Three recommended inclusive language guidelines for scholarly publishing: Words matter

Open AccessCCS ChemistryMINI REVIEW1 Mar 2022Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Assisted Metallo-Supramolecular Chemistry Heng Wang, Chenxing Guo and Xiaopeng Li Heng Wang College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518073 Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055 , Chenxing Guo College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518073 and Xiaopeng Li *Corresponding author: E-mail Address: [email protected] College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518073 Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055 https://doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.021.202101408 SectionsAboutAbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Metallo-supramolecular chemistry based on the reversible, directional, and predictable noncovalent interaction of metal–ligand coordination has been widely applied in constructing a myriad of two- and three-dimensional supramolecules with sophisticated structures. The development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry highly relies on facile characterization methods. For advancement of structural complexity with desired functions, however, conventional crystallographic and spectroscopic characterizations are limited by crystal growth, sample purity, and severe signal overlaps. With high sensitivity and low requirement for purity, multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS), including electrospray ionization-MS (ESI-MS), tandem MS (MS2), and ion mobility-MS (IM-MS), is emerging as an essential analytical tool for characterization of the chemical compositions, connectivity, stability, shape, and size of metallo-supramolecules, as well as kinetic and thermodynamic features of self-assembly processes. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the recent development of multidimensional MS in metallo-supramolecular characterization and discusses how ESI-MS, MS2, and IM-MS assist the development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry. Download figure Download PowerPoint Introduction Supramolecular self-assembly, inspired by the precise organization of bio-macromolecules in living systems, allows for the spontaneous formation of ordered complexes from a chaos state.1 Among various noncovalent driving forces, metal–ligand coordination plays a vital role in the self-assembly of structurally and functionally sophisticated metallo-supramolecules, benefitting from the high directionality and predictable feature of coordination bonds.2–6 As a result, metallo-supramolecular chemistry has witnessed an explosion in constructing a myriad of artificial supramolecular architectures, including polygons,7–11 knots,12–15 links,16–19 fractals,20–22 as well as Platonic,23–27 Archimedean,28–34 Goldenberg polyhedrons,35,36 and so on. And these complexes show great potentials among different fields, including catalysis,37–46 nano-electronics,47,48 stabilization of air- or water-sensitive molecules,49–51 disease diagnosis and therapy,52–57 and so on. Furthermore, various delicate assembling approaches, inter alia, directional bonding,2 symmetry interactions,58 molecular paneling,59 and sub-components,60 have been developed to assist the exploration of metallo-supramolecular chemistry. Compared to the flourish of self-assembly strategies, however, the lack of efficient characterization methods always limits the investigation of assembled complexes at equilibrium and the kinetic details of self-assembly processes in solution because of the weak interaction and dynamic nature of metallo-supramolecules. Among the conventional characterizations of metallo-supramolecules, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) is a powerful and direct method that allows for detailed structural information at the atomic level.61 However, it remains a formidable challenge to obtain high-quality single crystals, particularly for metallo-supramolecules with large voids filled by disordered solvent molecules or counterions. In addition, the refinement of the crystal structures for large metallo-supramolecules is difficult because the current crystal refinement approaches were mainly developed for small molecules. Apart from those issues the structural information obtained through SC-XRD in solid phase may not correlate with the study of metallo-supramolecular systems in solution or gas phase. Another well-established characterization method is NMR spectroscopy, whereby various nuclei in metallo-supramolecular systems, such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P, and so on can be detected, allowing the chemical environment of these nuclei in metallo-supramolecules to be elucidated.62,63 Through two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopic techniques, for example, 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), diverse structural information about the metallo-supramolecules can be further obtained, including metal–ligand coordinations, geometric distributions of nuclei, and details of the size and shape of assembled architectures. However, the application of NMR is also limited in analyzing samples with low purity, severe overlapping signals, or those containing paramagnetic metal ions. As complementary characterization techniques, various microscopic methods, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), directly image the analytes. AFM and STM, in which tips probe the surface of the target molecules on substrates, reveal the size and shape of an individual molecule64 and distinguish the metal ions by using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS).65 However, high image resolution relies on sharp tips, as well as high-quality samples without impurities, severe aggregations, or dissociations of the target supramolecules. TEM uses electrons as the "probe" and can offer atomic resolution of the entire molecular structure assisted by computer-assisted three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques.66 Unfortunately, in addition to the challenges of preparing a high-quality sample, TEM also suffers from the intrinsic instability of metallo-supramolecules under electron beam or during sample preparation. The mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) information of the intact metallo-supramolecular ions obtained by mass spectrometry (MS) measurements in the gas phase enables the determination of the chemical composition of analytes. Furthermore, MS characterization provides higher sensitivity but a lower sample purity requirement than crystallographic analysis and NMR. Such features along with high analytical speed make it possible to monitor the dynamic process of self-assembly before the system in question reaches equilibrium. Thus, MS is emerging as an essential analytical tool for determining structures and monitoring reaction processes. However, traditional MS approaches also suffer from the fragmentation of metallo-supramolecules bound by weak coordination interaction even when a soft ionization method, that is, electrospray ionization (ESI), is applied. Cold-spray ionization (CSI),67 equipped with an ESI source cooled by liquid nitrogen, was used to overcome the problem by lowering the internal energy gained during the ionization. Due to the labile connectivity, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) could cause very severe fragmentation and thus is not preferred for the characterization of metallo-supramolecules. In addition to the m/z information obtained from MS, tandem MS (MS2) and ion mobility-MS (IM-MS) can elucidate more detailed information of the analytes. First, as a controllable fragmentation technique, MS2 offers deeper insight into the analytes, such as the information about the stability and connectivity of the structures. Furthermore, as an orthogonal in situ separation method, IM-MS can identify different species with the same m/z; more importantly, it provides structural information in terms of the shape and size of selected ions. During the past two decades, multidimensional MS with the combination of MS, IM-MS, and MS2 has played an important role in the development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry. Here, we discuss how ESI-MS, MS2, and IM-MS can be applied in (1) determining chemical compositions, connectivity, shape, and size of metallo-supramolecules, (2) distinguishing the isomers and by-products present in a dynamic combinatorial library, and (3) investigating kinetic and thermodynamic features of self-assembly processes. More importantly, we anticipate that multidimensional MS would not only act as an analytical method, but also serve as a powerful tool to assist the design of next-generation metallo-supramolecules, and even advance the development of new synthetic strategies. ESI-MS Studies Charged coordination complexes are ideal analytes for ESI-MS studies because of the easy-to-ionize feature of these supramolecules in which the counterions are readily stripped off, especially in polar and volatile solvents. Another advantage of ESI-MS is its intrinsic capability of reducing the signals corresponding to the multiply charged analytes with high molar mass (<104 Da) to the mass range of the conventional mass analyzers, since it only measures the m/z values of these ensembles. Consequently, a series of peaks is usually observed, representing different charge states of the same intact analyte through successive loss of counterions. To minimize the fragmentation during ionization, it is crucial to ionize the fragile analytes under mild conditions, including careful selection of the focusing and ionization voltages, low operation temperature, and fast ion extraction process through increasing source pressure (or a low vacuum).68 Additionally, highly concentrated metallo-supramolecular samples are often required to inhibit the potential entropy-driven dissociation in solution, although the ESI source needs more extensive cleaning after each measurement. Without annoying fragmentation, ESI-MS is suitable for detecting the chemical compositions of the ionic species in the metallo-supramolecular analytes, as well as providing information regarding the following aspects of the self-assembly: (1) fast screening the assembled structures; (2) monitoring the dynamic processes during the self-assembly; and (3) detecting the minor products to guide further design. Acting as a fast-screening characterization approach for the self-assembly Fast screening of the analytes' structural information by ESI-MS does not require extensive purification processes that are otherwise inevitable for NMR measurement and single-crystal growth. In most cases, after simply removing the inorganic salts to reduce ion suppression, the resulting sample solution is ready for direct measurement. With careful control of stoichiometry, the solution containing the self-assembled species can be directly subjected to ESI-MS without any further purification. Additionally, its capability of detecting m/z values enables the characterization of multiple assemblies with different numbers of building blocks, paramagnetic metallo-supramolecular analytes, and host–guest adducts. Therefore, ESI-MS could serve as a complementary or even superior method to perform structural characterization compared to NMR. The first example showcasing the fast screening by ESI-MS is the characterization of different generations of metallo-dendrimers S1/ S2 (Figure 1a) comprised of polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes reported by Kirsch-De Mesmaeker et al.69 ESI-MS directly generated clear and simple patterns that allowed the unambiguous determination of the chemical formula, whereas the other spectroscopic characterization just provided nonconclusive data (Figure 1b). Second, in the characterization of metallo-macrocycles reported by Newkome and co-workers,701H NMR gave very similar chemical shifts for the hexagon, octagon, and decagon ( S3- S5) assembled from the Ru(II)-connected bitopic 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl (TPY) subunit L3 (Figure 1c) because of the similar symmetry and chemical environments of the detected protons. In contrast, these analogs with distinct molar mass were unambiguously identified by ESI-MS, where three distinct sets of peaks were detected (Figures 1d and 1e).70 Figure 1 | ESI-MS acting as a fast-screening approach for the preparation of (a and b) metallo-dendrimers comprised of polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes S2 and its corresponding ESI-MS spectrum; (c–e) TPY-Ru(II)/Fe(II)-based metallo-hexagon S3, -octagon S4, and -decagon S5 with corresponding 1H NMR spectra and ESI-MS spectra; (f–h) self-assembly of supramolecular fractals S6 based on the metal complexation between a TPY-based ligand and paramagnetic metal ions with corresponding 1H NMR and ESI-MS spectrum of the Co(II) complex (S6-Co). (a and b) Adapted with permission from ref 69. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society. (c–e) Adapted with permission from ref 70. Copyright 2011 Wiley-VCH. (f–h) Adapted with permission from ref 71. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. Download figure Download PowerPoint Metallo-supramolecules containing paramagnetic transition metal ions with unpaired electrons remain a formidable challenge for NMR characterization. In contrast, ESI-MS has no problem characterizing these samples. For example, Shionoya et al.25 constructed a series of metallo-supramolecular octahedra by mixing a tritopic pyridinyl building block with different transition metal ions. ESI-MS spectra of the paramagnetic analytes containing Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) ions clearly showed a dominant set of peaks ascribed to the designed structures; whereas, NMR spectra only displayed broad peaks with limited information.25 Similarly, with the help of ESI-MS characterization, coordination-driven self-assembly based on a TPY-paramagnetic metal ion complex was applied to construct a series of supramolecular fractals reported by Li et al.,71 which not only expanded the library of metal ions for assembling TPY-based architectures but also set up an ideal platform for studying the kinetic and thermodynamic features of these metallo-supramolecules (Figures 1f–1h). When characterizing the paramagnetic Co(II) and Ni(II) cages assembled using the sub-component self-assembly strategy, the reliable ESI-MS method also played a vital role in identifying the formation of target structures.72,73 Investigation of host–guest complexation is an important subfield of metallo-supramolecular chemistry, which is related to the fundamental study of molecular recognition and the potential applications of these metal–organic containers. NMR spectroscopy is extensively applied to provide evidence for the interaction with diagnostic chemical shifts of the protons on guest molecules. However, it cannot always accurately address how many guest molecules are encapsulated in the containers. ESI-MS can properly examine the exact change in mass upon the encapsulation of the guest molecules, thus, providing an accurate m/z value for deducing the number of guest molecules. In a self-assembled M8L6 (M = the metal ion, L = the ligand) cube with porphyrin faces, Nitschke et al.74 described that large guests such as coronene and fullerene can be selectively encapsulated (Figure 2a). Compared with the complicated NMR spectra that only provided a 2:1 ratio of guests in two different environments, ESI-MS spectrum of the coronene-encapsulated cube directly provided the number of the guest molecules via deconvolution of the dominant set of peaks (Figures 2b and 2c). The ESI-MS spectrum also clearly confirmed that the cube allowed for selective encapsulation of C70, C76, C82, and C84 over C60 from the fullerene soot, as evidenced by the absence of any discernible peaks assignable to the C60-encapsulated or guest-free cube. Figure 2 | ESI-MS-based fast screening for studying the guest encapsulation of metallo-supramolecular cages. (a–c) Self-assembly of porphyrin-faced cube S8 for encapsulation of three coronene with corresponding characterization by 1H NMR and ESI-MS; (d and e) a PBI-edged tetrahedron capable of encapsulating two molecules of C60S9 and the corresponding ESI-MS spectrum; (f–h) self-assembly of a metallo-supramolecular peanut S10 for simultaneous encapsulation of one diamantane and two phenanthrenes (S11) with corresponding characterization by 1H NMR and ESI-MS. (a–c) Adapted with permission from ref 74. Copyright 2011 Wiley-VCH. (d and e) Adapted with permission from ref 76. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. (f–h) Adapted with permission from ref 83. Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. Download figure Download PowerPoint Thus, ESI-MS is also a feasible and rapid method for qualitatively studying the encapsulation selectivity of a certain metallo-supramolecule with different guests. In another example of selective encapsulation, when mixing a metallo-supramolecular tetragonal prism with a mixture of C60 and its derivatives, the selectivity could be determined qualitatively by comparing the relative abundance of the peaks corresponding to the host–guest complexes containing different guests. Among them, C60 and PCBM-C60 have higher affinity with the host than N-methylpyrrolidine-C60.75 However, it is still challenging to quantitatively determine the selectivity by ESI-MS because of the different ionization efficiency of those complexes, although the host molecules are the same. Ideally, quantitative data could be obtained if the ionization efficiencies of different complexes are calibrated. In addition to encapsulating one fullerene molecule, Würthner et al.76 applied ESI-MS to unequivocally prove the encapsulation of one or two molecules of C60 inside the cavity of perylene-bisimide (PBI) edged tetrahedron S9 (Figures 2d and 2e). Note that the C60 guest does not bear any protons so that it can only be identified by 13C NMR. Although the 13C NMR could confirm the encapsulation of the C60, it was unable to determine the number of guest molecules because conventional 13C NMR does not allow for quantitative analysis as opposed to 1H NMR. Metallo-supramolecular trigonal prisms, wherein C3-symmetrical tritopic pyridyl ligands, linear ditopic pyridyl ligands, and an end-capped Pd(II) moiety served as the base faces, pillars, and vertices, respectively, were found to be an excellent molecular container capable of encapsulating a variety of guest molecules, including, coronene,77 triphenylene,78 pyrene-4,5-dione,79,80 and metal–organic complexes.81,82 More intriguingly, the number of the encapsulated guest molecules can be precisely manipulated via tuning the length of the organic pillars. The accurate number of encapsulated guests could be unambiguously determined by ESI-MS. A more complicated situation was reported by Yoshizawa et al.83 The self-assembled metallo-supramolecular peanut S10 heteroleptically encapsulated two different types of guests, that is, one diamantane and two phenanthrenes, inside its two cavities (Figure 2f). Without an SC-XRD result or clear NMR spectrum (Figure 2g), such an unusual encapsulation was identified by ESI-MS (Figure 2h), where peaks with m/z values of the expected host–guest complex were found. Monitoring the dynamic processes for unveiling self-assembly details Metallo-supramolecules bonded via labile coordination interactions exhibit dynamic features in solution due to the dissociation and reassociation of the weak bonds. Thus, it is hard to investigate the kinetic processes by traditional characterization techniques in solution. Nevertheless, in an ESI-MS measurement, each complex ion is a separated species in gas phase. Therefore, the dynamic process is "frozen" to display the kinetic instead of thermodynamic feature of the system. As one type of dynamic process, ligand exchange involves the disassociation of a ligand from the assembled supramolecule and subsequent replacement by another ligand. Such a process is related to the coordination bond strength and the activation energies during the exchange processes. If the time scales of such dynamic exchanges are comparable for MS measurement, one should be able to study the exchange process of two kinds of pre-assembled supramolecules with distinct molar masses of ligands by MS. Once the exchange occurs, the m/z values corresponding to each possible re-assembled species as well as the initial ensembles would be different, all of which can be specifically recorded by ESI-MS measurement. For example, Fujita et al.84 reported the studies of ligand exchange between two M12L24 spheres via mixing two topologically identical spheres bearing different length of alkyl chains (–OC3H7 vs –OC6H13) and then monitoring under time-dependent ESI-MS (Figures 3a and 3b). Due to the difference in mass, all the peaks corresponding to the initial two spheres and the exchanged ones were easily identified in the spectra. Time-dependent measurements revealed a quite remarkable kinetic stability of the spheres regarding ligand exchange. The half-time for the first ligand exchange was measured to be approximately 20 days. After evaluating the ionization efficiency of two spherical supramolecules, the estimated kinetic ligand exchange rate was found to be 2 × 10−2 M−1·s−1, which is far less than the exchange rate between a free ligand with a sphere (half-time of 23 min). Therefore, the ESI-MS studies semi-quantitatively revealed that the fully closed framework slowed down the dynamic exchange processes through a cooperative effect.84 A similar method was also utilized to carefully study the dynamic nature of metallo-polygons assembled from organoplatinum motifs and pyridyl ligands with 1H/2D isotope labeling.85 In addition to the quantitative determination of the ligand exchange rates, further understanding about the kinetic processes in coordination-driven self-assembly was provided by time-dependent ESI-MS, which showed the ligand exchange rate highly depended on the experimental conditions such as temperature, solvent, and counterions. Figure 3 | ESI-MS of ligand exchange. (a) Ligand exchange between two structurally identical spheres (Pd12L724 and Pd12L824) with different alkyl chain lengths (-n-C3H7 vs -n-C6H13), and (b) the time-dependent ESI-MS spectra; (c) self-assembly of four types of supramolecular snowflakes (S12–S15) with different lengths of the ligands, and time-dependent ESI-MS spectra of the mixture of and (a and b) Adapted with permission from ref Copyright American Chemical Society. and e) with permission from ref Copyright Wiley-VCH. with permission from ref Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. Download figure Download PowerPoint In addition to the pyridyl ESI-MS also provided insight into the ligand exchange processes of metallo-supramolecular systems based on analyzing the peaks to the complexes in ESI-MS it was revealed that the exchange processes a certain of to the size and shape of the ligand via the of the structure when the Through a time-dependent ESI-MS measurement, such a was estimated in the metallo-supramolecular snowflakes with different length of ligand The exchange rate was found to directly correlate with that is, the the the ligand exchange. When = the exchange equilibrium = required for whereas = in no exchange (Figures Furthermore, the ligand exchange rate was also found to correlate with the coordination metal ion in TPY-based To quantitatively these exchange rates, different metal ions (M = were applied. of these metal ions was used to two structures with the same molecular size and shape but different molar After mixing the of pre-assembled supramolecules, time-dependent ESI-MS was utilized to the relative abundance of each After the ionization efficiency of these supramolecules, ESI-MS data provided exchange of these metallo-supramolecules at with a of Mn(II) Co(II), whereas the and fractals were found to be to the ligand exchange. The exchange rate of fractals was determined to be × M−1·s−1, which is higher than that of fractals × Monitoring the in the self-assembly processes is also a kinetic investigation that can be carefully by ESI-MS. When using NMR to monitor the complexation of ligands with or Ni(II) shifts of the peaks were observed, the of an before the formation of However, the limited information provided by NMR spectra not elucidate the ESI-MS was then used to the and the that is, linear by the m/z value of the intact Thus, ESI-MS can reveal the reaction via monitoring the Such capability was also used in monitoring the formation of a supramolecular wherein ligand and self-assembly were in a The time-dependent the of the coordination and processes (Figures and Figure | (a) The formation of supramolecular via a ligand and self-assembly (b) time-dependent ESI-MS monitoring the (b) Adapted with permission from ref Copyright American Chemical Society. Download figure Download PowerPoint With m/z values of the more details about the self-assembly processes could be allowing for deeper understanding of the assembling For in the of ligands with ions to and an with metal ion in the ligand with instead of was through ESI-MS by increasing ligand or metal Such an that the complexation to the A similar of complexation was also in other systems by ESI-MS, its ESI-MS of the species during the formation of prism with a ligand revealed the of the The ESI spectra the of self-assembly and showed the formation of the base with a Such a the design of a building block with two types of two distinct geometric that is, as base and respectively, allowing for the self-assembly of a structures to further design With the reliable m/z ESI-MS can identify the desired before other and characterization. For based on the directional an tritopic ligand was designed to metallo-supramolecules by coordination with or to the assembled could be or Unfortunately, NMR characterization because of the Nevertheless, ESI-MS provided evidence for the formation of a which the of the ligand to the of the complex for structural on

The article tries to highlight the evolution and conceptual framework of institutional repositories and their impact on the academic and scholarly circles in terms of better visibility, wider audience and earlier communication of research. The characteristics associated with the institutional repositories are also highlighted, which makes them stand out from the crowd in the family of open access scholarly platforms. The study is based on the examination and evaluation of the articles published across various peer-reviewed journals showcasing numerous dimensions of institutional repositories, ranging from their evolution to open scholarly acceptance. A preliminary search on institutional repositories was carried through two well-renowned indexing/abstracting databases of peer-reviewed literature, Clarivate Analytic’s, Web of Science and Elsevier’s Scopus. Search terms like institutional repositories, institutional research output, open access repositories, green open access, open access, open access publishing, open access initiatives, digital libraries, directory of open access repositories, open DOAR and scholarly communication were run across the databases for article retrieval, and the relevant studies were extracted accordingly. To make the study more comprehensive and current, the studies citing the retrieved articles were also consulted. The study reveals that the benefits associated with institutional repositories are manifold. They recounter users with the information which was otherwise unavailable due to the reasons ranging from the non-availability of supplementary information (like unpublished reports and working papers, multimedia and audiovisual items, learning objects, other special item types, bibliographic references, datasets, lecture notes and so forth) to the paywall/subscription models adopted by commercial channels of scholarly communication. Furthermore, the social, research and technological factors tend to be the main motivating factors for their wider acceptance by the scholarly community at global, national, organizational, and individual levels. They enhance the preservation of institutional research output with increased viewership and prestige apart from achieving a potential research impact. They, in a real sense, have abrogated the unilateral assault orchestrated by the commercial publishers on the author community by democratizing their scholarly voices via open and barrierless scholarly platforms. They are the future of the academic output of an institution/author as they perform successfully within the constitutional boundaries of scholarly and academic publishing, thus safeguarding the rights and claims of every academic actor. Given the importance of institutional repositories for a more democratic, barrierless and impactful information communication, they are for sure going beyond various scholarly circles by breaking the traditional and rigid walls of scholarly endeavours. The study presents a useful overview of the progression of the institutional repositories, their intended purpose and how they serve to fill the gaps in scholarly publishing and meet the needs of the wider academic community. The article summarizes in one place a concise overview of the use and impact of institutional repositories. The study is also an eye-opener for scholars interested in the research in the field of institutional repositories.

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The mechanisms used for scholarly publishing have remained largely unchanged over time, even as we’ve moved from a print-based world to a digital world. The scholarly communication ecosystem, however, is now undergoing a period of rapid transformation, including the introduction of new actors, new services, and increased pressure to improve the means of scholarly communication in order to meet the growing expectations of an information-rich world. Where to begin? The first question is to ask how scholarly publishing can provide the greatest benefit to global society in a sustainable way. Our two-day conversation about this question led us to the conclusion that the “black box,” monolithic model of scholarly publishing no longer serves most researchers. The most sustainable approach that best responds to the needs of authors and researchers today, and that may also pose the least amount of risk in completely disrupting the system, is disaggregated services—unbundling the products and services that publishers currently provide and letting market forces drive the development of, and demand for, a new and improved à la carte world of knowledge artifacts and knowledge management tools.OSI2016 Workshop QuestionWhat do we mean by publishing in today’s world? What should be the goals of scholarly publishing? What are the ideals to which scholarly publishing should aspire? What roles might scholarly publishers have in the future? What scenarios exist where publishers continue to play a vital role but information moves more freely? What impact might these reforms have on the health of publishers? Scholarly societies? Science research? Why?

Key points These toolkits are found to have great value for initiating discussions about diversity and antiracism in scholarly publishing and within research units. Scholarly publishers and researchers, including within universities and other research organizations, are encouraged to utilize these toolkits in their practice.

Obama Signs Act to Make More Federally Funded Research Open Access: NIH Requirement Extended to Other Agencies

Greenhouse Studios | Scholarly Communications Design at UConn is a shared venture of the School of Fine Arts, UConn Library, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Connecticut. Backed by long-term university investments of staff and space, Greenhouse Studios aims to institute on its university’s campus, and share with others involved in academic publishing, a workflow and work culture suited to the creation of multimodal scholarly communications. This article summarizes the research, undertaken with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, that informed the development of a design-based, inquiry-driven, collaboration-first model of scholarly production that places continuous, close, and equitable scholarly communications labour at the heart of its mission. The model draws together divided workflows and flattens counter-productive hierarchies that, as vestiges of print-only traditions, impede fuller realization of the possibilities offered by the diverse range of digital and hybrid forms that increasingly define the publishing landscape.

According to Robin P. Peek, co-founder of the Open Access Directory and associate professor at the Simmons Graduate School of Library and Information Science, scholarly communication through the dissemination of journals was first reported in 1665 (Peek & Newby, 1996, p. 5). However, it took 337 years for the scholarly community to formalize a global initiative declaring research a public good, with unrestricted, free access for everyone. The 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative ushered in a paradigm shift in the way scholars create and share knowledge. The launch of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) in 2003 formalized an alternative venue for scholars to publish their work. From 2004 to 2010, the number of titles listed in the DOAJ rose from 1,250 to more than 5,200(Walters & Linvill, 2010, p. 372). Today, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) continues to work as a catalyst for new models of scholarly communication, working in the fields of author rights, digital repositories, and open data.As the model of scholarly communication evolves and shifts, so too has the field of bibliometrics. The Open Citation Project, a joint NSF-JISC International Digital Libraries Research Programme funded initiative, has been analyzing citation counts in open access repositories, impact factors of open access journals, and the role of preprints in the dissemination of knowledge since 1999. The growing field of altmetrics is currently developing alternative models to traditional citation indices, such as the h-index, and beginning to study the role of Zotero and Mendeley within the context of scholarly communication. These new approaches to scholarly metrics are uncovering the broad intellectual networks contributing to a single journal article, well beyond the bibliography. As a corollary, the persistent myth of the lone scholar working in a silent, secluded office surrounded by books and articles is slowly eroding.Academic libraries have been at the center of many of these endeavors, often pushing open access initiatives on their campuses, building digital repositories, hosting Zotero workshops for faculty and students, and assisting scholars in negotiating author rights for their work. Libraries are pivotal nodes in almost every intellectual network. However, even with the development of new metrics in paratextual evaluation, the work of libraries and librarians continues to be obscured. This is because the libraries lurk in the most overlooked paratextual element: the acknowledgement.What this paper argues is that the acknowledgments are a crucial but overlooked aspect of scholarly communication and bibliometrics. Not only would a comprehensive analysis of acknowledgements provide a more accurate description of intellectual networks, further eroding the myth of the lone scholar, but it would also quantify and illuminate the importance of libraries and librarians in the scholarly communication process. As a corollary, tenure-track librarians should include research acknowledgments in tenure and promotion reports in order to demonstrate their contributions to scholarship.History of Paratextual ScholarshipThere has been a growing interest in the paratextual elements of scholarly communication in the last decade. Formal elements of documentation, footnotes and citations in particular, have become the subject of entire treatises on expressions of intellectual debt.(Grafton, 1997; Hauptman, 2008; Zerby, 2002). Marginalia, written comments or annotations in the margins of manuscripts, in addition, have been examined quite thoroughly by H.J. Jackson's Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books (Jackson, 2001). Scholars in this field have largely focused on the functional attributes of paratextual elements as expressions of intellectual debt. As Sir Anthony Grafton writes about the use of footnotes in historical scholarship, First, they persuade: they convince the reader that the historian has done an acceptable amount of work, enough to lie within the tolerance of the field. …

In this column, Mike Furlough writes about repositories from a user services perspective. His engaging and accessible article provides a fascinating history of hype, a primer on technical tools, and thoughtful reflections on the future of institutional repositories. Mike Furlough joined The Pennsylvania State University Libraries in 2006 as the assistant dean for Scholarly Communications and co-director of the Office of Digital Scholarly Publishing. Furlough's graduate training is in American Literature, but he ran away to join the University of Virginia Library, where he developed and led a number of services to support digital scholarship. He currently serves as a member of the Association of College and Research Libraries' Scholarly Communications Committee and begins editing a column on that topic for CR a vault or sepulchre. (1) Institutional repository (IR) often refers to a service that supports and encourages the deposit of student- and faculty-created materials, primarily open-access versions of research articles that have been formally published elsewhere or not at all. The early energy surrounding IRs centered on a hope that promoting open access could serve as a countermeasure to commercial publishing power and its ability to distort the market for knowledge. Taking control of our institutions' research by providing the ability to distribute this information to the world in an open-access mode seemed to be an inevitable outcome of the Internet. What follows is a brief history of IR hype. In July 2002, The Chronicle of Higher Education reported 'Superarchives' Could Hold All Scholarly Output: Online Collections by Institutions May Challenge the Role of Journal Publishers. (2) Also in 2002, a Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) position paper declared that institutional repositories--digital collections capturing and preserving the intellectual output of a single or multi-university community.... provide a critical component in reforming the system of scholarly communication--a component that expands access to research, reasserts control over scholarship by the academy, increases competition and reduces the monopoly power of journals, and brings economic relief and heightened relevance to the institutions and libraries that support them. (3) But in 2004 The Chronicle provided an update: Papers Wanted: Online Archives Run by Universities Struggle to Attract Material. (4) IRs soon became the butt of jokes, even inside the community of practitioners. In March 2006, Dorothea Salo, an institutional manager, rechristened herself in her blog. …

As a national library, the British Library aims to deliver valuable services to both individual researchers and other research institutions, including those recognised by UK Research and Innovation as ‘Independent Research Organisations’. The British Library’s Scholarly Communications Toolkit is a series of ‘quick start’ guides to important elements of scholarly communications, including open access, research data management, publishing, research impact, and copyright. While addressing internal needs, they have been developed to also meet the needs of external organisations that may not have in-house support for scholarly communications. Being openly licensed and published in multiple formats, they are easily adapted to different contexts of use. This poster outlines the British Library’s approach to supporting scholarly communications both internally and externally, and introduces the series of leaflets which will be publicly available by the date of the 2020 Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing.

We present the main conclusions, lessons learned, and recommendations of the work carried out in the COVID-19 Rapid Review Initiative, published in a detailed report (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. 17125394.v1), prepared by the Research-on-Research Institute (RoRI, http://researchonresearch.org/) in collaboration with researchers, publishers, and other scholarly communication experts. The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of an effective scholarly communication system. Traditional scholarly communication channels, particularly peer-reviewed journals, have been put under pressure to deal with Covid-19-related research in a timely way. At the same time, some alternative channels of scholarly communication have received more attention during the pandemic, partly in terms of the role they can play in easing pressure on traditional publication channels. One major alternative channel of scholarly communication is that of preprints. Preprints have become an essential part of the communication of research about Covid-19, but concerns remain about quality assurance, which is clearly associated with the recent emergence of new projects that streamline evaluative peer interactions (e.g., comments, recommendations, reviews) on Covid-19 preprints. These innovative projects center on providing a more transparent and rapid peer review process, improving the scientific publication workflow, offering different publication options to authors, and ensuring that research (Covid-19 or non-Covid-19) becomes more widely available, more transparent, and credible. Based on the lessons learned from the Covid-19 Rapid Review Initiative, we discuss the challenges and opportunities that these projects create for different stakeholders, especially researchers, publishers, funding agencies, and science policymakers, both in the Middle East and elsewhere.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging plays an essential role in disease diagnosis due to its noninvasive, painless mode and superior penetration depth. However, the resolution of the soft tissue ...

InfoMetricsFiguresRef. Analytical ChemistryVol 92/Issue 15Article This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse EditorialJuly 24, 2020Teaching Analytical Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!Lane A. BakerLane A. BakerMore by Lane A. Bakerhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-507XAnna G. CavinatoAnna G. CavinatoMore by Anna G. CavinatoOpen PDFAnalytical ChemistryCite this: Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 15, 10185–10186Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02981https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02981Published July 24, 2020 Publication History Published online 24 July 2020Published in issue 4 August 2020editorialCopyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.Analytical chemistryCross-disciplinary conceptsMaterialsStudentsTeaching and learning methodsThe best-planned syllabus was not ready for the Spring 2020 semester, and now the Fall 2020 semester approaches with a palpable sense of unease. Should we prepare for in-person, online, or hybrid teaching? – the answer is "yes". Fortunately, we have the benefit of lessons from last semester, and an understanding that no matter how we prepare, agility is a necessity. Chemical educators are working hard to develop resources and prepare contingency plans. (1) With this in mind, the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry reached out to faculty in the analytical community to discuss their views, plans for the Fall and to learn about resources, like the Analytical Sciences Digital Library (ASDL), (2) that can help.While in-person classes are preferable, remote teaching can be a manageable alternative. Synchronous delivery of lectures provides opportunities to engage students using current best-practices in teaching. Jill Robinson (Indiana University) and Tom Wenzel (Bates College) found clever routes to use active learning in their virtual classrooms. Modern video conferencing and course management systems allow for random or instructor-assigned groups in breakout rooms. Robinson used the polling tool in Zoom to assess her students' understanding of problems. When large numbers of students found a problem challenging, breakout rooms provided for lively group discussions. As assessing student understanding is key, in smaller classes, individual students report out on group discussions and compare their answers to other groups. In larger classes, a group reporter enters answers into Chat, allowing the instructor to identify student misconceptions and provide specific feedback during whole-class discussion. A rich active-learning community on the ASDL provides many exercises and questions suitable for small discussion groups. (3)For David Harvey (DePauw University), the rapid shift in March 2020 from working with students in person versus at distance was jarring. Although not easy, the transition for lecture classes was relatively straightforward. This was not the case for lab work. Harvey noted, "Making measurements takes time, but if we cannot at this moment be in the lab, then we can capture that time and use it in different ways. Using an instrument simulator, for example, we can have students approach a new topic virtually—exploring how an instrument's settings affect the data we collect—and then in class working to understand the relationship between those settings and the data." Chris Harrison of San Diego State University shared similar sentiments, stating "Come Fall, the big challenge will be finding a way to meaningfully train and reinforce the lab skills that we expect for students in analytical chemistry. With less than half the regular lab time, I am aiming to teach my students the most important skills for an analytical lab, supplementing typical labs that are missed with take-home kits and simulated lab data." Augustus Way Fountain of the University of South Carolina concurred, expressing, "I think we can safely say that lecture and recitation can be replaced with an online experience. However, the laboratory is where I have my greatest concern." This Spring, Fountain found that the best approach was to record himself performing the laboratories, providing students with the data for them to analyze and report on. Fountain added, "Chemistry is as much hands-on laboratory skill as it is book knowledge. We can't replicate the full laboratory experience remotely. Addressing this gap is where we really need to place our emphasis for labs in the Fall."One promising way to address the need for authentic hands-on lab experiments is to use research technologies, such as microfluidics, to safely deliver the lab experiences at home. In the MICRO project, (4) funded by HHMI, a collaboration between Skidmore College, Notre Dame, Oregon State, and University of Iowa, Kimberley Frederick and colleagues are developing laboratories that make use of paper microfluidic devices to deliver experiments that teach titrations, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and separations. Because the technology is inexpensive, safe, and rapid, students can have more autonomy to learn experiment development skills than they would in a traditional lab format and thus the laboratories are designed to be more inquiry-based. As Frederick stated, "Because of their flexibility, we are hopeful that microfluidic-based labs will do an even better job than some of the traditional glassware-based experiments for teaching our students how real analytical method development is done and will be useful beyond the pandemic crisis we are currently in".Thomas Spudich (Maryville University) noted, "We all have different constraints placed on us by our institutions, and there won't be a one-size-fits-all solution. But, generally, we need to be able to adapt lab experiments for implementation at home." Tom described an effort at ASDL, which includes several contributors to this editorial, to share laboratories and simulations that can be completed remotely. Supporting documents and handouts will allow for easy adoption and adaptation. The ASDL remote laboratories community (5) will eventually provide materials for general chemistry and high school chemistry and moderated discussion forums for educators as well.Equity and engagement are critical aspects to consider when developing online laboratories. For Anna Cavinato (Eastern Oregon University) teaching General Chemistry lab was the most challenging. Cavinato was able to adapt a module she had previously published in the ASDL, (6) which provides experiments and data sets for nitrates, phosphates, and metals in water. As she reflects on her experience, Cavinato noted that a major challenge for her students was Internet access and encourages considering infrastructure limitations in rural areas so all students have an equal and inclusive remote educational experience. Engaging students under these circumstances can be difficult. Joel Destino (Creighton University) said, "While teaching last Spring, I wanted to see what kind of chemical analysis students could do at home. One student completed an optional assignment by developing an absorption-based external calibration method using a smartphone camera, kitchen utensils, food dye solutions, and image analysis software. Their results were encouraging, demonstrating the basics of method development can be taught with at-home experimentation."For the Fall 2020 semester, Joel and colleague Erin Gross are planning for a mix of at-home and traditional experiments for their Instrumental Laboratory course. Gross said, "We developed experiments that could be adapted for a portable, at-home kit experiment or project, centered on safe, real-life samples. One example is an amperometric glucose determination. (7) Electrochemical glucometers with a package of test strips can be purchased for under $20." Gross noted this material will be available at the new ASDL remote lab portal.In the coming semester, we have a chance to address some of the shortcomings encountered last Spring, but challenges remain. Striking a balance between the right content and constraints posed by remote learning is critical. Flexibility and awareness of how students learn best with resources they can access will be key to an engaging learning experience. Viable remote surrogates for the laboratory experience remain the most pressing need. The proverb–necessity is the mother of invention–feels especially apt for analytical laboratories. Fortunately, we do not need to invent alone. ASDL is a resource to keep in mind, and contributing to the remote laboratories project at ASDL, or engaging in discussion forums, is welcome. As we collectively prepare for Fall 2020, feel free to contact the sources in this editorial or the Division if we can help or answer questions.Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorLane A. Baker, ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry, Past-Chair, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-507XAuthorAnna G. Cavinato, ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry, SecretaryNotesViews expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.ReferencesClick to copy section linkSection link copied! This article references 7 other publications. 1Holme, T. A. Journal of Chemical Education Call for Papers: Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19. J. Chem. Educ. 2020, 97, 1226– 1227, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00378 Google Scholar1Journal of Chemical Education Call for Papers: Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19Holme, Thomas A.Journal of Chemical Education (2020), 97 (5), 1226-1227CODEN: JCEDA8; ISSN:0021-9584. (American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.) The Journal of Chem. Education announces a call for papers for an upcoming special collection of Communications on Insights Gained While Teaching Chem. in the Time of COVID-19. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXnvFCnu7c%253D&md5=1d540dec266974610c6df0f85af21cc72 Analytical Sciences Digital Library (ASDL) Home Portal. https://home.asdlib.org/ (accessed 2020-06-11).Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.3 ASDL Active Learning Curricular Materials. http://community.asdlib.org/activelearningmaterials/ (accessed 2020-06-11).Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.4 MICRO Engaged Lab Learning. http://sites.google.com/view/microproject/home (accessed 2020-06-11).Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.5 Remote Labs and Simulations. http://remotelabs.asdlib.org.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.6Cavinato, A. G.; Antell, K. End Creek: Spotted Frogs and Aquatic Snails in Wetlands – A Water Quality Investigation. Analytical Sciences Digital Library , 2018, http://community.asdlib.org/activelearningmaterials/end-creek-spotted-frogs-and-aquatic-snails-in-wetlands-a-water-quality-investigation/.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.7Wang, J.; Macca, C. Use of blood-glucose test strips for introducing enzyme electrodes and modern biosensors. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 797– 800, DOI: 10.1021/ed073p797 Google Scholar7Use of blood-glucose test strips for introducing enzyme electrodes and modern biosensorsWang, Joseph; Macca, CarloJournal of Chemical Education (1996), 73 (8), 797-800CODEN: JCEDA8; ISSN:0021-9584. (Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society) Students were introduced to modern biosensors technol., and in particular disposable screen-printed glucose strips. Glucose-contg. com. (mostly food and drink) samples were analyzed by the method. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XkslymsLk%253D&md5=ac2ef104ef1203e3042aecdfd48d5784Cited By Click to copy section linkSection link copied! This article is cited by 10 publications.Paulo R. M. Correia, Ian M. Kinchin, Thiago R. L. C. Paixão. Threshold Concepts as a Missing Piece Needed to Frame Teaching in Analytical Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 2023, 100 (4) , 1419-1425. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00376Lukas Groos, Kai Maass, Nicole Graulich. Mimicking Students' Behavior during a Titration Experiment: Designing a Digital Student-Centered Experimental Environment. Journal of Chemical Education 2021, 98 (6) , 1919-1927. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00253Joseph A. Loo. For the Love of Analytical Instruments. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2020, 31 (9) , 1773-1774. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.0c00304Amanda Nelms, Sally Barton-Arwood. Fostering a Sense of Belonging. 2024, 13-32. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1269-8.ch002Radek Chalupa, Karel Nesměrák. Chemophobia and practical chemistry: the laboratory as a place of origin or, on the contrary, suppression of the fear of chemistry?. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 2023, 154 (9) , 957-965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03098-9Eshani N. Lee, Schetema Nealy, Laura Cruz. Navigating the interlanguage space: Chinese international students' perceptions of a virtual chemistry laboratory course. Chemistry Education Research and Practice 2023, 24 (2) , 674-687. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RP00145DYuxin Xue, . A Review of Higher Education Students' Online Engagement Under The COVID-19 Pandemic. SHS Web of Conferences 2023, 157 , 02003. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315702003Xiaofang Zeng. Virtual Caring in Education. 2022, 40-58. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8407-4.ch003Laura J. Schnell, Gavin L. Simpson, Danae M. Suchan, William Quere, Harold G. Weger, Maria C. Davis. An at‐home laboratory in plant biology designed to engage students in the process of science. Ecology and Evolution 2021, 11 (24) , 17572-17580. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8441Jake Stanley Bobowski. Hydraulic Analogues Illustrating the Charging of a Capacitor and Ohm's Law: Labs for Online Learning Environments. The Physics Teacher 2021, 59 (7) , 560-565. https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0038966Download PDFFiguresReferences Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsAnalytical ChemistryCite this: Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 15, 10185–10186Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02981Published July 24, 2020 Publication History Published online 24 July 2020Published in issue 4 August 2020Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsArticle Views8078Altmetric-Citations10Learn about these metrics closeArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.Recommended Articles FiguresReferencesThis publication has no figures.References This article references 7 other publications. 1Holme, T. A. Journal of Chemical Education Call for Papers: Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19. J. Chem. Educ. 2020, 97, 1226– 1227, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00378 1Journal of Chemical Education Call for Papers: Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19Holme, Thomas A.Journal of Chemical Education (2020), 97 (5), 1226-1227CODEN: JCEDA8; ISSN:0021-9584. (American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.) The Journal of Chem. Education announces a call for papers for an upcoming special collection of Communications on Insights Gained While Teaching Chem. in the Time of COVID-19. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXnvFCnu7c%253D&md5=1d540dec266974610c6df0f85af21cc72 Analytical Sciences Digital Library (ASDL) Home Portal. https://home.asdlib.org/ (accessed 2020-06-11).There is no corresponding record for this reference.3 ASDL Active Learning Curricular Materials. http://community.asdlib.org/activelearningmaterials/ (accessed 2020-06-11).There is no corresponding record for this reference.4 MICRO Engaged Lab Learning. http://sites.google.com/view/microproject/home (accessed 2020-06-11).There is no corresponding record for this reference.5 Remote Labs and Simulations. http://remotelabs.asdlib.org.There is no corresponding record for this reference.6Cavinato, A. G.; Antell, K. End Creek: Spotted Frogs and Aquatic Snails in Wetlands – A Water Quality Investigation. Analytical Sciences Digital Library , 2018, http://community.asdlib.org/activelearningmaterials/end-creek-spotted-frogs-and-aquatic-snails-in-wetlands-a-water-quality-investigation/.There is no corresponding record for this reference.7Wang, J.; Macca, C. Use of blood-glucose test strips for introducing enzyme electrodes and modern biosensors. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 797– 800, DOI: 10.1021/ed073p797 7Use of blood-glucose test strips for introducing enzyme electrodes and modern biosensorsWang, Joseph; Macca, CarloJournal of Chemical Education (1996), 73 (8), 797-800CODEN: JCEDA8; ISSN:0021-9584. (Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society) Students were introduced to modern biosensors technol., and in particular disposable screen-printed glucose strips. Glucose-contg. com. (mostly food and drink) samples were analyzed by the method. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XkslymsLk%253D&md5=ac2ef104ef1203e3042aecdfd48d5784

The flood of research output and increasing demands for peer reviewers have necessitated the intervention of artificial intelligence (AI) in scholarly publishing. Although human input is seen as essential for writing publications, the contribution of AI slowly and steadily moves ahead. AI may redefine the role of science communication experts in the future and transform the scholarly publishing industry into a technology-driven one. It can prospectively improve the quality of publishable content and identify errors in published content. In this article, we review various AI and other associated tools currently in use or development for a range of publishing obligations and functions that have brought about or can soon leverage much-demanded advances in scholarly communications. Several AI-assisted tools, with diverse scope and scale, have emerged in the scholarly market. AI algorithms develop summaries of scientific publications and convert them into plain-language texts, press statements, and news stories. Retrieval of accurate and sufficient information is prominent in evidence-based science publications. Semantic tools may empower transparent and proficient data extraction tactics. From detecting simple plagiarism errors to predicting the projected citation impact of an unpublished article, AI’s role in scholarly publishing is expected to be multidimensional. AI, natural language processing, and machine learning in scholarly publishing have arrived for writers, editors, authors, and publishers. They should leverage these technologies to enable the fast and accurate dissemination of scientific information to contribute to the betterment of humankind.

Lumiracoxib is the first example of a marketed COX-2 inhibitor of the arylacetic acid class, and it is reported to be the most selective COXIB in vivo. However, the molecular basis of its COX-2 inhibition has not been completely defined. Using standard assays, lumiracoxib was found to be a poor inhibitor of purified ovine COX-1 and a relatively weak inhibitor of purified human COX-2. The extent of COX-2 inhibition plateaued at around 50% and suggested that the inhibitor may be reversibly bound to the enzyme. Kinetic studies with lumiracoxib demonstrated that it was a time-dependent and slowly reversible inhibitor of human COX-2 that exhibited at least two binding steps during inhibition. Derivatives of lumiracoxib were synthesized with or without the methyl group on the phenylacetic acid ring and with various substitutions on the lower aniline ring. Inhibition studies demonstrated that the methyl group on the phenylacetic acid ring is required for COX-2 selectivity. The chemical identity and position of the substituents on the lower aniline ring were important in determining the potency and extent of COX inhibition as well as COX-2 selectivity. Mutation of Ser-530 to Ala or Val-349 to Ala or Leu abolished the potent inhibition observed with wild-type human COX-2 and key lumiracoxib analogs. Interestingly, a Val-349 to Ile mutant was inhibited with equal potency to human COX-2 with 2,6-dichloro-, 2,6-dimethyl-, or 2-chloro-6-methyl-substituted inhibitors and, in the case of lumiracoxib, actually showed an increase in potency. Taken together with a recent crystal structure of a lumiracoxib-COX-2 complex, the kinetic analyses presented herein of the inhibition of mutant COX-2s by lumiracoxib allows the definition of the molecular basis of COX-2 inhibition.