TOD Concept among Architecture Graduates

Planning of transit-oriented development is acceptable among urban and transport planners as an urban form strategy to reduce automobile dependency, thus promoting transport sustainability. Apart from the mixed land use, high density and the “smart growth” philosophy behind the transit-oriented development concept which offer potential for a sustainable built environment, the impacts of transit-oriented development on the formation of sustainable communities have not yet been thoroughly studied. This paper aims to assess a rail-based transit-oriented development in Hong Kong for the formation of a sustainable community. A new town highly integrated with the transit-oriented development concept is studied, with a focus on its achievements and challenges in promoting transport and urban sustainability through greener travel, mixed land use development, as well as other daily life experiences altered by the transit-oriented concept, such as liveable streets and fair access to daily opportunities. The...

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has been a promising concept to establish land use and transport integration, thereby creating more sustainable communities.Literature suggests that the benefits of TOD are manifold but also different for each stakeholder.A literature survey furthermore reveals that there is no standard definition nor a generally accepted aim for TOD, which is not very surprising because of the different perspectives of stakeholders in the process of achieving TOD.In addition it has been found that different methods and various sets of indicators to evaluate and measure TOD have been proposed.Examination of a number of case studies shows that these methods have hardly been operationalised.To guide decision making for new transit oriented development(s) it is essential to have a framework and a tool to quantitatively measure current levels of TOD at a location and in an area.The tool also needs to be flexible and able to support participatory planning processes.This paper provides a literature survey on the TOD concept and its operationalisations and it presents a design framework for a tool that enables quantitative measurement of TOD.

Since the 1990s, Jakarta city planning has introduced Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as solution to dominant auto-mobility and sprawl to regional cities in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (JABODETABEK) by improving accessibility and inter-connectivity in urban mobility. Nevertheless, less has been investigated to what extent the on-going implementation in TOD projects departs from the means of TOD as planning approach in response to the urban problems. This paper aims to investigate TOD concept and implementation in Jakarta by proposing a comparative study on TOD in Japan and JABODETABEK, by using desk study in the planning documents and TOD projects. In each case, the investigation focuses on three sections; planning, implementation, and output. This paper reveals that the current TOD projects in Jakarta are based on single land development within proximity of TOD stations that maximizes private development benefits. Therefore, it concludes that the “TOD” projects in Jakarta have not yet met the TOD principles as a planning approach in response to the urban sprawls and integrated development.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become popular across the nation not just as a partial solution for rampant highway traffic congestion but also as a way of life. The emphasis of TOD on creating a close-knit, pedestrian-friendly, distinctively designed form of urban and suburban development appears able to elicit support even where transit service is minimal or nonexistent. TOD is solidly ensconced as a significant component of smart growth, sustainable development, and new urbanism. Public officials often view the concept as a valuable building block for developing accessible and attractive communities, and transit agencies value its generation of increased ridership. The benefits of TOD for transit operators and broader transportation policies are fairly well established. Less well appreciated is that urban sites most suitable for TODs are transit friendly but often developer unfriendly, since they are often more expensive and more complicated to develop. In contrast, the suburban locations most desired by residents and businesses are developer friendly but transit unfriendly. For them to support transit requires special efforts to increase density, mixed uses, and pedestrian orientation, qualities uncommon and often resisted in the suburbs. A number of projects generally considered among planners and developers to be effective TODs were examined, and their strengths and weaknesses are reviewed from a transit perspective, on the basis of several specific principles. The TOD concept is demonstrated to be alive and well and evolving toward the described ideals.

Since the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) was first introduced in the late twentieth century, there has been a notable increase in the quantity and quality of research dedicated to transit-oriented development. However, further research is required on the role of accessibility in TOD evaluation methods and the impact of TOD on station catchment area accessibility. This research reconsiders TOD assessment methods in light of the pivotal role of accessibility in land-use and transportation planning. The results were summarized by categorizing the different types, measures, and roles of accessibility in TOD assessment methodologies, as well as their impact on the travel behavior and travel demand of TOD residents. The outcomes of this review were used to propose an accessibility-oriented TOD planning framework that considers different accessibility types and measures.

Transit oriented development (TOD) has gained popularity as a means to address urbanizations problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution and affordable housing strategies. It simply refers to integration of urban development and public transportation facilities, together with some other characteristics such as “intensified land uses near TOD stations”, “landownership and car-ownership variety”, mixed use, “lower car dependency”, compact form, mass transit stations, open spaces, walkability, etc. The major contention of this paper is to discuss the general concept of TOD, its benefits and challenges in Iranian urban context. It is discussed here that TOD has several positive outcomes considering the existing urbanization trends in Iran. It may be used as a practical instrument to deal with rapidly urbanizing country in which motorization rate is increasing and air pollution is the serious cause of life loss. However there are several challenges which should be faced. The need for an Iranian version of TOD, which re-narrated the theory according to local situation, is the first challenge. A paradigm shift in the government, shifting the priority from housing schemes to mass transit systems is the second challenge needed to be taken into consideration. The third challenge is the overlapping and parallel institutions dealing with mass transit systems in urban and regional transportation planning and insufficient planning instruments. The integrated transportation and urban planning system is necessary here, and there is an urgent need to develop a national TOD guideline with the potential to develop local versions for each city.

In the past years, the concept of Transit-Oriented Development has been adopted in cities and countries including Malaysia and Singapore. The integration of land use and public transport stations through Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as part of urban and cities strategy is highly acclaimed in promoting sustainable development concept in cities development. To understand the performance of TODs implementation in Klang Valley, this study has selected eleven stations in of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Putrajaya Line as case studies. This paper aims to evaluate the current implementation of TODs in Malaysia, benchmarked against the TOD land use composition and percentage from Singapore’s model. The findings show that Raja Uda, Ampang Park and Persiaran KLCC stations show significant performance. However, Bandar Malaysia North station displayed poor result with the lowest percentage of residential and commercial components. All stations did not achieve the ideal TOD value for residential land use and eight out of eleven stations recorded higher than the ideal TOD value for roads. However, highest number of stations achieved the ideal TOD value for mixed-use and commercial land uses. These results would help policymakers to improve the current implementation of TODs in Malaysia.

Transportation systems and cities that are connected by development-oriented transit (DOT) should be reconnected under the newer concept of transit-oriented development (TOD). This paper examines the reasons why cities should progressively change from DOT to TOD. The literature was reviewed to examine the urban history of DOT and TOD and the aims of TOD were identified. The relationship between sustainable development and concepts of TOD was then established to show why cities should change from DOT to TOD. It was also concluded that the concepts of TOD match sustainable development. Finally, extended strategies of TOD were established for Taipei City in the two specific perspectives of the transport system and land use.

The positive impact of transit-oriented-development characteristics on Metro Station usage: A case study of Tehran's metro stations and TOD index calculation

Urban design has been valuable in bringing the principles of transit-oriented development (TOD) into reality. However, a majority of recommendations summarized by scholars for promoting TODs through urban design have failed to promote the progress of the urban design. The main reason for this issue is the long-standing tradition of design decision-making based on designers’ experience and the lack of quantitative assessment feedback on design schemes. With the development of big data and artificial intelligence, optimisation-based generative design has been explored to overcome the limitations of experience-based urban design approaches. However, the techniques and workflows are still not mature enough for designers to adopt. In response to these challenges, this study proposes a framework that integrates the generative design method and data-driven decision-making approach for urban design solutions that better implement the basic principles of TODs. Based on the urban design intelligence for TODs, this framework uses parametric tools and models to evaluate the generative urban design proposals, providing timely feedback to support the design decisions. The framework is applied to a case study to examine the feasibility. It is demonstrated that this approach succeeds in selecting optimal TOD design solutions. The role of designers’ decision-making in generative urban design, as well as the importance of quantitative and qualitative assessment in experience-based decision-making, are highlighted.

Public transportation ridership and walkability of urban district can be enhanced through high quality of TOD(Transit Oriented Development) elements. Generally, TOD have been evaluated several physical components such as the diversity of land use pattern, accessibility of public transportation and aspects of urban design around the station area. Especially, Spatial characteristics of TOD planning elements have many potential dependent when considering the characteristics of Rail Station-Influenced Area Development which is performing around subway station. Therefore, researchers should be considering the variation of spatial properties for planning elements according the set of spatial area and their socioeconomic factors. However, existing many cases related TOD does not consider about this point. In this paper, the changes of TOD characteristics were analyzed by different spatial units surrounding subway station in Busan Metropolitan City. Multiple Regression Analysis was performed for an investigation of effective spatial unit of TOD planning elements in this area using subway ridership data. In addition, the application validity of socioeconomic variables was examined through a comparative analysis of regression results with the multiple regression that implied only physical TOD elements. As the result, the variation of spatial properties for TOD planning elements according to the set of spatial unit was found. Furthermore, the specific spatial unit to applicable TOD elements in this area was derived. And the multiple regression model which added socioeconomic variables was derived more improved estimate results than the multiple regression model that implied only physical TOD elements. KEYWORDS : Transit Oriented Development(TOD), TOD Planning Elements, Spatial Characteristics, Subway Ridership

<p>Edmonton is currently implementing a plan to significantly expand its light rail transit network. Transit expansion is part of a larger plan to encourage transit-oriented development (TOD) around new and existing transit stations and precipitate a shift towards more dense, efficient land use. Transit technology and routes were then selected, in part, based on their perceived ability to facilitate TOD, and the City has also created the TOD Guidelines and created the TOD Manager position to advance their land use goals. This research includes interviews with 6 developers who are currently undertaking large TOD projects to understand their perceptions of TOD as an investment in the Edmonton, and how effectively municipal decisions have facilitated TOD. The TOD Manager was interviewed, as he plays a critical role in facilitating TOD in Edmonton, as was a planner from the City of Edmonton to provide insight into TOD from a planning perspective and the development approvals process. Key words: urban planning, transit-oriented development (TOD), light rail transit (LRT), Edmonton</p>

Developing Context Sensitive Planning Criteria for Transit Oriented Development (TOD): A Fuzzy-Group Decision Approach

This study investigates the connection between transit-oriented development (TOD) input and output and proposes a multiscale TOD definition to address the underutilization of the definition in binary TOD–non-TOD. Data about neighborhood characteristics, a regional travel survey, and two experts’ surveys are used to select and rate variables that impact communities in a study of 33 neighborhoods in Baltimore City, Maryland. Defining scaled-TOD is still nascent and very subjective at this moment because what affects TOD—infrastructure and policies—is controlled and managed by agencies that do not use TOD performance data (outputs) that depend on the users’ personal choice. TOD outputs such as reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or increased transit ridership depend on the users’ choice based on their perception of the effective quality and accessibility of the infrastructure (inputs). Thus, a scaled definition can explain, with a range, the relationship between various components of a context-sensitive paradigm using neighborhood-level characteristics (inputs) and the quality of the neighborhood, VMT, and the performance data (output). The multiscale TOD definition is a step toward developing a much-needed standard metric to evaluate neighborhood sustainability and use as a tool to assess needs and allocate resources in urban transportation planning. The overall analysis of the data indicated that the quality and the condition of the infrastructure influence the neighborhood output in various degrees that can be flagged by its defined level of TODness.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)-based residential areas have emerged as a solution to address urbanization and mobility challenges in metropolitan regions. This concept offers housing with easy access to public transportation and various supporting facilities. However, despite its numerous benefits, public adoption of the TOD concept remains varied. This study aims to identify key factors within the TOD framework that influence individuals' intention to reside in TOD-based areas. Using a quantitative approach and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from potential residents interested in purchasing properties within TOD projects connected to Jabodebek LRT and KRL networks. The results indicate that conducive and seamless pedestrian environment, affordability and quality of the public transport system, pedestrian amenities, and compact and mixed-development concept all have a significant influence on individuals’ intention to reside in TOD areas. The implications of this study provide a valuable foundation for developers in designing more attractive and context-responsive TOD communities that align with the needs and preferences of urban populations.