Towards Next Generation Building Management Systems

The massive growth in the popularity of Internet of Things (IoT) and hence expansion in the number of IoT devices has led to network control issues. The heterogeneity observed in the generated data from each device has further contributed to latency delays and network traffic concerns. An integral part of current network research encompasses the monitoring of network activities, device identification, and secure exchange of information between different devices. The recognition and administration of these persistently increasing IoT devices have posed major challenges in various fields of their application, like Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). Hence, the management of network traffic flow between these devices has become a concerning issue. The prolonged inconsistency in cybersecurity systems and constrained computational capabilities have further made IoT devices more vulnerable to adversarial threats. To this end, the preservation and administration of network activities become crucial to manage. In this chapter, we address the network traffic administration issue for different IoT devices. We focus on the efficient characterization of inter-arrival rates of data generated from IoT devices for packet-level and flow-level analysis. Thus, making identification and management of IoT devices exceedingly significant for securing stable functioning of network activities. We also discuss some influential works conjectured to IoT devices and network analysis. The empirical results obtained from real-world network flows have been reported to provide a precise understanding of our observations. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of some state-of-the-art technologies are discussed along with relevant future scopes.KeywordsInternet of Things (IoT)Network traffic analysisCyber-Physical System (CPS)IoT devicesFlow controlDevice identification

Building Automation System (BAS) is a computer-based control system that is widely installed in office buildings and laboratories for monitoring and controlling mechanical/electrical equipment. With the advancements in Cyber-Physical System (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoTs), BAS is in the process of becoming more intelligent by merging computing resources and network communication with physical control. Along with potential benefits, it also brings tremendous risks of security breaches and safety violations, especially when it comes to Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). In this paper, we systematically analyze biocontainment laboratory control models based on real case scenarios from Biosecurity Research Institute (BRI) at Kansas State University. We present a vision for a new secure Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) architecture, which leverages various technologies, including microkernel structure, Trusted Platform Module (TPM), proxy-based policy enforcement, and formal verification. The secure RTOS architecture is designed specifically to work with embedded controllers which are widely used in BAS and other CPS to achieve a highly secure and trustworthy control system.

Trust is an invisible behavior of any entity. An entity could be a living being or a cyber-physical system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a connected network of smart objects or things where trusted relationships are crucial. Trust in an entity can increase or decrease based on different parameters and properties of the specific entity. Trusted relationships can dynamically reach based on contextual data collected over time. The heterogeneous behavior of IoT devices makes trust measurement more difficult. The massive deployment of IoT devices and related innovative IoT applications leads to exploring new trust management frameworks for the IoT paradigm. Emerging IoT applications need to trust entities deployed by third-party providers. Innovative external IoT applications need to be dynamically trusted by the IoT devices and IoT gateways. Dynamic trust achievement is a complex process when an entity is new within the network. In this article, we have defined the trust management for IoT and discussed the need for trusted architecture for dynamic IoT infrastructure, and elaborated the requirements of trust management policies. We have also heightened the need for decentralized architecture for trust management for the Internet of Things (IoT). A new edge-centric multi-agent-based dynamic and decentralized trust management model is proposed and simulated to solve the aforementioned issues. The results of this work are useful for further research in the field of trust management for IoT.

The way consumer Internet of Things (IoT) devices are built is leading to electronic waste (eWaste) growth. This arises from planned obsolescence, bundling of ‘smartness’ creating more routes to device failure, and lacking hardware modularity and repairability. Understanding how to best tackle these issues requires an interdisciplinary perspective bridging design, law, and the social science research. The legal landscape is shifting, encouraging design of repairable and long-lasting IoT, and reducing routes to redundancy. This one-day workshop explores the interface between design and legal research to address the socio-technical challenges around designing sustainable consumer IoT devices. The workshop will: map out the societal, legal, and environmental implications of IoT; envision the opportunities and barriers to designing more sustainable IoT; and share best practice and tools to help move towards more sustainable IoT futures.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern computing model that refers to interconnected physical devices or IoT devices containing sensors, actuators and networking, so that these IoT devices can link, communicate and share data. With the rise in the number of IoT devices, several security concerns have been found, especially in the sharing of sensitive data. Authentication is one of these reliability concerns. In the IoT world, authentication is a major challenge due to the complexity of protocols, devices and topologies. IoT systems interacting with each other need to be trustworthy in order to prevent various forms of security negligence attacks. Authentication is also the cornerstone of access management and transparency. The new authentication system is no longer ideal for IoT applications. They need to be updated in order to take into account the drawbacks of these device functions, such as limited memory and storage and poor processing power. This article focuses primarily on the analysis and evaluation of some of the newest authentication solutions suggested for the IoT environment. There are 35 authentication protocol are analysed and presented at one place with their applications.

With the onset of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the number of IoT devices and sensors is increasing tremendously. This paper is concerned with a health IoT system consisting of various IoT devices carried by members of an environmental health community. We propose a novel trust-based decision making protocol that uses trust-based information sharing among the health IoT devices, so that a collective knowledge base can be built to rate the environment at a particular location and time. This knowledge would enable an IoT device acting on behalf of its user to decide whether or not it should visit this place/environment for health reasons. Unlike existing trust management protocols, our trust-based health IoT protocol considers risk classification, reliability trust, and loss of health probability as three design dimensions for decision making, resulting in a protocol suitable for decision making in health IoT systems. Our protocol is resilient to noisy sensing data provided by IoT devices either unintentionally or intentionally. We present performance data of our trust-based health IoT protocol and conduct a comparative performance analysis of our protocol with two baseline protocols to demonstrate the feasibility.

The growing requirement for the rise of production, quality, and efficiency of industrial products drives humans to jointly develop novel technologies capable of following up with the exponential technology growth they are facing today in production processes. In the 21st century, industrial internet of things (IIoT) is dedicated to endorsing the internet of things (IoT) to allow the interconnection of anywhere, any time, and anything to enhance efficiency, productivity, intelligence, and safety in the manufacturing system. Consequently, the combined IoT and cyber physical system (CPS) in IIoT will have an influence on industrial techniques through the industrial 4.0 confluence to encourage connected factories. CPS effectively combines physical and cyber components employing modern components such as sensors, network, and computing technologies. But various securities challenges rising in the CPS, like increasing cyberattacks due to the increase in IoT devices, modelling of security threads, CPS vulnerabilities assessment development techniques, and designing of fault-tolerant architectures, motivate new technologies to meet CPS requirements in order to offer security, confidentiality, and reliability of users’ data. Thus, this chapter presents the classification of various existing studies based on CPS security in terms of IIoT applications. Also, it provides the limitations, shortcomings, CPS architectures, and future potential applications to help researchers in the context of practical work.

Recent developments in the field of cyber physical systems (CPS) and internet of things (IoT) open up new possibilities in manufacturing. CPS and IoT represent enabling means for facilitating the companies’ adaptation to the ever-changing market needs and adoption of individualized manufacturing paradigm. It is foreseen that implementation of CPS and IoT will lead to new industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0. The fourth industrial revolution will bring about the radical changes in manufacturing process control through distribution of control tasks to intelligent devices. On the other hand, over the last decades International Electrotechnical Commission invested significant efforts in generation of the standard IEC 61499 for distributed automation systems. In this paper we provide the outline of the interconnection of IEC 61499 standard and Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 in cyber physical production systems. The findings of the paper are illustrated using a realistic case study—an example of pneumatic manipulator that is made of CPS devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an intelligent infrastructure and service technology that connects objects to people for monitoring and control. The number of IoT devices is rapidly increasing in various environments. Although the DNS protocol is being applied to IoT networks to create unique identifiers, it is burdensome for users to manually create and configure a globally unique name for each device. DNS Name Autoconfiguration (DNSNA) was proposed to register the DNS name of IoT devices automatically and utilize IoT devices globally. However, DNSNA without secure authentication and authorization leads to potential threats, such as the registration of malicious IoT devices, and other IoT security attacks. In this paper, we propose an Advanced Secure DNS name autoconfiguration with Authentication and Authorization for enterprise IoT network (ASDAI). Especially, we provide the first model using the convergence of extended OAuth 2.0 and Kerberos v5. The proposed protocol supports (1) reliable device / administrator registration, (2) secure DNS name autoconfiguration, and (3) user / service authentication and authorization procedure for the heterogeneity and scalability of enterprise IoT networks.

Building Management Systems (BMS) are advancing using wireless Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop more intelligent and efficient structures. Systematic innovation is essential to leverage the advantages of IoT while addressing its constraints. The objective of this study is to utilize the ORBIT innovation framework, which includes Opportunity Scanning, Research & Development (R&D), Building Collaborative Ecosystems, Implementation, and Tracking Performance, to analyze current developments in wireless IoT-enabled Building Management Systems (BMS). Approaches: A literature study of Scopus-indexed sources was performed, concentrating on energy efficiency, security, artificial intelligence (AI) integration, and sustainability in IoT-enhanced building management systems (BMS). Literature insights were aligned with the stages of the ORBIT framework to comprehend the innovation process. Findings: A wireless IoT-based Building Management System (BMS) can decrease energy consumption in buildings by approximately 20–30%, cut operational expenses, and enhance occupant comfort. The incorporation of IoT improves security via real-time monitoring, although it also presents cybersecurity and privacy problems. AI-powered control and analytics facilitate intelligent HVAC systems and predictive maintenance, enhancing performance optimization. These advancements promote sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and facilitating environmental objectives. The ORBIT framework analysis concludes that effective IoT-BMS innovation adheres to a cycle of recognizing opportunities (e.g., energy savings), allocating resources to focused R&D (sensors, protocols, AI algorithms), cultivating partnerships (IT companies, facility managers, stakeholders), conducting pilot implementations, and persistently monitoring results for enhancement. Implementing this systematic methodology can expedite BMS innovation; but persistent issues in cybersecurity, interoperability, and substantial initial expenses necessitate continuous focus. Future study ought to investigate standardized frameworks and coordinated techniques to tackle these problems and completely achieve sustainable, intelligent building management.

Slicing a network is a key innovative feature to deliver 5G (the fifth generation) services. 5G aims to enhance mobile broadband, deliver massive machine-type and low latency communications with ultra-reliability. This generation manages the huge scale of the devices of the Mobile Internet of Things (MIoT). 5G has been invented for controlling security addressed to the threats found in 2G/3G/4G networks consequently. 5G preventive measures include enhanced authentication capabilities, subscriber identity protection, and additional security techniques. New 5G network technologies introduced new threats for the industrial organizations. GSMA (The GSM Association) announced that Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) requires more security in 5G as the number of IoT devices and connections are exponentially increasing. "The IoT needs to be securely coded, deployed and managed throughout its lifecycle". Common IoT architecture is subjected to the following common attacks: 1) attacks on IoT devices through the running application; 2) remote attacks over the internet; 3) physical attacks; 4) attacks through the cloud 5) attacks through Wi-Fi or mobile air interface. Moreover, IoT devices are being used to form DDoS attacks where each IoT device forms the specific data resulting a volume-based attacks. Blockchains are considered as a main solution to solve various issues in 5G such as Mobile IoT security problems and Electronic Healthcare Records sharing problems. We analyse Hashing based Post-Quantum Signatures for enhancing blockchain security.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly growing environment for connecting hardware, software, physical things, and communicating devices altogether or individually over a network with or without human interventions. It collects, computes, and exchanges data together. This quality of IoT makes the platform flexible for the variety of applications that work on this technology to get incredible benefits, including healthcare domains. In the olden days, the medical system does not have any digital file system, clinical data monitoring, and cyber-physical systems. Cyber Physical System (CPS) is the nucleus of IoT. The smart parameters of IoT create an interesting thing on the Internet of Healthcare System (IoHT) and keep the best place in revenue. Apart from smart homes, cities, and smart devices, IoT established a vital position in IoT. The security and the privacy of Healthcare data should be managed properly. Thus, making a new concept into it called, “Blockchain.” This not only marks its step in cryptocurrencies, but it also tights the security and privacy of all types of data, and it supports heterogeneous applications, especially IoT-based applications. This article describes the Blockchain-IoT-based healthcare applications, security of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and the future direction in the healthcare system based on Blockchain.

Internet of things is one of the latest technology in today’s era, IoT devices are increasing day by day and become a part of our life. Sometimes we even didn’t know that we are using and surrounded by such technolgy. Smart devices like smart phone, tablets and any wearables are the example of IoT technology. These all are IoT devices and there are many more. As we all are in 2020 and facing the pandemic we all are become more connected with IoT devices to be safe. In this way the number of IoT devices per person will increase so much rapidly and several new innovations either of hardware or software take place. But the Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming more popular, the security measures are not upto the mark, and several issues will come in knowledge at different time on different devices. So we have to think about the security and privacy of user and should make it correct. We should learn from the past issues and try to fix them accordingly. To overcome the issues of IoT devices we can have to ways, one is to use ECC which will enchance the security in IoT device and another possible solution can be Blockchain. In this paper we will discuss about ECC and blockchain technology both and try to find a comparitive study.

The introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) has benefitted smart cities, healthcare, and transportation applications for enabling smart connections and analyzing the performance. As the number of IoT devices and potential connectivity increases, the distance between smart hubs, smartphone software complexity, and people behaviors changes rapidly resulting in a power utilization challenge. Energy efficiency and power dissipation are two of the most significant challenges in green IoT-enabled technologies. Based on a systematic literature review, this study presents the power management possibilities in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. The main purpose of this study is to develop energy-efficient approaches for WSNs that enable IoT. The “Green IoT” concept aims to reduce the energy consumption of IoT devices while maintaining sustainability conditions. In this study, which is driven by establishing a viable IoT environment for the future phase and moving the globe toward the formation of Green IoT, a review of Green IoT (GIoT) is first provided, and then the challenges and potential possibilities for GIoT are studied.

Building Management Systems (BMS) is a set of software and hardware tools that enables the monitoring and the control of building's mechanical and electrical equipment. These systems take advantage of Internet of Things (IoT) and Information Technology (IT) domains to efficiently enhance the buildings management. Blockchain technology is a new emerging technology that has attracted many researchers this last years. Basically, it has many applications in the field of cryptocur-rency, finance and insurances fields. However, these last years, blockchain has known other applications beyond cryptocurrency domain, such as the IoT. In this paper, we shed the light on one specific application of blockchain technology to assist the design of efficient BMS. We propose an hierarchical architecture composed of IoT, fog and cloud layers where the blockchain is integrated on the different layers to enhance the security of the whole BMS systems. We show the main advantages of applying blockchain technology in BMS systems and how our architecture outperforms the existing architectures in terms of low latency, security and privacy.