Tradition, tradition

Focus on Authors

What and how we hear is determined by our past experience. Thus attempting to quantify human experience becomes the challenge for modeling auditory perception. Based on my recent research at the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore, I will discuss some principles that should guide such an approach to study of auditory neuroscience and perception. One crucial principle is to account for the frequency of occurrence of stimulus patterns to which humans have been exposed over phylogeny and ontogeny (an alternative to explaining perception based solely on peripheral auditory physiology). I will discuss the implications of this research approach and include a brief report on my research progress in my new position at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Editorial introductions

From the Editorial Board Amy Charpentier As I began my dissertation research, I returned to teaching as a high school social studies teacher in the Arkansas Delta. Apart from the reality of teaching in the Delta – high unemployment and poverty – my teaching situation is nearly perfect. I have small classes, supplies, administrative support, and motivated students. I control my curriculum. I have taken students on a college visit day, led a field trip to a research library, and read Howard Zinn with them. Yet the transition from student and researcher back to teacher has not been easy. I certainly have new knowledge that I have gained through graduate school and from reading journals like this one. But there is still a disconnection between what I have learned and how I put it into action in my own classroom. I wonder now if the reason that teachers do not read research, as they are so often implored to do, is because it is hard to translate it to classrooms. In this issue, Jennifer Job points out in her historical survey of the High School Journal that this journal has in the past been geared for high school teachers, professors, and administrators. I would like to think our intent has always been about the communication between practitioners and researchers even if it has not been as explicitly stated as it was then. The current editorial board is working towards increasing the depth and breadth of the articles we get, while also trying to increase the communication between practitioners and researchers. I think that we have found a nice balance in this issue. As we move forward, we hope to continue to think about high schools particularly through new sections that highlight student art and essays about teaching and learning. We have also begun to turn to social media to help us accomplish increased communication between practitioners and researchers. We hope that you will take time to join our conversation in ‘real time’ via Facebook and Twitter (hsjournal). We are also excited to rollout Scholar One to streamline the process of receiving, reviewing, and accepting articles. Though I am several hundred miles away from the University of North Carolina at [End Page 1] Chapel Hill where I attended graduate school and where this journal is published, technology such as this (and Skype!) helps me to remain connected and to keep abreast of new ideas in high school teaching. Returning to teaching gives me a new perspective on what we do at the High School Journal; I hope that as we move forward we can meet the needs of both practitioners and researchers so that there is a greater dialogue between the two. [End Page 2] Amy Charpentier University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill acharpen@gmail.com Copyright © 2009 University of North Carolina Press

The Southern Journal of PhilosophyVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 207-220 VIRTUOUS CIRCLES Michael P. Smith, Michael P. Smith Duke University Michael P. Smith received a Ph.D. in philosophy from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1982, and will receive an M.S. in Computer Science from Duke University in 1987. He has published in Analysis, Faith & Philosophy, History of Philosophy Quarterly, The Journal of Philosophy, Mind, and Philosophical Studies on such philosophers as Aristotle, Anselm, Descartes and Quine and such topics as omnipotence, action, evil, scepticism, circularity and the relation of psychology to epistemology.Search for more papers by this author Michael P. Smith, Michael P. Smith Duke University Michael P. Smith received a Ph.D. in philosophy from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1982, and will receive an M.S. in Computer Science from Duke University in 1987. He has published in Analysis, Faith & Philosophy, History of Philosophy Quarterly, The Journal of Philosophy, Mind, and Philosophical Studies on such philosophers as Aristotle, Anselm, Descartes and Quine and such topics as omnipotence, action, evil, scepticism, circularity and the relation of psychology to epistemology.Search for more papers by this author First published: Summer 1987 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1987.tb01617.xCitations: 4 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume25, Issue2Summer 1987Pages 207-220 RelatedInformation

This evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease was developed by a multidisciplinary panel representing the Infectious Diseases Society of North American (IDSA), the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). The scope of this guideline includes prevention of Lyme disease, and the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease presenting as erythema migrans, Lyme disease complicated by neurologic, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, Eurasian manifestations of Lyme disease, and Lyme disease complicated by coinfection with other tick-borne pathogens. This guideline does not include comprehensive recommendations for babesiosis and tick-borne rickettsial infections, which are published in separate guidelines. The target audience for this guideline includes primary care physicians and specialists caring for this condition such as infectious diseases specialists, emergency physicians, internists, pediatricians, family physicians, neurologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, and dermatologists in North America. It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are assessments of current scientific and clinical information provided as an educational service; are not continually updated and may not reflect the most recent evidence (new evidence may emerge between the time information is developed and when it is published or read); should not be considered inclusive of all proper treatments methods of care, or as a statement of the standard of care; do not mandate any particular course of medical care; and are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. Whether and the extent to which to follow guidelines is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient’s individual circumstances. Although IDSA, AAN, and ACR make every effort to present accurate, complete, and reliable information, these guidelines are presented “as is” without any warranty, either express or implied. IDSA, AAN, and ACR (and their officers, directors, members, employees, and agents) assume no responsibility for any loss, damage, or claim with respect to any liabilities, including direct, special, indirect, or consequential damages, incurred in connection with these guidelines or reliance on the information presented. The guidelines represent the proprietary and copyrighted property of IDSA, AAN, and ACR. Copyright 2020 Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology. All rights reserved. No part of these guidelines may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of IDSA, AAN, or ACR. Permission is granted to physicians and healthcare providers solely to copy and use the guidelines in their professional practices and clinical decision-making. No license or permission is granted to any person or entity, and prior written authorization by IDSA, AAN, or ACR is required, to sell, distribute, or modify the guidelines, or to make derivative works of or incorporate the guidelines into any product, including but not limited to clinical decision support software or any other software product. Except for the permission granted above, any person or entity desiring to use the guidelines in any way must contact IDSA, AAN, or ACR for approval in accordance with the terms and conditions of third party use, in particular any use of the guidelines in any software product. Summarized below are the 2020 recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. The panel followed a systematic process used in the development of other Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) clinical practice guidelines, which included a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of the evidence and strength of recommendation using the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) (see Figure 1). A detailed description of background, methods, evidence summary and rationale that support each recommendation, and knowledge gaps can be found online in the full text (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.24495/abstract). A. Personal protective measures B. Repellents to prevent tick bites C. Removal of attached ticks A. Diagnostic tick testing B. Diagnostic testing of asymptomatic patients following tick bites Supplementary data. Supplementary materials (in addition to the full guideline) are available on the Arthritis Care & Research website at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.24495/abstract. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author. Conflict of interest statement. See the Methodology section in the full guideline (on the Arthritis Care & Research website at http://online​library.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.24495/abstract) for approach to conflict of interest (COI) by the IDSA/AAN/ACR COI review group. The following list is a reflection of what has been reported to the IDSA/AAN/ACR COI review group. To provide thorough transparency, the IDSA/AAN/ACR requires full disclosure of all relationships, regardless of relevancy to the guideline topic. The assessment of disclosed relationships for possible COI is based on the relative weight of the financial relationship (i.e., monetary amount) and the relevance of the relationship (i.e., the degree to which an association might reasonably be interpreted by an independent observer as related to the topic or recommendation of consideration). The reader of these guidelines should be mindful of this when the list of disclosures is reviewed. Dr. Lantos has received research funding from the National Cytomegalovirus Foundation and from the NIH and educational funding from Duke University; and has served as a consultant and reviewed trial protocol for Frederick O’Connor Medical Consultants, LLC. Dr. Bockenstedt has received research funding from the NIH and the Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation; has received remuneration from L2 Diagnostics for investigator-initiated NIH-sponsored research; and was awarded an endowed professorship as the Harold W. Jockers Professor of Medicine at Yale University. Dr. Falck-Ytter serves as director of the Evidence Foundation and the GRADE Network; conducts GRADE workshops with the Evidence Foundation; has served as the chair of the Guidelines Committee for the American Gastroenterological Association; and has received research funding from the Cleveland VA Medical Research and Education Foundation. Dr. Aguero-Rosenfeld serves as a council member for the New York City chapter of the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) and as a Board member of the American Lyme Disease Foundation; has provided legal testimony and consultation regarding Lyme disease and tick-borne diseases; and has received research grants from the NIH, BioFire, New York State Department of Health, and ViraMed. Dr. Auwaerter receives research funding from the Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases and the NIH; serves on the Board of Directors of the American Lyme Disease Foundation and as the Vice Chair of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Foundation; serves as a scientific advisor for DiaSorin, Adaptive Technologies, and Shionogi; provides legal expert opinion testimony regarding Lyme disease; had stock in Johnson & Johnson; has served as an editor for Johns Hopkins POC-IT ABX Guide, an advisor for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Genentech, Dynavax, Aradigm, Cempra, BioMérieux, Cerexa, and Medscape; has received research funding from Cerexa; has served on the FDA Advisory Board, the Medscape Advisory Board, and the IDSA Board of Directors; and his spouse has equity interest in venture capital–funded Capricor. Dr. Belani reviews non-continuing medical education (CME) lectures for and received honoraria and travel reimbursement from Horizon Therapeutics; and has received research funding from the NIH and the Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota. Dr. Bowie has provided expert testimony to the Canadian Senate Subcommittee on Bill C-442: An Act Respecting a National Lyme Disease Strategy on behalf of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada; and has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute. Dr. Branda receives research funding from the Lyme Disease Biobank Foundation and Zeus Scientific; serves as a scientific advisor and consultant to DiaSorin, Inc.; has served as a scientific advisor and consultant for T2 Biosystems; has served on the scientific advisory board of Roche Diagnostics and AdvanDx; has received research funding from Karius, Inc., Alere, Inc., T2 Biosystems, BioMérieux, TBS Technologies, Immunetics, Inc., DiaSorin, Inc., Kephera Diagnostics, Inc., and the Bay Area Lyme Foundation; has participated in unfunded research collaborations with Karius Inc. and Kephera Diagnostics; was a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology; was a co-inventor on an application for a patent to protect intellectual property; and his spouse is an employee of Informed DNA. Dr. Clifford receives research funding from the NIH and the Alzheimer’s Association; serves as scientific consultant to Inhibikase and Excision BioTherapeutics; serves on Data and Safety Monitoring Boards (DSMB) for Biogen, Genzyme/Sanofi, Genentech, EMD Serono, Shire, Wave Life Sciences, Pfizer, Atara, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and IQVIA (formerly Quintiles); serves on Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) adjudication committees for Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, EMD Serono, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, and the Takeda Oncology (formerly Millennium) Adjudication Committee–FDA, as well as Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories; has previously received research funding from the NIH; and his spouse formerly held stock in Johnson & Johnson. Dr. DiMario has received research funding from Novartis. Dr. Halperin serves as an Editorial Board Member of Neurology, and Vice Chair of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Guideline Subcommittee; has stock in Abbott Labs, AbbVie, Merck, and Johnson & Johnson; provides and has previously provided legal expert testimony defending physicians in medical malpractice cases on various neurologic issues, including Lyme disease; has received research funding from NIH, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and has served as a section editor of neuroinfectious diseases in Neurology & Neuroscience Reports. Dr. Krause receives research funding from the Yale Emerging Infections Program; receives remuneration from Gold Standard Diagnostics for a collaborative research project; has stock in Gilead Sciences and First Trust NASDAQ Pharmaceuticals ETF; has received research funding from the NIH, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation, and L2 Diagnostics for NIH-sponsored research; has served as a scientific consultant and provided medical education and training for Oxford Immunotec, Inc.; has a patent pending (Enhanced Chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Babesia microti), for which US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/580,588, was filed on November 2, 2017; serves on the Board of Directors for the American Lyme Disease Foundation and the Editorial Boards of Pathogens and Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases and the Editorial Advisory Board of Clinical Infectious Diseases; was on the Editorial Board of Journal of Clinical Microbiology, and will be on the Editorial Board of Clinical Microbiology Reviews starting January 2021. Dr. Liang has stock in Johnson & Johnson; received research funding from the Veterans Health Administration, the Arthritis Foundation, and the NIH; has served on the FDA Advisory Panel, Institute of Medicine panels; served as a scientific reviewer for the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong and the NIH; served on the Board of the Lupus Clinical Trials Consortium, Beacon Hill Villages, and Rx Foundation and advised the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review and the China Medical Board; previously had stock in Sequenom; and his spouse has stock in Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Meissner is a current member of the CDC Workgroups and serves as a volunteer consultant on the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases and the NIH DSMB. Dr. Nigrovic receives research funding from the NIH, Department of Defense, and the NIH Center for Research Resources and for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Global Lyme Alliance, and Peabody Foundation; serves on the Editorial Board for Annals of Emergency Medicine; has served as scientific consultant for Adaptive Technologies; has received research funding from the NIH, Provider and Payer Quality Initiative (PPQI) Research Foundation, Harvard Catalyst, Hood Foundation, Bay Area Lyme Foundation, CDC, Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC), the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORNet), Milton Foundation, and Boston Children’s Hospital. Dr. Nocton receives research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb; serves as a member of the Subboard of Pediatric Rheumatology of the American Board of Pediatrics; and has received research funding from AbbVie, NIH, and the Arthritis Foundation. Dr. Pruitt has received research funding from Teva Pharmaceuticals and has served on the AAN Editorial Board of Neurology Clinical Practice. Ms Rips has received research funding from the Center for AIDS Research, Biogen Idec, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Genzyme, the Alzheimer’s Association, and the American College of Radiology; and has served as a speaker for Teva Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Rosenfeld serves as a Council Member of the American College of Cardiology; has stock in Abbott, Proctor & Gamble, and General Electric; has received Fellowship Support from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and Abbott Laboratories (formerly St. Jude Medical); has received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and has served on the Program Committee and the Patient and Caregivers Committee of the Heart Rhythm Society. Dr. Savoy serves on the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Board of Directors, as an ex-officio Board member of Delaware Academy of Family Physicians (DAFP), as the Chair of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Advisory Panel on Outreach and Education, and as Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Association of Departments of Family Medicine; receives honoraria from AAFP, DAFP, CMS, and Merck; has served on an Advisory Council for Highmark Health and as an advisor to the AAFP Adolescent Immunization Project; has received honoraria from AAFP; has served as the President of DAFP, as Editor of DelFamDoc, and as a member of AAFP Commissions. Dr. Sood has received research funding from the NIH; and has provided expert testimony for Danaher Lagnese, PC. Dr. Steere receives research funding from the NIH and the Mathers Foundation; has received research funding from the NIH, the American College of Rheumatology, the Mathers Foundation, the English-Bonter-Mitchell Foundation, Immunetics, Inc., Zeus Diagnostics, and the Ounsworth-Fitzgerald Foundation; and has served as a scientific advisor for Baxter Bioscience Institute of Systems Biology, Immunetics, Inc., Roche Diagnostics, and Viramed. Dr. Strle receives research funding from the Slovenian Research Agency; serves as the Head of Health Counsel of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia and as a member of the Steering Committee for the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Lyme Borreliosis; serves on the Roche Diagnostics Advisory Board on Lyme Disease Diagnostics; and has received honoraria from Roche Diagnostics. Dr. Sundel receives research funding from the NIH and AbbVie, Inc.; serves as a content author and editor for UpToDate; provides expert testimony to Chin-Caplan, PC; has provided expert testimony for Conway Homer, PC; has served as an advisor for Paul Hastings, LLC; has served as a content editor for SimulConsult and as a Medical Education Resources lecturer for CME-granting educational courses; has received remuneration from SimulConsult as a co-investigator for an NIH-sponsored grant; and has received research funding from the NIH. Dr. Tsao receives research funding from the National Science Foundation, NIH, CDC, the Michigan Lyme Disease Association, and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; serves as a Scientific Council Advisor Member for the Canadian Lyme Disease Research Network and as a scientific advisor for the American Lyme Disease Association; has received research funding from Michigan State University; has served as an Associate Editor for Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases and on the Tick Vectors, Surveillance, and Prevention Subcommittee of the US Department of Health and Human Services Tick-Borne Disease Working Group; and has received remuneration for providing educational seminars for Boehringer Ingelheim (formerly Merial). Dr. Wormser receives research funding from Immunetics, Inc., Rarecyte, Inc., Institute for Systems Biology, and Quidel Corporation; serves on the Board of the American Lyme Disease Foundation; provides and has previously provided expert testimony in malpractice cases; has stock in AbbVie, Inc. and Abbott Laboratories; has received research funding from the CDC, NIH, BioMérieux, Bio-Rad Laboratories, and DiaSorin, Inc; has served as a scientific research advisor for Baxter International and as a Lyme disease advisor and expert for the Missouri Board of Registration for the Healing Arts; has a patent approved (US patent no. 10,669,567 B2) for High Sensitivity Method for Early Lyme Disease Detection; filed 2 patent applications related to early Lyme disease detection (application no: 62/277,252) and Lyme arthritis and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (application no: 62/725,745); and has served on the Editorial Boards for Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, and Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. Dr. Zemel has served as an advisor for Novartis Promotional Speakers Bureau. No other disclosures relevant to this article were reported. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. The expert panel expresses its gratitude for thoughtful reviews of an earlier version to the external reviewers. The panel thanks the IDSA, AAN, and ACR for supporting the guideline development process. All authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and all authors approved the final version to be published. Dr. Lantos had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Lantos, Rumbaugh, Bockenstedt, Falck-Ytter, Aguero-Rosenfeld, Auwaerter, Baldwin, Bannuru, Belani, Bowie, Branda, Clifford, DiMario, Halperin, Krause, Lavergne, Liang, Meissner, Nigrovic, Nocton, Osani, Pruitt, Rips, Rosenfeld, Savoy, Sood, Steere, Strle, Sundel, Tsao, Vaysbrot, Wormser, Zemel. Lantos, Rumbaugh, Bockenstedt, Falck-Ytter, Aguero-Rosenfeld, Auwaerter, Baldwin, Bannuru, Belani, Bowie, Branda, Clifford, DiMario, Halperin, Krause, Lavergne, Liang, Meissner, Nigrovic, Nocton, Osani, Pruitt, Rosenfeld, Savoy, Sood, Steere, Strle, Sundel, Tsao, Vaysbrot, Wormser, Zemel. Lantos, Rumbaugh, Bockenstedt, Falck-Ytter, Aguero-Rosenfeld, Auwaerter, Baldwin, Bannuru, Belani, Bowie, Branda, Clifford, DiMario, Halperin, Krause, Lavergne, Liang, Meissner, Nigrovic, Nocton, Osani, Pruitt, Rips, Rosenfeld, Savoy, Sood, Steere, Strle, Sundel, Tsao, Vaysbrot, Wormser, Zemel. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Journal-related Activities and Other Special Activities at the 2011 American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting

merican healthcare has been described as a “non-system,” but there have been persistent efforts to coordinate and rationalize how we provide medical care in the United States. These efforts have resulted in what may be called informal systems of care. A perfect example of one of those systems is in North Carolina, a system created for the people of the state’s smaller and poorer communities, communities that are most often rural and more often inhabited by racial and ethnic minority citizens. Almost all of North Carolina could have been called rural at the end of World War II. The 1940 Census classified 72.7% of the state’s population as rural or living in communities with fewer than 2,500 residents. A few cities—Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, Asheville, Raleigh—had modestly large populations, but no city in the state had a population greater than 110,000. The state’s economy was strongly linked to agriculture, and the prevailing perception of North Carolina was of a sleepy, rural, somewhat backward state. World War II created an economic stimulus for the state when military installations were located in North Carolina— shipyards were established in Wilmington to build liberty ships, and facilities were developed to house prisoners of war in the central and the mountain regions of the state. But the war left another legacy beyond economic benefit: the state had experienced the highest medical rejection rate for its draftees of any state in the Union. The causes for rejection were usually chronic problems related to nutrition and poor or unavailable basic medical care and health advice. This embarrassing fact is often cited as the driver of the statewide “Good Health Campaign” promoted in 1949 by prominent North Carolinians, including Kay Kyser, who recruited radio personalities and Hollywood stars to help raise money and direct attention to the healthcare needs of the state. That public effort had a significant impact, but it built on prior efforts to expand health resources. For years, politicians had been debating whether to assist one or both of the private medical schools in the state (Duke University and Bowman Gray) or whether to create a large medical center by expanding the two-year medical school at the state university in Chapel Hill. Governor Melville Broughton appointed a Medical Care Commission in 1944 to study the health and medical needs of the state. That commission recommended the creation of a new, state-supported, four-year medical school in Chapel Hill that would share space with the existing School of Public Health and occupy space adjacent to a new, comprehensive teaching hospital. After years of consideration, the General Assembly supplied construction funds that were combined with money from the Hospital Planning and Construction Act of 1947, the Hill-Burton Act, to build Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill and to create the teaching hospital. The Hill-Burton program also supported the construction of many North Carolina hospitals and public health facilities in

Southward, Ho! David Moltke-Hansen Mapping the Archival South In 1901, Alabama created the first state archives in the United States, followed quickly by many other southern states. Despite the vision and commitment behind them, these initial efforts were too meagerly funded to go far toward solving a critical problem of southern studies: the scarcity of accessible original sources, print as well as manuscript. Thirty years later, after the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of Virginia, and Duke University had launched what would become three of the largest, sustained programs for collecting the private papers of southerners, this scarcity remained a major stumbling block to research on the South. Today, the problem is very different: source materials are abundant. Although there are still many gaps in the historical record, more than 2,000 repositories across the region have collected at least some documentation on aspects of the archival South. They hold perhaps 1.5 million shelf feet altogether—roughly 300 miles or 3 billion pages of documentation. In addition, they house more than 15 million photographs, more than 1.5 million audio recordings (including perhaps as many as 75,000 oral histories), and tens of thousands of reels and cores of film and videotape. If local government office, business, and organizational holdings and southern Americana in the District of Columbia, northern , and foreign institutions were included, these totals might more than triple. Libraries have also collected hundreds of thousands of fugitive pamphlets and books from and about the region, as well as millions of issues of newspapers and other periodicals. The North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alone has nearly 200,000 books and pamphlets and 3,000 serials documenting the Tar Heel state and its citizens. Researchers still have to spend time looking for primary materials, but now they must spend much of their time sorting through the masses of documentation available to them as well. Although the archivists of these materials have been accelerating their automation of catalog records, it will be at least another decade before the majority of southern Americana will be cataloged in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), or other bibliographic utilities. In these circumstances, researchers more than ever need mechanisms to communicate, analyze, and address methodological problems related to research opportunities in the rapidly growing mountains of documentation about the South and its people. Many rich collections have scarcely been touched, often because they are unprocessed or uncataloged. In some institutions, more than half of the holdings are backlogged and thus more or less inaccessible. In other cases, the problem lies with older 134Southern Cultures research aids, abysmal by current standards. It is simply no longer possible for researchers to examine every archived document from the period and place of their interest. Indeed, students of the post-World War II South are faced with collections of the papers of individual politicians and organizations that bulk to proportions larger than the papers of all the signers of the Declaration of Independence put together. Clearly, we need more detailed help than we did before to identify and make use of those archived materials potentially most relevant to us. "Southward, Ho!" will offer a venue for communicating and analyzing these research opportunities and issues. Here authors will canvass newly available or little-used resources in particular repositories on particular topics, and consider broad methodological issues associated with investigating these topics. They will alert readers to kinds of work underway but not yet published, or report to a wider readership aspects or trends of current work in one specialty or another. From time to time, too, contributors to "Southward , Ho!" will reflect on how to access and assess the primary sources for the study of southern cultures. We hope that you will consider helping us put southern cultural research opportunities and issues in perspective for our readers. Please communicate your suggestions, comments, or offerings to: David Moltke-Hansen, Director Southern Historical and Folklife Collections UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3926 (919) 962-1345 (telephone) (919) 962-0484 (fax) DavidMH@UNCMVS.OIT.UNC.EDU (e-mail) In the meantime, consider the...

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS was launched in 2006. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The fields of HIV and AIDS are divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned one or two Section Editors, leading authorities in the area, who identify the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Editors and the Section Editor for this issue. EDITORS Giuseppe PantaleoGiuseppe PantaleoProfessor Giuseppe Pantaleo was born June 17, 1956 in Bari, Italy. In 1980, he received his degree in medicine with full marks and honors, and in 1983 he became board certified in clinical hematology. His scientific career in the field of immunology began in 1983 working on the development of a limiting dilution cloning system which was critical for the subsequent studies aimed at the phenotypic and functional characterization of circulating T lymphocytes. From 1985 to 1987 he was amongst the pioneers in the delineation of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in signal transduction in human T lymphocytes. In 1989, Professor Pantaleo joined the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH. He was the first to demonstrate the defective clonogenic potential of CD8+ T lymphocytes and the selective defect of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. He then studied the relationship between immune response and viral reservoirs in different anatomic compartments. He demonstrated that lymphoid organs function as a major reservoir for HIV, and that active virus replication occurs in lymphoid organs throughout the course of HIV disease including the prolonged period of clinical latency. These findings have completely changed the clinical and therapeutic management of HIV infection. In the following years, Professor Pantaleo has continued to provide important contributions to the understanding the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Amongst these it is noteworthy to mention the delineation of the virologic and immunologic events associated with primary HIV infection, and the observation that the proportion of CD8+ T cells involved in antiviral immune response was substantially higher compared to what was previously estimated. Since 1997 he has pioneered the field of immune-based intervention in HIV infection and he has been part of a European program for the development of a vaccine against HIV-AIDS. Since 2005, he has been leading the Poxvirus T-cell Vaccine Discovery Consortium, an international program to develop an HIV vaccine supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Furthermore, Professor Pantaleo has been leading several large projects supported by the European Commission. Professor Pantaleo is author and co-author of more than 300 publications in international scientific journals, he is on the editorial boards of several international journals and serves as ad hoc reviewers for several international journals. Professor Pantaleo is Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Immunology and Allergy and of the Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. Since 2007, he has also been Executive Director of the Swiss Vaccine Research Institute. Steven G. DeeksSteven G. DeeksSteven G. Deeks, MD, is a Professor of Medicine in Residence at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA and a faculty member in the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, USA. Dr Deeks has been engaged in HIV research and clinical care since 1993. He is a recognized expert on HIV-associated immune dysfunction and its impact on HIV persistence (the “reservoir”) and health during antiretroviral therapy. Dr Deeks has published over 400 peer-review articles, editorials and invited reviews on these and related topics. He has been the recipient of several NIH grants, and is one of the principal investigators of DARE (the Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise), which is an NIH-funded international collaboratory aimed at developing therapeutic interventions to cure HIV infection. He is also a member of the Board of Directors for the UCSF-based amfAR Institute for HIV Cure Research. He was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI), is the Editor for Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS and serves on the advisory board for Science Translational Medicine. He is a former member of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (ORAC) and of the Department on Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. In addition to his clinical and translational investigation, Dr. Deeks maintains a primary care clinic for HIV infected adults. SECTION EDITOR Martin MarkowitzMartin MarkowitzDr Martin Markowitz is a graduate of Stanford Medical School, USA and completed his postgraduate training in Hematology/Oncology at Cornell Medical College, USA and Infectious Diseases at New York University, USA. Dr Markowitz has worked at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) since 1992 and currently holds the positions of Clinical Director and Staff Investigator at ADARC and is an Aaron Diamond Professor at the Rockefeller University, USA. As of January 2, 2020, he will become the Anna and George Bobolas Professor of Research in Clinical Infectious Diseases in the Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Columbia University Medical College, USA. His seminal work in elucidating the dynamics of HIV-1 infection in vivo along with his mentor Dr David Ho and colleagues at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center formed the scientific foundation for triple combination therapy, a treatment paradigm that to this day remains the current standard of care. In addition, his research interests have included the pathogenesis and treatment of acute HIV-1 infection, the fitness and transmission of drug resistant HIV-1, and investigations of numerous novel antiretroviral agents as well as pathogenesis-based interventional trials. He was among the first to discuss HIV-1 cure, and perform trials of therapeutic vaccination and passive immunization as adjuncts to combination antiretroviral therapy. Dr Markowitz was among the first investigators to work with long acting antiretrviral agents for HIV prevention. Along with colleagues at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, he established the efficacy of Cabotegravir-Long Acting (CAB-LA) as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the rhesus macaque (RM)/SHIV162P3 non-human primate model of mucosal transmission in both the low dose rectal challenge model in males and the high dose intravaginal challenge model in females. His group also demonstrated activity of CAB-LA in preventing SIV infection in a stringent intravenous challenge model in RM. He served as Principal Investigator of “A Phase IIa Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Acceptability of Long Acting Injections of the HIV Integrase Inhibitor, Cabotegravir, in HIV Uninfected Men (ÉCLAIR). More recently his group has performed preclinical studies with the first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, islatravir. They found that the drug protected RM against low dose rectal challenge with SHIV109CP3 at doses in low weekly doses given orally. They are currently exploring the activity of islatravir as PEP in the RM/SIV model. Dr Markowitz has co-authored nearly 200 peer-reviewed publications in medical journals including The New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, Nature, Science, AIDS, JAIDS, and the Journal of Virology. He serves as a peer reviewer for a wide spectrum of journals and is a former chair of the AIDS Research Review Committee for the National Institutes of Health as well as private funding institutions. In addition to his work at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Dr Markowitz served as a member of the HIV/AIDS Task Force of the UN Millennium Project and has been an active board member of community-based organizations.

This issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation marks the transition of the position of editor from Gordon Tomaselli to me. It is with great humility that I begin my tenure as the editor of the flagship journal of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI). On behalf of the JCI editorial board and editorial staff, I wish Gordon Tomaselli all the best in his new position as the dean of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

We mourn the untimely passing of Alan Gewirtz, a member of the JCI Editorial Board, who died on November 17, 2010, at the age of 61. Alan received his undergraduate degree from Colgate University, where, in keeping with a lifelong interest in the world around him, he majored in marine biology. After graduating from SUNY Buffalo Medical College and completing a medical residency at The Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, New York, USA), he went to Yale University for clinical training in hematology and oncology. While at Yale, he worked with Ron Hoffman, Ed Cadman, and Ed Benz to make seminal contributions to the field of megakaryocyte developmental biology. Later, as an independent researcher at Temple University, and then at the University of Pennsylvania, Alan pioneered the use of antisense RNA technologies for the treatment of leukemia, ultimately extending this work to a more global application of oligonucleotide therapeutics for treating stem cell disorders. Alan’s extraordinary scientific accomplishments were well known and deservedly well recognized. His research was published in journals such as Science, Nature Medicine, Nature Genetics, PNAS, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Blood, and, of course, the JCI. He was elected to membership in both the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians. He served on numerous national and international scientific advisory committees and reviewed manuscripts for more than 25 scientific journals. Alan managed to do all this while still being an active clinician. He was repeatedly recognized both locally and nationally for his expertise in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. So devoted was Alan to his patients that he essentially refused to schedule social engagements (at least with either of us!) when he was attending, because he invariably was at the hospital until far past normal dinner hours. Feisty, loyal, gentle, combative, impassioned, gracious, spirited . . . these are all adjectives that readily described Alan. His was not an imposing physical presence — he probably never weighed more than 150 pounds — but it is hard to imagine Alan ever backing down when challenged, and we each recall a beet red–faced angry man when he encountered incompetence or rudeness, especially if directed at friends or family. We are all, of course, studies in contrasts, and Alan was simultaneously the gentlest of men. A lover of animals, he frequently snuck his wirehaired dachshund, Sparky, into work by hiding him in a small satchel; Sparky even attended a JCI Editorial Board meeting once. Alan was a devoted pilot, and was actually funded by NASA to study hematopoiesis in outer space. He shared ownership in a small plane with Meenhard Herlyn of The Wistar Institute and flew as often as he could, whether it was to Study Section, to visit his children at college, or just to get out on a beautiful day. In 1999, Alan and a colleague at Penn, Jim Hoxie, were each nominated to apply for the first Doris Duke Translational Researcher Awards. The time period for the application was brief, and Alan and Jim left it to the last minute. After staying up most of the night before the due date, with Alan sleeping on the floor under his desk for a few hours, they had to personally deliver the grants to the Foundation offices. Jim recalls, “After the all-nighter, Alan took one look at me with my sleep-deprived, bloodshot eyes, [and] said there was no way he was going to get in a car with me behind the wheel. Then he said, ‘Hoxie, we’re taking the plane.’” Alan was a founding member of the Penn JCI Editorial Board. Of the 19 Associate Editors currently on our masthead, only eight served in that capacity for our first issue (March 2007), Alan among them. He was a force in our weekly meetings. He usually held strong opinions, but was always willing to be persuaded by the facts. If he thought the ideas in a manuscript had merit, he fought passionately for the paper. He was a strong author advocate — he wanted us to publish good science and to publish it quickly, rather than ask the authors to spend months doing “clean-up” experiments that were unnecessary. He also never forgot what the C in JCI stands for. More than any other Penn board member, past or present, Alan would ask whether the paper, the model, and the experiments were relevant to human disease. If the work could be validated with human samples, he would insist on the authors doing it. Alan never forgot that the mission of biomedical research is to improve human health. We thank Alan’s many friends and colleagues who shared their feelings about him with us — the joy that he brought into their lives, and ours, is palpable. He will be sorely missed.

Amr H Sawalha is Professor of Internal Medicine and Marvin and Betty Danto Research Professor of Connective Tissue Research at the University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology. He also holds faculty appointments at the Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and the Graduate Program in Immunology at the University of Michigan. He was recently appointed as Guest Professor at Central South University in Changsha, China. He received his medical degree from Jordan University of Science and Technology and completed his residency training in internal medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and his fellowship in rheumatology at the University of Michigan. His research focus is the genetics and epigenetics of complex autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including lupus and systemic vasculitis. He has authored over 100 peer-reviewed manuscripts, book chapters and review articles, and is on the editorial board of several journals in his field. He has been elected as a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and has received numerous awards, including the Edmund L Dubois, MD, Memorial Lectureship Award from the American College of Rheumatology in recognition for his work in lupus. He is Chair of the Lupus Foundation of America research subcommittee and is a member of the Vasculitis Foundation Medical and Scientific Advisory Board. He also provides clinical care and teaching in the rheumatology outpatient and inpatient services, and he is the director of the NIH-funded rheumatology training grant at the University of Michigan.

It would not be inappropriate to begin the 46th Charles Franklin Craig Lecture by paying tribute to this great society. As you will see during the course of the address, the speaker is essentially a multi-disciplinary biomedical scientist. Appropriate to his interest in schistosomiasis was training in liver diseases in both the United States and England and membership in the American Association of the Advancement of Liver Disease, and an involvement in infectious diseases as exemplified by membership in the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the editorial board of Reviews in Infectious Diseases. Profound engagement with immunology has led to membership in the American Association of Immunologists and appointments to the editorial boards of the Journal of Immunology and the Journal of Experimental Medicine. Involvement in clinical investigation has been recognized by membership in the American Federation for Clinical Research, the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians.