLLC data transmission that cannot be solved using conventional complex cryptographic methods based on a secret key. The feasibility of using physical layer security mechanisms (PLS) as a powerful alternative to classical cryptographic security methods for URLLC is substantiated. The approach to applying the concept of a wire-tap channel in URLLC is considered in detail, as well as the results that can be achieved for physical layer security, and the influence of code parameters for probabilistic cryptographic transformations in accordance with the concept of a wire-tap channel on PLS URLLC. Estimates of the effectiveness of PLS URLLC for finite block length codes are provided. Conclusions. An effective way to ensure data security for ultra-reliable low-latency physical layer link (PLS URLLC) of fifth-generation 5G wireless systems in the field of connected cars and vehicles of 4-5 levels of automation can be approaches based on the concept of a tapped channel ("wire-tap channel").

Communication underwater is severely limited when compared to communications in air because water is essentially opaque to electromagnetic radiation except in the visible band. Even in the visible band, light penetrates only a few hundred meters in the clearest waters and much less in waters made turbid by suspended sediment or high concentrations of marine life. Consequently, acoustic techniques have been developed for underwater communication systems and now represent a relatively mature and robust technology. Acoustic systems are capable of long range communication, but offer limited data rates and significant latency (due to the speed of sound in water). We are developing an optical communication system that complements and integrates with existing acoustic systems resulting in an underwater communications capability offering high data rates and low latency when within optical range combined with long range and robustness of acoustics when outside of optical range. Amongst a wide array of applications, this combination of capabilities will make it possible to operate self-powered ROVs from support vessels or platforms without requiring a physical connection to the ROV. Such a capability will help simplify operations and potentially reduce costs through the use of less capable surface vessels. New deployment strategies may offer game-changing opportunities within all areas of undersea activities. For example, rapid event response will be enhanced and repair and maintenance of the emerging ocean observatory infrastructure will become more cost effective. Such through-water communications will likewise enable exchange of large data files from fixed sensors using AUVs (or ROVs) as data mules, shuttling real-time video from untethered vehicles for inspection, identification, and other related operations. Interconnectivity for dense arrays of underwater sensors without the need for expensive and difficult to install undersea cables is also possible. An unmanned battery operated vehicle, dedicated to a subsea node, that can be wirelessly operated though a combination of acoustic and optical communications, will be an important asset for both scientific exploration and commercial applications. We have demonstrated robust multi-point, low power omnidirectional optical communications over ranges of 100 meters at data rates up to 10 mega bits per second using a few tens of Watts of battery power with small, inexpensive transmitters and receivers. During the next few years, we will be exploring applications of this new technology directly in support of ongoing science and engineering programs. High-speed underwater optical communication is an enabling technology that has many potential applications in a range of environments from the deep sea to coastal waters. This development effort will enhance infrastructure for scientific research and commercial use by providing technology to efficiently communicate between surface vessels, underwater vehicles and seafloor infrastructure.

Aurora protocol is a high-speed serial communication protocol with characteristics such as high speed, low latency, open source and free. It is widely used in application fields that require a large amount of data transmission. However, Aurora communication systems also has the problem of data loss, making flow control a challenge; This paper analyzes the problem of data loss, finds out the root cause, and designs an NFC(Native Flow Control) system for the Aurora protocol. The system uses AXI4-Stream bus for communication and solves the problem by controlling the Aurora module to send NFC PAUSE code at the sending end. At the same time, by setting a reasonable upper limit value in the flow control program, the problem of data loss caused by NFC Latency is solved, and effective flow control is achieved.

In the fifth-generation communication system, secured and reliable data packets will rely on the network with high availability and low latency. The 5G network enables the dynamic control of nodes with low latency. Ultra-reliability is one of the challenging tasks in software-defined networks. The ultra-reliability feature is an interface working with high availability and low latency that brings in fifth-generation networks. The Internet of Things will work in the societies so that it required ultra-reliability features to empower the peoples as well as machines for collaborating with their neSoftware Defined Networksighbors. The connections among ultra-reliability networks are extremely hard situations to keep low packets corruption. The Software Defined Networks (SDN) will provide a platform for measuring, controlling, monitoring and scaling the smart objects in reality or virtually. Virtualization enables IT, specialists, to combine or separate the considerable networking or create new programmable networking among virtual machines. In this article, the authors are reviewed the architecture of SDN based on virtualization under the umbrella of 5G networks.

Over the years, system on chip (SoC) designs have evolved extensively sophisticated in order to fulfil the need of increasing complexity of running applications driven by the advancement of VLSI technology. The next generation multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC) integrates hundreds of processing elements on a single chip, expected to achieve high performance, low latency, and low-power consumption. Tiled chip multicore processors (TCMP) with network on chip (NoC) have become a foundation for the computation critical embedded and real-time systems. Faster time-to-market restraint and business competition compelled manufacturers to look for the prospects of manufacturing SoCs integrated with various third party intellectual property (3PIP). Usage of 3PIP gave rise to exploit the underlying interconnect while adding some unwanted malicious circuit known as hardware trojan (HT), making NoC vulnerable to get attacked. A tiniest manipulation of any communication attribute by HT can degrade the overall behaviour of the system significantly while impacting NoC performance metrics. In this paper, we present one of such study considering HT malign behaviour of manipulating the output port of each incoming flit from specific ports once genuine route computation takes place and re-directs all to one port causing disruption in tile communication.The proposed HT is intermittent in nature and activates for few cycles. We study the behaviour of proposed confluence attack and analyze its impact over network level. The empirical evaluation exhibits the misbehaviour of the packet communication in terms of wrong usage of VCs and extra hop distance overhead. To validate the proposed work, various performance metrics like buffer utilization, virtual channel utilization, number of flits processed, link utilization, and the like are analyzed. We also show that such HTs are difficult to detect due to marginal increase at malicious port traffic leaving no trace of malicious conduct.

A channel utility value computing CUVC algorithm is proposed. The channel utility value contains channel usage probability and channel stability. A high reliability and low latency wireless link weight computing algorithm RL2W is proposed. On this basis, a high reliability and low latency routing and spectrum allocation algorithm based on dynamic programming in cognitive wireless mesh networks HRL2A is proposed. High reliability and low latency route is the objective of HRL2A. Firstly, HRL2A computes the channel utility value using CUVC for constructing the high reliability route. Secondly, HRL2A uses the algorithm RL2W computing wireless link weight. Thirdly, the route of high reliability and low latency is constructed based on dynamic programming, and the wireless link channel is allocated. Simulation results show that HRL2A algorithm can achieve expectation goal. The construction route not only has higher reliability, but also has lower latency. The throughput has been increased.

Background: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processor is the important method in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. Split-Radix Fast Fourier Transform (SRFFT) estimates the least number of multiplications compared to other FFT algorithm; hence SRFFT is the best for the implementation of low power FFT processor. Methods: In this paper, the proposed “pipelined 32-point Split-Radix Multi-path Delay Commutator (SFMDC) FFT” architecture is designed. The MDC architecture has advantages in reducing the low chip area and lower power consumption. The SR-FFT algorithm has changing the numbers of butterfly elements in successive stages. The 32-point SR-MDC FFT architecture is to determine the frequency transformation techniques. The Split-Radix FFT algorithm is based on radix-2 and radix-4 algorithm and it is related to mixed radix FFT. Findings: The performance evaluation of proposed architecture is determined through VLSI System. Less area, low power consumption and high speed are the main parameters in this design. The proposed structure provides high throughput rate and low hardware complexity. Improvements: The goal of this proposed work is to reduce the slices and LUTs and power consumption and also to enhance the performances of the FFT processor than the existing method. The proposed method has been evaluated by using ModelSim 6.3C and synthesis results has been validated by using Xilinx Plan ahead 12.4.

The optical network-on-chip (ONoC) has the advantages of high bandwidth, low latency and high performance, so it has gradually become a research hotspot of on-chip communication systems. The in-depth research on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology has further improved the bandwidth of on-chip communication. What follows is the influence of the crosstalk noise which is inevitable because of the structure and material of the optical device itself. Crosstalk noise has become an important factor restricting the on-chip technology of the optical interconnect. A five-port WDM-based optical router named Nerx with high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is proposed in this paper for reducing the insertion loss and crosstalk noise. Nerx uses fewer optical switch elements and guarantees the connectivity between any two ports. Compared with Crux and Crossbar optical routers, experiments show that Nerx can achieve 20 optical channels and has a 5.6 dB improvement in average OSNR.