Trial frequency effects in human temporal bisection: Implications for theories of timing

Reducing bias and analyzing variability in the time-left procedure

Two theories of timing, scalar expectancy theory (SET) and learning-to-time (LeT), make substantially different assumptions about what animals learn in temporal tasks. In a test of these assumptions, pigeons learned two temporal discriminations. On Type 1 trials, they learned to choose a red key after a 1-sec signal and a green key after a 4-sec signal; on Type 2 trials, they learned to choose a blue key after a 4-sec signal and a yellow key after either an 8-sec signal (Group 8) or a 16-sec signal (Group 16). Then, the birds were exposed to signals 1 sec, 4 sec, and 16 sec in length and given a choice between novel key combinations (red or green vs. blue or yellow). The choice between the green key and the blue key was of particular significance because both keys were associated with the same 4-sec signal. Whereas SET predicted no effect of the test signal duration on choice, LeT predicted that preference for green would increase monotonically with the length of the signal but would do so faster for Group 8 than for Group 16. The results were consistent with LeT, but not with SET.

The asymmetry of altruistic giving when givers outnumber recipients and vice versa: A dictator game experiment and a behavioral economics model

Exposure to anandamide on young rats causes deficits in learning, temporal perception and induces changes in NMDA receptor expression

Effects of visual flicker on subjective time in a temporal bisection task

The article considers the transition from the empirical to the theoretical level of in-depth research of the term "economic behavior" of individuals. It is determined that the political and economic direction of research will provide a detailed objective definition of the internal economic reasons for the choice of an individual behavioral model.It isshown that economic behavior is a "reflection", an external form of economic activity of society, individual entities and their groups. The economic behavior of individuals is studied mainly from the standpoint of the empirical level of scientific knowledge. In this sense, the term reflects the real economic activity in which the subjects operate, from the outside, as a form of manifestation of their economic activity. It is the political and economic direction of research in economic theory that clarifies not only the external factors of influence or internal physiological reasons for an individual's actions, but also the internal objective grounds for forming a certain behavioral model that realizes primarily economic interests and sub status. in production and economic activities, in the process of reproduction of production, distribution, exchange, or market, consumer relations of society. Within the political and economic direction of research, structural and process-reproductive approaches are used in this way, which significantly enriches the theoretical and empirical research of the term "economic behavior". Thus, we must conclude that there is a need for in-depth analysis of behavior patterns not only of individuals but also of other economic actors, gradually moving from the empirical to the theoretical level of research, and linking behavioral patterns with changes in economic activity, and finally , with transformations of property relations and socialstatuses ofsubjects, instead of with any secondary and tertiary, etc. factors.It is determined that the deep basis of changes in models of economic behavior of individuals are changes in their economic activities, property relations, social status of the subjects of a particular society. The consequences of the application of psychophysical, behavioral, economic-sociological, economic-institutional, economic-legal directions of research, which clarify the influence of non-economic (mental, subjective-psychological, mental, legal, etc.)factors on the choice of models of human economic behavior, are described.

We investigated how differential payoffs affect temporal discrimination. In a temporal bisection task, pigeons learned to choose one key after a short sample and another key after a long sample. When presented with a range of intermediate samples they produced a Gaussian psychometric function characterized by a location (bias) parameter and a scale (sensitivity) parameter. When one key yielded more reinforcers than the other, the location parameter changed, with the pigeons biasing their choices toward the richer key. We then reproduced the bisection task in a long operant chamber, with choice keys far apart, and tracked the pigeons' motion patterns during the sample. These patterns were highly stereotypical-on the long sample trials, the pigeons approached the short key at sample onset, stayed there for a while, and then departed to the long key. The distribution of departure times also was biased when the payoff probabilities differed. Moreover, it is likely that temporal control decreased while control by location increased. No evidence was found of changes in temporal sensitivity. The results are consistent with models of timing that take into account bias effects and competition of stimulus control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The dissociation of temporal processing behavior in concussion patients: Stable motor and dynamic perceptual timing

The temporal bisection task has long been used to study time perception as well as measure individual differences in time perception ability. The task involves training participants on short and long reference durations before presenting intermediate durations and asking participants to classify them as ‘short’ or ‘long’. However, there is little information about how well the bisection task measures individual differences in timing ability. To bridge this gap, we assessed the psychometric properties of measures obtained from a classic temporal bisection task: Weber ratio and percent correct. Because measures with binary responses tend to require many trials to reach adequate reliability, we also assessed the psychometric properties of a modified bisection task which used a continuous response format. In this task, participants represented intermediate durations on a visual analogue scale. Estimation error was used as the outcome measure. Participants (n = 46) completed the classic and modified bisection tasks twice across two sessions approximately one week apart. The modified bisection task had excellent internal consistency and test–retest reliability, while the classic task had fair to good internal consistency and good test–retest reliability. Overall, estimation error had the highest reliability, followed by percent correct, and then Weber ratio. In terms of validity, there was excellent convergent validity between the classic and modified bisection tasks. As an exploratory analysis, we assessed how the number of trials affected the reliability of each outcome measure across the two tasks. Based on this, we make recommendations on how to optimize reliability for both tasks in future research.

Memory, Temporal Discrimination, and Learned Structure in Behavior

4 - Individual behavioral theories

Time perception plays a fundamental role in human perceptual and motor activities, and can be influenced by various factors, such as selective attention and arousal. However, little is known about the influence of individual alerting efficiency on perceived duration. In this study, we explored this question by running two experiments. The Attentional Networks Test was used to evaluate individual differences in alerting efficiency in each experiment. Temporal bisection (Experiment 1) and time generalization task (Experiment 2) were used to explore the participants’ perception of duration. The results indicated that subjects in the high alerting efficiency group overestimated interval durations and estimated durations more accurately compared with subjects in the low alerting efficiency group. The two experiments showed that the sensitivity of time was not influenced by individual alerting efficiency. Based on previous studies and current findings, we infer that individual differences in alerting efficiency may influence time perception through modulating the latency of the attention-controlled switch and the speed of the peacemaker within the framework of the internal clock model.

Rate of responding as a function of ratio requirement when to supplemental feedings are given

Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning: [formula omitted]. Center for Adaptive Systems, Boston University, 111 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215 USA

Cognitive and behavioral models of assertive behavior: Review, analysis and integration