Transgender people and nursing: Ethical reflections between care and invisibility.

The Kanjuruhan Stadium incident involves a conflict between football supporters and law enforcement, resulting in various violations of human rights. This research aims to understand the implications of the event on human rights and highlight the issues that arise in the context of security and law enforcement. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach by analyzing various sources of information, including media reports, official documents, and statistical data related to the Kanjuruhan Stadium incident. Firstly, this paper identifies the human rights violations that occurred during the event, such as excessive use of violence and arbitrary arrests. The findings of this research indicate serious violations of human rights during the Kanjuruhan Stadium incident, which contravene the fundamental principles of human rights, including the right to security and protection from inhumane treatment. This paper contributes to the understanding of the importance ofupholding human rights in the context of sporting events. The research provides policy recommendations for the government, law enforcement, and other relevant parties to ensure better protection of human rights inmanaging similar situations in the future. Similarly, this study encourages the public to enhance awareness of the importance of respecting human rights and participating in promoting human rights principles in the context of sports.

There is a wide spectrum of sexual acts, practices and identities worldwide. The existing language of sexual rights has emerged largely in relation to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. In turn, this language seems to cater primarily to LGBT or similar such identities. Heterosexuals may be excluded, as well as indigenous same sex practising or transgender people who do not identify as LGBT, such as the hijras of South Asia. The challenge is to make human rights accessible to all. There is therefore a need to expand the human rights discourse beyond narrow notions of identities, to secure a firm foundation for sexual rights. The author takes the example of the British colonial law, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code 1860, which makes illegal ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature’. This law remains in force in India and is a source of constant human rights violations. Although a literal reading of the law does not explicitly condemn any particular sexual identity, homosexual or heterosexual, in effect it criminalises all forms of consensual same sex sexual activity. Due to its own lack of focus on identities, Section 377 is a fitting test case for a broader and newly proposed human right: the right to sexual autonomy.

Psychologists have a societal responsibility for promoting human rights and preventing human rights violations. In 2013 a Board Human Rights and Psychology was established by the European Federation of Psychologists Associations (EFPA), in order to raise awareness of the importance of human rights for psychologists, and of psychology for human rights. In the first section a brief history of human rights is described. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and related conventions, as the most widely accepted standards for human rights today, are taken as the starting point. The second section shows how the principles of human rights are in tune with the ethical codes of conduct of psychological associations, and a plea is made for the explicit inclusion of human rights in these codes. The third section presents a social-behavioural science perspective on human rights anchored in the Capabilities Approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. The fourth section describes the involvement of psychologists in a human rights based-and-oriented psychology, through research and practice, but particularly through concrete actions. The final section emphasizes the importance of human rights education for psychologists.

Age restriction in applying for a job becomes an essential issue when it causes discriminatory consequences for job seekers, especially if it is caused by the provisions of Article 35 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower which is considered vague so as to provide a legal loophole for discriminatory actions in providing employment opportunities by employers. The purpose of this study is to examine the vagueness of norms in Article 35 paragraph (1) of the Manpower Law and human rights issues in limiting the age of applying for a job. Examining the problems from the existing laws and doctrines, this research uses normative research methods with the focus of the study is on the norms governing the age restriction of job applications in terms of human rights perspectives and concepts. The results show that the purpose of Article 35 para-graph (1) does not provide an opportunity for discrimination but as a form of flexibility related to determining labor needs. The age limit for applying for a job is not a violation of human rights when viewed from the perspective of the main principles of human rights. The determination of age limit criteria is not specifically regulated and is not prohibited by positive legal provisions in Indonesia so that it cannot be said to be a form of discrimination in providing employment opportunities.

Prison systems are traditionally binary systems, as prisoners are either placed in a male or a female prison facility. In the literature, transgender prisoners are identified as a vulnerable group, due to the heightened risk of human rights violations such as violence, abuse, sexual exploitation, stigma and discrimination. Maycock, building upon the theory on the ‘pains of imprisonment’ by Sykes, has identified specific pains of imprisonment to consider the particular deprivations or frustrations that transgender people experience within prison settings. In this article, the central question is whether the human rights framework as developed within the Council of Europe has put forward human rights norms for the placement and treatment of transgender prisoners to deal with these specific pains of imprisonment and to provide protection to transgender prisoners against additional suffering in prison. To ensure safe and humane prison conditions for the vulnerable group of transgender prisoners adequate human rights protection is of the utmost importance. Combining the criminological theory of the transgender pains of imprisonment with the human rights based approach this article makes a novel contribution to the study of transgender people in custody within the Council of Europe context. This approach will shed light on this often overlooked group of vulnerable persons in European prisons. The findings are not only based on theory, but also illuminate current practices in the Council of Europe Member States, as Maycock’s theory of the transgender pains of imprisonment is based on interviews with 13 transgender people in custody in the Scottish penal context and the country reports by the CPT provide evidence of penal policies and practices on the placement and treatment of transgender prisoners in 10 different Council of Europe Member States.

Background: COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts were abrupt and challenging for most countries with the protracted lockdown straining socioeconomic activities. Marginalized groups and individuals are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of the pandemic such as human rights abuses and violations which can lead to psychological distress. In this review, we focus on mental distress and disturbances that have emanated due to human rights restrictions and violations amidst the pandemic. We underscore how mental health is both directly impacted by the force of pandemic and by prevention and mitigation structures put in place to combat the disease.Methods: We conducted a review of relevant studies examining human rights violations in COVID-19 response, with a focus on vulnerable populations, and its association with mental health and psychological well-being. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for studies between December 2019 to July 2020. Three reviewers evaluated the eligibility criteria and extracted data.Results: Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic inquiry reporting on distress due to human rights violations. Unanimously, the studies found vulnerable populations to be at a high risk for mental distress. Limited mobility rights disproportionately harmed psychiatric patients, low-income individuals, and minorities who were at higher risk for self-harm and worsening mental health. Healthcare workers suffered negative mental health consequences due to stigma and lack of personal protective equipment and stigma. Other vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and refugees also experienced negative consequences.Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need to uphold human rights and address long term mental health needs of populations that have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic. Countries can embed a proactive psychosocial response to medical management as well as in existing prevention strategies. International human rights guidelines are useful in this direction but an emphasis should be placed on strengthening rights informed psychosocial response with specific strategies to enhance mental health in the long-term. We underscore that various fundamental human rights are interdependent and therefore undermining one leads to a poor impact on the others. We strongly recommend global efforts toward focusing both on minimizing fatalities, protecting human rights, and promoting long term mental well-being.

The development of the influence of human rights in its journey has affected various countries, including Indonesia. The end of the New Order government, which was very repressive after 32 years in power, has raised awareness of the importance of respecting human rights. Demands for justice against past human rights violators are increasing, while human rights violations continue to take place in various forms, patterns and different actors. Human rights issues are often used by a group of people for their political and economic interests, while officials are reluctant to act for fear of being accused of violating human rights. The understanding of human rights in Indonesia as values, concepts and norms that live and develop in society can be traced through a study of years, and before the human rights court was formed, cases of gross human rights violations were tried by an authorized general court. The establishment of legal regulations regarding gross human rights violations and the establishment of a human rights court is necessary because the applicable legal regulations, most of which are rules from the Dutch colonial era, such as the Criminal Code, do not regulate gross human rights violations as extraordinary crimes. but only regulates conventional crimes, such as murder as regulated in Article 338 of the Criminal Code, persecution as regulated in Article 351 of the Criminal Code. Kidnapping as regulated in Article 333 of the Criminal Code, rape as regulated in Article 285 of the Criminal Code, etc. So in this case, of course, there is a difference between the prosecution process in criminal law and the prosecution process in cases of gross human rights violations. In order to provide protection, certainty, justice and a feeling of security to individuals or the community, it is necessary to establish a Human Rights Court and the rule of law. In Indonesia, the existence of Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights (UU HAM) and Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning the Human Rights Court (Law on the Human Rights Court) is expected to protect human rights, both individuals and communities and become the basis for enforcing , legal certainty, justice and a feeling of security for individuals and the community against serious human rights violations

The effective protection of human rights is extremely important in countries in transition faced with the challenge of overcoming an authoritarian past rife with severe violations of basic human rights and freedoms. In post-war societies, where large-scale violations of human rights have resulted from armed conflicts, the effective protection of human rights is even more crucial. Therefore, it is not surprising that one of the primary goals of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Dayton Peace Agreement) was to establish an adequate legal and institutional framework for the enforcement and protection of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina provides for a special status to the European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols, which, pursuant to Article II.1 of the Constitution, shall have priority over all other laws. The Constitution also stipulates that the enjoyment of rights and freedoms provided for in the 15 human rights instruments listed in Annex 1 to the Constitution shall be guaranteed to all persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina without discrimination on any grounds. While the Constitution envisages the existence of several institutions responsible for guaranteeing respect for human rights, the possibility of BiH citizens to directly address the European Court of Human Rights as well as other bodies responsible for monitoring the implementation of appropriate human rights instruments, whose practice will be discussed within this paper, is of great importance. Although this type of protection is highly important, it is necessary to strive for the improvement of the national (BiH and entity) human rights protection system, through the continuous improvement of the legal framework and the functioning of institutions entrusted with the protection and enforcement of human rights. The paper also analyses the effects of the ratification of international instruments on human rights protection.

Abstract: This article is a field research on the application of the Regional Autonomy Law No. 32 year 2004, jo PERDA (Regional Regulation) No. 7 year 2006 about the local government in Waru-Sidoarjo. The research was conducted by interviewing some people from four villages, namely Ngingas, Kepuh Kiriman, Tambak Oso, and Tambak Rejo. The research concludes that the community of the four villages had been carrying out the mandate of the Regional Autonomy Law No. 32 year 2004, jo PERDA (Regional Regulation) No. 7 year 2006. However, the compliance in carrying out the law is not based on their legal awareness. It is because there are some laws that are considered as discrimination and murder of the rights of individuals, including the prohibition of the village government to take charge of the political party (consulting / comparative study) ". It can, of course, kill the principles of human rights and democracy, whereas the legislation itself gives respect to the principles of democracy and human rights. The principles to be considered in formulating constitution is the guarantee of human rights of each member of society and the equality of all people before the law without any distinctions of social statification.Keywords: Implementation, regional autonomy law, Waru

Democratic oversight of intelligence is an instrument to ensure that intelligence activities uphold the principles of human rights and protect liberties of civil society. Based on Law Number 17 of 2011 concerning State Intelligence, oversight is divided into two, internal and external. Internally it is carried out by each state intelligence administrator and externally through the Intelligence Oversight Team of House of Representative. Intelligence oversight has several problems, ranging from regulatory factors, conflicts of interest (political factors) to the weak capacity of oversight actors in assessing alleged violations and considerations of political stability and national security. This paper attempts to constructively analyze the regulation of intelligence oversight in Indonesia and various contemporary problems that surround it. This paper uses a normative juridical research method, with a concept and legislation approach. This research found that the attachment of oversight actors to the limits of intelligence secrets makes it all in a dilemma so that it is impossible to open up allegations of human rights violations of state intelligence to the public holistically. The existence of conflict of interest, void and unclear regulations, until threats to the members of State Intelligence Oversight Team is also a separate inhibiting factor in conducting oversight.

Identifying potential abuses of human rights through imagery is a novel and challenging task in the field of computer vision, that will enable to expose human rights violations over large-scale data that may otherwise be impossible. While standard databases for object and scene categorisation contain hundreds of different classes, the largest available dataset of human rights violations contains only 4 classes. Here, we introduce the ‘Human Rights Archive Database’ (HRA), a verified-by-experts repository of 3050 human rights violations photographs, labelled with human rights semantic categories, comprising a list of the types of human rights abuses encountered at present. With the HRA dataset and a two-phase transfer learning scheme, we fine-tuned the state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to provide human rights violations classification CNNs (HRA-CNNs). We also present extensive experiments refined to evaluate how well object-centric and scene-centric CNN features can be combined for the task of recognising human rights abuses. With this, we show that HRA database poses a challenge at a higher level for the well studied representation learning methods, and provide a benchmark in the task of human rights violations recognition in visual context. We expect this dataset can help to open up new horizons on creating systems able of recognising rich information about human rights violations.

The United Nations is a worldwide organization devoted to promote international peace and security, economic and social growth, and human rights. From its founding in 1945, the UN has been involved in a number of disputes and violations of human rights, both as a mediator and as an active participant. This research investigates the UN's role in preventing wars and human rights violations all around the globe. Moreover, the UN has taken part in peacekeeping initiatives around the world, notably in Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These missions, which tried to re-establish security and stability in conflict-affected areas, have received praise in some instances but condemnation in others. This research paper examines how the United Nations responds to wars and breaches of human rights all across the world. It will specifically look at how the UN has intervened in numerous crises and peacekeeping operations, as well as how it has attempted to remedy human rights abuses by forging international laws and conventions. The essay will also look at instances where the UN's handling of conflicts and violations of human rights has come under fire and explore alternative avenues for the organization to increase its efficacy in advancing security, fairness, and human rights. The chapter on the United Nations, Wars, and Human Rights Violations has included several outlines that explore different aspects of the subject. First, an introduction of the book and its goals is presented, along with a short description of the United Nations and its efforts to date to address international conflicts and breaches of human rights. Second, The United Nations and Conflict Resolution Examines the UN's Authorization of Military Force and Peacekeeping Missions. The UN's abilities to avert violence, protect people, and promote stability during crises would be assessed. Third, The United Nations and Human Rights," and it looks at how the organization has responded to crises like the Rwandan genocide and the war in Yemen by enacting international treaties and conventions meant to defend human rights. The effectiveness of the United Nations in addressing human rights abuses, both in terms of preventing and reacting to mass crimes, would be evaluated. Forth, The UN's Response to Conflict and Human Rights Violations: A Critical Analysis is a chapter that examines the criticisms leveled against the United Nations for its response to conflicts and human rights violations, such as its inability to resolve ongoing conflicts and its inadequate response to genocide and other mass atrocities. The accountability procedures of the United Nations would be analysed to see how well they promote accountability and justice. Fifth, Case Studies Including the Rwandan genocide, the war in Syria, and the present situation in Myanmar, this chapter gives thorough case studies of various conflicts and human rights abuses in which the UN has been engaged. The UN's reaction to these crises and the lessons learnt from them would be the focus of this chapter. Sixth, "The Future of the UN," and it discusses the obstacles that the United Nations (UN) must overcome to fulfil its mission of promoting international peace, justice, and human rights. Addressing the causes of conflicts, promoting sustainable development, and forming partnerships with member states and other stakeholders are all possibilities that might increase the UN's efficiency in dealing with these issues. Seventh, Conclusion: An overview of the book's major arguments and conclusions, together with a discussion of their relevance to philosophy, policy, and practice. Every topic is structured in a way that provides a clear and concise overview of the topic, examines relevant research and literature, and offers insights and analysis into the key issues. The chapter would be intended for a broad audience, including students, scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in the United Nations and its role in addressing global conflicts and human rights violations.

The rapid development of the use of digital technologies has facilitated access to digital information and evidence. This information and digital evidence are obtained via the Internet, social media or satellite. And may be used to investigate violations of human rights and international criminal law. Therefore, there is a problem of rebalancing between the right to privacy and the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. This study has objective of unified universal principles that set out the origins and rules for the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. In order to ensure international and national justice and criminal accountability and to document all violations of human rights and international criminal law. The analytical approach will be used through analysis of previous studies on the use of digital information and evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. And analysis of the Berkeley Protocol on Open-Source Digital Investigations. Several findings and recommendations were reached in this paper, the most important of which is the need for the international community to recognize the information and digital evidence obtained to demonstrate violations of human rights and international criminal law.

This research aims to explore the regulations and principles of human rights and the role of International Law in preventing and addressing trafficking in persons, with a specific focus on the Right to Privacy outlined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Furthermore, the study seeks to analyze the contribution of International Law to combat trafficking in persons from an ICCPR perspective. The act of trafficking violates various principles of international human rights, including the Right to Privacy as stipulated in Article 17 of the ICCPR. However, Article 17 also acknowledges that the right to privacy may be limited in cases of public interest or to safeguard the rights of others. The challenge lies in determining appropriate limitations on the right to privacy in specific situations, leading to norm vagueness. This research adopts a normative legal research method, incorporating a statutory approach relevant to the legal domain under examination, as well as conceptual and analytical approaches. The findings revealed that effective international cooperation is crucial in combating human trafficking. Nations must ensure that their domestic laws align with international legal standards for prevention and intervention in human trafficking. Adoption and implementation of pertinent international instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, an adjunct to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the Protocol on Combating Trafficking in Persons are recommended for this purpose.

Recently the issues of prevention of human rights violations has been attracting the attention of the world community Comprehensive consideration of the basic parameters of the general international state obligations to prevent human rights violations by international human rights bodies, as well as inter-State discussions to develop the concept of the responsibility to prevent human rights violations indicate the formation of a new in contemporary international law principle: the principle of the responsibility to prevent human rights violations. The purpose of this article is to study the legal enshrining of the content and legal nature of the principle. In order to achieve the objective the article 1) identifies and analyses the main parameters of an international responsibility of a State to prevent violations of human rights and freedoms in the areas of international law such as international human rights law, international criminal law and international law of armed conflict; 2) through comparative-legal analysis of international treaties and the practice of international bodies justifies cross-sectoral nature of the emerging and universally recognized principle of international law; as well as 3) analyses the main controversial points held within international bodies discussions to develop the content of the concept of the responsibility to prevent violations of human rights and freedoms It is concluded that there is the need for codification of the rules on prevention of violations of human rights in contemporary international law, on the basis, inter alia, of generalization of the relevant international practice with sufficient uniformity for recognition of the emergence of a new intersectoral principle of contemporary international law: the principle of the responsibility to prevent human rights violations.